福州市典型工业区土壤污染特征分析及其评价研究
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摘要
城市土壤是城市生态环境的主要组成部分之一,具有重要的生态、环境和经济功能,也是城市污染物的源和汇。随着工业发展和城市化推进,一些城市土壤环境质量日益恶化,直接或间接影响了城市生态环境质量和居民人体健康。加之城市的人口密度大大高于其他地区,且城市土地受人类活动影响的强度大、历史长,因此,对城市土壤重金属含量的研究及其污染评价具有十分重要的意义。
(1)本研究选择金山浦上工业区、金城投资区、福兴投资区、青口工业区和二化地区5个典型工业区作为研究对象,布设10个采样点,采集土壤表层0~20cm的代表性样品,测定土壤pH值、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、有机碳含量和重金属元素Ni、Cd、Mn、Pb和Zn的含量。结果表明青口工业区表层土壤的pH值最小,为6.767呈弱酸性,而福州二化地区和金山浦上工业区的pH值最大,呈现明显的碱性,而金城投资区和福兴投资区的pH值趋向于中性。金山浦上工业区和青口开发区各种酶的活性比较高,而二化地区和金城投资区各种酶的活性比较低。土壤有机碳的含量:金山浦上工业区>金城投资区>福兴投资区>青口工业区>二化地区。各工业区周围土壤重金属含量的平均含量分别为福州市背景值的1.779、4.556、7.797、2.741和1.370倍,其中Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn 4种重金属是国家土壤质量二级标准( GB15618 - 1995 )的0.400,0.246,0.273和0.378倍。Ni、Pb在一定的程度上表现为表面的富集度略高于底下,具有表聚特征;Mn、Cd和Zn表现为一定程度上的表面值略低于底层的土壤值,显示出亚表聚特征。
(2)各采样点表层土壤中Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn 4种重金属浓度测定结果表明,随着距东南汽车厂距离的增加,重金属的扩散强度逐渐降低,土壤中重金属含量呈下降的趋势。东南汽车厂周围不同方向土壤重金属含量空间分布,以东南汽车厂为中心,土壤中Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn 4种重金属污染带呈西北至东南方向分布,西北至东南方向的重金属污染带在空间上尤以西北方向污染为最重,正东、正南方向较轻。利用地统计学方法研究了4重金属元素含量的空间分布特征。结果表明所研究的重金属在青口投资区均有显著的空间结构性特点,其变异函数均可用有块金效应的指数模型进行拟合,多数元素变异函数的变程在3 km左右,这种长距离的变程与分布图上同性质斑块平均距离相当。
(3)以国家土壤环境质量二级标准作为评价标准,计算出各采样点土壤的单因子和综合污染指数,计算数据显示,工业区土壤以Mn污染最为突出,已达到重度污染,其他重金属未污染。由综合污染指数可看出各工业区污染程度依次为金城投资区>青口工业区>金山浦上工业区>福兴投资区>福州二化。不同工业区重金属污染因子Mn元素的分担率最大,Cd和Pb分担率最小。根据“沉积学毒性系数”,对采样点各重金属元素污染潜在生态危害系数和污染分级进行统计,结果表明,在福州市典型工业区土壤中各重金属元素均为轻度污染,危害程度依次是Mn > Ni> Zn > Cd >Pb。进一步对各元素单项潜在生态危害系数进行统计,潜在生态危害综合指数RI =14.935,结果表明重金属污染为轻度生态危害。
(4)在分析了常用的重金属污染土壤的治理方案的基础上,结合现状,提出了发展或引入生物地球化学工程学的方法来治理土壤的重金属污染是有效可行的选择。
结合当前该领域的研究现状和发展趋势,本研究认为今后还应加强以下2个方面的工作和研究:进一步研究工业区污染场地健康风险评价的理论与方法,开展污染土地价值损失风险方面研究。
Urban soil is one of the main components of urban ecological environment, which has a very important ecological, environmental and economic function, and meanwhile, it is the sources and sinks of pollutants. With the development of industry and urbanization, the quality of urban soil environment has becoming more and more serious, which directly or indirectly affect the quality of the urban environment and human health. Further more, the urban population density is much more higher than the other area,and it is suffered chronic and intensive disturb from human actions. So it is very important to research on heavy metal concentration and pollution assessment in urban soil.
The samples located in Jinshan Pushang Development District, Jinchen Development District, Fuxin Development District, Qinkou IndustriaI Area and Fuzhou No.2 Chemical Area in Fuzhou. Ten surface soil samples were collected from the plots. Which were analyzed for concentrations of Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ph index, invertase, urease, catalase and soil carbon pool. The results of statistical analysis indicated that Qinkou IndustriaI Area’s soil was acid with the lowest Ph(6.767), Fuzhou No.2 Chemical Area and Jinshan Pushang Development District’s soil was alkali with the highest Ph, and the Jinchen Development District and Fuxin Development District’s soil was near to neutral. Jinshan Pushang Development District and Qinkou IndustriaI Area’s soil enzyme activity were higher than the other areas. Soil organic carbon in each areas were ordered as the follow: Jinshan Pushang Development District > Jinchen Development District > Fuxin Development District > Qinkou IndustriaI Area > Fuzhou No.2 Chemical Area.The five heavy metal (Ni、Cd、Mn、Pb、Zn) concentrations were respectively 1.779, 4.556, 7.797, 2.741 and 1.370 times of that of background levels in Fuzhou. Among the five heavy metal, the four heavy metal(Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn) were respectively 0.400,0.246,0.273 and 0.378 times of that of the second grade for heavymetals in Environmental Quality Standards for Soils (GB 15618 - 1995) issued by China EPA. Ni、Pb tent to be concentrated in the surface horizon , while the Mn , Cd and Zn content tent to be concentrated in the sub-surface layer.
The characteristics of heavy metal concentration and spatial distribution in urban soils were investigated by collecting soil samples around the South-East Motors. The results showed that the heavy metals concentration in the soil went down with the distance between the samples and the company. As regarding the aspect of heavy metals distribution in the studied area, heavy metals concentration was greater in the region from the northwest to the southeast but deceased in the region by the east and the south, the maximum in the area lying in the northwest. The spatial distribution characteristics of 4 heavy metals(Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn)in the sediments of the South-East Motors were studied using geostatisties method. The results showed that all of the heavy metals being studied have good spatial structures,and their variograms could be fitted by spherical models with exponential,Most of the ranges of variograms are around 3 km,which are consistent with average distances among patches with the same feature in the distribution maps.
The characteristics of the heavy metal contents were described and the heavy metal pollution assessment results were compared in terms of different assessment guidelines and methods. The results indicated that the soil environment quality in Fuzhou was good as a whole and only Mn contents being greater than guide values (2nd level) of Soil Environmental Quality Standard of China. The pollutions were ordered by general pollution index as follows: Jinchen Development District > Qinkou IndustriaI Area >Jinshan Pushang Development District > Fuxin Development District > Fuzhou No.2 Chemical Area. In different districts, contribution rate of Mn were the most largest, while the rate of Cd and Pb were the most smallest. Potential ecological risk index and pollution classes were investgated as well in this paper. It showed that the soil in the studied area was lightly polluted, the heavy metal pollution degree can be ordered as follow: Mn > Ni> Zn > Cd >Pb. The potential ecological risk index was 14.935, it also showed that the soil in the studied area was lightly polluted.
Combining the current study situation with the developing trends in the field, it forwarded two factores that should be studied in the future. Which were the theory and method of health risk assessment in soil of industrial area, and the loss risk of values in polluted land.
(1)本研究选择金山浦上工业区、金城投资区、福兴投资区、青口工业区和二化地区5个典型工业区作为研究对象,布设10个采样点,采集土壤表层0~20cm的代表性样品,测定土壤pH值、蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、有机碳含量和重金属元素Ni、Cd、Mn、Pb和Zn的含量。结果表明青口工业区表层土壤的pH值最小,为6.767呈弱酸性,而福州二化地区和金山浦上工业区的pH值最大,呈现明显的碱性,而金城投资区和福兴投资区的pH值趋向于中性。金山浦上工业区和青口开发区各种酶的活性比较高,而二化地区和金城投资区各种酶的活性比较低。土壤有机碳的含量:金山浦上工业区>金城投资区>福兴投资区>青口工业区>二化地区。各工业区周围土壤重金属含量的平均含量分别为福州市背景值的1.779、4.556、7.797、2.741和1.370倍,其中Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn 4种重金属是国家土壤质量二级标准( GB15618 - 1995 )的0.400,0.246,0.273和0.378倍。Ni、Pb在一定的程度上表现为表面的富集度略高于底下,具有表聚特征;Mn、Cd和Zn表现为一定程度上的表面值略低于底层的土壤值,显示出亚表聚特征。
(2)各采样点表层土壤中Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn 4种重金属浓度测定结果表明,随着距东南汽车厂距离的增加,重金属的扩散强度逐渐降低,土壤中重金属含量呈下降的趋势。东南汽车厂周围不同方向土壤重金属含量空间分布,以东南汽车厂为中心,土壤中Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn 4种重金属污染带呈西北至东南方向分布,西北至东南方向的重金属污染带在空间上尤以西北方向污染为最重,正东、正南方向较轻。利用地统计学方法研究了4重金属元素含量的空间分布特征。结果表明所研究的重金属在青口投资区均有显著的空间结构性特点,其变异函数均可用有块金效应的指数模型进行拟合,多数元素变异函数的变程在3 km左右,这种长距离的变程与分布图上同性质斑块平均距离相当。
(3)以国家土壤环境质量二级标准作为评价标准,计算出各采样点土壤的单因子和综合污染指数,计算数据显示,工业区土壤以Mn污染最为突出,已达到重度污染,其他重金属未污染。由综合污染指数可看出各工业区污染程度依次为金城投资区>青口工业区>金山浦上工业区>福兴投资区>福州二化。不同工业区重金属污染因子Mn元素的分担率最大,Cd和Pb分担率最小。根据“沉积学毒性系数”,对采样点各重金属元素污染潜在生态危害系数和污染分级进行统计,结果表明,在福州市典型工业区土壤中各重金属元素均为轻度污染,危害程度依次是Mn > Ni> Zn > Cd >Pb。进一步对各元素单项潜在生态危害系数进行统计,潜在生态危害综合指数RI =14.935,结果表明重金属污染为轻度生态危害。
(4)在分析了常用的重金属污染土壤的治理方案的基础上,结合现状,提出了发展或引入生物地球化学工程学的方法来治理土壤的重金属污染是有效可行的选择。
结合当前该领域的研究现状和发展趋势,本研究认为今后还应加强以下2个方面的工作和研究:进一步研究工业区污染场地健康风险评价的理论与方法,开展污染土地价值损失风险方面研究。
Urban soil is one of the main components of urban ecological environment, which has a very important ecological, environmental and economic function, and meanwhile, it is the sources and sinks of pollutants. With the development of industry and urbanization, the quality of urban soil environment has becoming more and more serious, which directly or indirectly affect the quality of the urban environment and human health. Further more, the urban population density is much more higher than the other area,and it is suffered chronic and intensive disturb from human actions. So it is very important to research on heavy metal concentration and pollution assessment in urban soil.
The samples located in Jinshan Pushang Development District, Jinchen Development District, Fuxin Development District, Qinkou IndustriaI Area and Fuzhou No.2 Chemical Area in Fuzhou. Ten surface soil samples were collected from the plots. Which were analyzed for concentrations of Ni, Cd, Pb, Zn, Ph index, invertase, urease, catalase and soil carbon pool. The results of statistical analysis indicated that Qinkou IndustriaI Area’s soil was acid with the lowest Ph(6.767), Fuzhou No.2 Chemical Area and Jinshan Pushang Development District’s soil was alkali with the highest Ph, and the Jinchen Development District and Fuxin Development District’s soil was near to neutral. Jinshan Pushang Development District and Qinkou IndustriaI Area’s soil enzyme activity were higher than the other areas. Soil organic carbon in each areas were ordered as the follow: Jinshan Pushang Development District > Jinchen Development District > Fuxin Development District > Qinkou IndustriaI Area > Fuzhou No.2 Chemical Area.The five heavy metal (Ni、Cd、Mn、Pb、Zn) concentrations were respectively 1.779, 4.556, 7.797, 2.741 and 1.370 times of that of background levels in Fuzhou. Among the five heavy metal, the four heavy metal(Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn) were respectively 0.400,0.246,0.273 and 0.378 times of that of the second grade for heavymetals in Environmental Quality Standards for Soils (GB 15618 - 1995) issued by China EPA. Ni、Pb tent to be concentrated in the surface horizon , while the Mn , Cd and Zn content tent to be concentrated in the sub-surface layer.
The characteristics of heavy metal concentration and spatial distribution in urban soils were investigated by collecting soil samples around the South-East Motors. The results showed that the heavy metals concentration in the soil went down with the distance between the samples and the company. As regarding the aspect of heavy metals distribution in the studied area, heavy metals concentration was greater in the region from the northwest to the southeast but deceased in the region by the east and the south, the maximum in the area lying in the northwest. The spatial distribution characteristics of 4 heavy metals(Ni、Cd、Pb、Zn)in the sediments of the South-East Motors were studied using geostatisties method. The results showed that all of the heavy metals being studied have good spatial structures,and their variograms could be fitted by spherical models with exponential,Most of the ranges of variograms are around 3 km,which are consistent with average distances among patches with the same feature in the distribution maps.
The characteristics of the heavy metal contents were described and the heavy metal pollution assessment results were compared in terms of different assessment guidelines and methods. The results indicated that the soil environment quality in Fuzhou was good as a whole and only Mn contents being greater than guide values (2nd level) of Soil Environmental Quality Standard of China. The pollutions were ordered by general pollution index as follows: Jinchen Development District > Qinkou IndustriaI Area >Jinshan Pushang Development District > Fuxin Development District > Fuzhou No.2 Chemical Area. In different districts, contribution rate of Mn were the most largest, while the rate of Cd and Pb were the most smallest. Potential ecological risk index and pollution classes were investgated as well in this paper. It showed that the soil in the studied area was lightly polluted, the heavy metal pollution degree can be ordered as follow: Mn > Ni> Zn > Cd >Pb. The potential ecological risk index was 14.935, it also showed that the soil in the studied area was lightly polluted.
Combining the current study situation with the developing trends in the field, it forwarded two factores that should be studied in the future. Which were the theory and method of health risk assessment in soil of industrial area, and the loss risk of values in polluted land.
引文
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