大连湾海域CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的分布及海—气交换通量研究
|
摘要
本文选择受人类活动影响较大的大连湾海域为研究区域,分别于2009年11月和2010年1月对该海域进行了调查,对该海域表层海水CO2分压、CH4和N2O的分布特征、影响因素及三者的海-气交换通量的时空变化进行了分析,得到的主要结论如下：
1、2009年11月和2010年1月两个航次大连湾海域表层海水pCO2测值范围分别为435～510和350-556μatm,统计平均值分别为473和396μatm,两个航次调查期间该海域分别表现为大气CO2的源区和汇区。
2、海水pCO2的影响因素比较复杂,区域差异明显。2009年11月航次大连湾表层海水pCO2分布与盐度、温度呈良好的负相关性,而2010年1月航次该海域pC02分布与盐度、温度无明显相关性。2009年11月航次大连湾溶解氧饱和度>100%的海域pCO2与溶解氧呈良好的正相关性,溶解氧饱和度<100%的海域则呈现出负相关性；2010年1月航次表层海水溶解氧含量明显高于2009年11月航次,pC02与溶解氧变化趋势相反。
3、2009年11月和2010年1月两个航次表层海水溶存CH4和N2O浓度均表现出自近岸向外海逐渐降低的分布特征。总的来说,除个别站位外,调查海区表层溶解CH4和N2O在调查时间内均处于过饱和状态。采用Liss and Merlivat(LM86)和Wanninkhof(W92)两种不同的气体交换模式分别计算了CH4和N2O的海-气交换通量。结果表明,2009年11月和2010年1月两个航次大连湾CH4的海-气交换通量分别为52.88±68.42(LM86)、113.91±146.82μmol·m-2·d-1(W92)和133.07±193.37(LM86)、286.96±416.98μmol·m-2·d-1(W92),2010年1月航次约是2009年11月航次的2.6倍;两个航次N2O的海-气交换通量分别为3.30±4.78μmol·m-2·d-1和10.62±10.74μmol.m-2.d-1(LM86),冬季航次约是秋季的3.2倍。
In the present dissertation, distribution、controlling factors and fluxes of surface seawater partial pressure of CO2(pCO2)、N2O and CH4 were determined during the surveies on Dalian Bay in Nov-2009 and Jan-2010.The main research work is as follows:
1. The results show that the pCO2 ranged from 435.68 to 510.41μatm,with an average of 473.01μatm during the survey in Nov-2009.While it ranged from 350.95μatm to 556.52μatm,with an average of 396.53μatm during the survey in Jan-2010.Dalian Bay area acted as a source of atmospheric CO2 in autumn,While it acted as a sink in winter.
2. A good positive correlation has been found between pCO2 and Tem or Sal during the survey in Nov-2009,while there were no significant correlation between them during the survey in Jan-2010.In addition, A good correlation has been found between pCO2 and saturation of DO in Nov-2009,while pCO2 and DO had exactly the opposite change.
3. The results show that the distributions of CH4 and N2O in the surface waters both illustrate a decrease of CH4 and N2O concentration on shore to offshore.Both CH4 and N2O in the surface waters were supersaturated during the two surveies.CH4 fluxes from the Dalian Bay were 52.88±68.42 and 113.91±146.82μmol·m-2·d-1,respectively by LM86 and W92 during the survey in Nov-2009,and they were 133.07±193.37 and 286.96±416.98μmol·m-2·d-1,respectively during the survey in Jan-2010. CH4 fluxes were higher in winter than they were in antumn by a factor of 2.6.While N2O fluxes were 3.30±4.78 and 10.62±10.74 umol·m-2·d-1(LM86),respectively.N2O fluxes were higher in winter than they were in antumn by a factor of 3.2.
1、2009年11月和2010年1月两个航次大连湾海域表层海水pCO2测值范围分别为435～510和350-556μatm,统计平均值分别为473和396μatm,两个航次调查期间该海域分别表现为大气CO2的源区和汇区。
2、海水pCO2的影响因素比较复杂,区域差异明显。2009年11月航次大连湾表层海水pCO2分布与盐度、温度呈良好的负相关性,而2010年1月航次该海域pC02分布与盐度、温度无明显相关性。2009年11月航次大连湾溶解氧饱和度>100%的海域pCO2与溶解氧呈良好的正相关性,溶解氧饱和度<100%的海域则呈现出负相关性；2010年1月航次表层海水溶解氧含量明显高于2009年11月航次,pC02与溶解氧变化趋势相反。
3、2009年11月和2010年1月两个航次表层海水溶存CH4和N2O浓度均表现出自近岸向外海逐渐降低的分布特征。总的来说,除个别站位外,调查海区表层溶解CH4和N2O在调查时间内均处于过饱和状态。采用Liss and Merlivat(LM86)和Wanninkhof(W92)两种不同的气体交换模式分别计算了CH4和N2O的海-气交换通量。结果表明,2009年11月和2010年1月两个航次大连湾CH4的海-气交换通量分别为52.88±68.42(LM86)、113.91±146.82μmol·m-2·d-1(W92)和133.07±193.37(LM86)、286.96±416.98μmol·m-2·d-1(W92),2010年1月航次约是2009年11月航次的2.6倍;两个航次N2O的海-气交换通量分别为3.30±4.78μmol·m-2·d-1和10.62±10.74μmol.m-2.d-1(LM86),冬季航次约是秋季的3.2倍。
In the present dissertation, distribution、controlling factors and fluxes of surface seawater partial pressure of CO2(pCO2)、N2O and CH4 were determined during the surveies on Dalian Bay in Nov-2009 and Jan-2010.The main research work is as follows:
1. The results show that the pCO2 ranged from 435.68 to 510.41μatm,with an average of 473.01μatm during the survey in Nov-2009.While it ranged from 350.95μatm to 556.52μatm,with an average of 396.53μatm during the survey in Jan-2010.Dalian Bay area acted as a source of atmospheric CO2 in autumn,While it acted as a sink in winter.
2. A good positive correlation has been found between pCO2 and Tem or Sal during the survey in Nov-2009,while there were no significant correlation between them during the survey in Jan-2010.In addition, A good correlation has been found between pCO2 and saturation of DO in Nov-2009,while pCO2 and DO had exactly the opposite change.
3. The results show that the distributions of CH4 and N2O in the surface waters both illustrate a decrease of CH4 and N2O concentration on shore to offshore.Both CH4 and N2O in the surface waters were supersaturated during the two surveies.CH4 fluxes from the Dalian Bay were 52.88±68.42 and 113.91±146.82μmol·m-2·d-1,respectively by LM86 and W92 during the survey in Nov-2009,and they were 133.07±193.37 and 286.96±416.98μmol·m-2·d-1,respectively during the survey in Jan-2010. CH4 fluxes were higher in winter than they were in antumn by a factor of 2.6.While N2O fluxes were 3.30±4.78 and 10.62±10.74 umol·m-2·d-1(LM86),respectively.N2O fluxes were higher in winter than they were in antumn by a factor of 3.2.
引文
[1]NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory,Carbon Cycle Group,2008 Continuous in-situ CO2 data files (ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/CO2/in-situ)
[2]Manabe S,Ronald J S.Century-scale effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on the ocean atoms-phere system.Nature.1993,364:215-218.
[3]张正斌主编.海洋化学.青岛：中国海洋大学出版社,2004.
[4]张正斌,刘莲生.海洋物理化学.北京：科学出版社,1989.
[5]张龙军.东海海—气界面CO2通量研究：(博士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2003.
[6]谭燕,张龙军,王凡,等.夏季东海西部表层海水中的pCO2及海—气界面通量.海洋与湖沼.2004,35(3)：239-245.
[7]Copin-Montegut C.A formula of temperature on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the upper ocean.Marine Chemistry.1985,17:13-21.
[8]Weiss R F.Determinations of Carbon Dioxide and Methane by Dual Catalyst Flame Ionization Chromatography and Nitrous Oxide by Electron Capture Chromatography.Journal of Chromatographic Science.1981,19:611-616.
[9]Takahashi T.Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in Atlantic Ocean water.Journal of Geophysical Research.1961,66:477-494.
[10]Keeling C D,Rakestraw N W and Waterman L S.Carbon dioxide in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean.1.Measurements of the distributions.Journal of Geophysical Research.1965,70:6087-6097.
[11]KortzingerA.Determinations of carbon dioxide partial pressure.In:K Grasshoff,K Kremling,M Ehrhardt.Methods of seawater analysis.Germany,1999:149-158.
[12]Kortzinger A.At-sea intercomparison of two newly designed underway pCO2 systems en-couraging results.Marine Chemistry.1996,52:133-145.
[13]Kelley J J.Carbon dioxide in the surface waters of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents and Kara Seas.Limnology and Oceanography.1970,15:80-97.
[14]Inoue H,Sugimura Y and Fushimi K.pCO2 and δ13C in the air and surface sea water in the western North Pacific.Tellus.1987,39B:228-242.
[15]Robertson J E and Watson A J.Thermal skin effect of the surface ocean and its implications for CO2 uptake.Nature.1992,358:738-740.
[16]Goyet C and Peltzer E.Comparison of the August-September 1991 and 1979 surface partial pressure of CO2 distribution in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean near 150°W.Marine Chemis-try.1994,45:257-266.
[17]Goyet C,Beauverger C,Brunet C,et al.Distribution of carbon dioxide parti pressure in surface waters of the Southwest Indian Ocean.Tellus.1991,43B:1-11.
[18]Schneider B,Kremling K and Duinker J C.CO2 partial pressure in Northeast Atlantic and adjacent shelf waters:Processes and seasonal variability. J.Mar.Syst.1992,3:453-463.
[19]Ohtaki E,Yamashita E,and Fujiwara F.Carbon dioxide in surface sea waters of the Seto Inland Sea.Journal of Oceariography.1993,49:295-303.
[20]Poisson A,Metzl N,Brunet C,et al. Variability of sources and sinks of CO2 in the Wes-tern Indian and Southern Oceans during the year 1991.Journal of Geophysical Research.1993,98(C 12):22759-22778.
[21]Cooper D J,Watson A J,Ling R D.Variation of pCO2 along a North Atlantic shipping route(U.K.to Caribbean):A year of automated observations.Marine Chemistry.1998,60:147-164.
[22]Kortzinger A,Mintrop L,Wallace D W R,et al.The international at-sea intercomparison of fCO2 systems during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean.Marine Chemistry. 2000,72:171-192.
[23]王峰,张龙军,王彬宇,等.海水pC02测定中喷淋-鼓泡式平衡器与层流式平衡器互校.青岛海洋大学学报.2001,31(4)：573-578.
[24]王峰,张龙军,张经.南黄海夏季表层海水中pC02分布的初步探讨.青岛海洋大学学报.2002,32(6)：1007-1011.
[25]江春波.南黄海春季CO2海—气交换通量及其与夏季的比较：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.
[26]郭朝.秋季北黄海表层海水pC02分布及其控制机制探讨：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2009.
[27]Cai W J and Wang Y C.The chemistry,fluxes,and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers.Georgia.Limnol Oceanogr.l998.43(4):657-668.
[28]Gong Haidong,Zhang Zhengbin,Zhang Chuang,et al.Multilayer distribution of carbon dioxide system in surface water of the Yellow Sea in spring.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limno-logy.2007,25(1):1-15.
[29]Zhai W D,Dai M H,Cai W J,et al.The partial pressure of carbon dioxide and air-sea fluxes in the northern South China Sea in spring,summer and autumn.Marine Chemistry.2005a,96:87-97.
[30]Zhai W D,Dai M H,Cai W J,et al.High partial pressure of CO2 and its maintaining mechanism in a subtropical estuary:the Pearl River estuary,China.Marine Chemistry.2005b,93:21-32.
[31]Copin-Montegut C.A formula of the effect of temperature on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater.Marine Chemistry.1988,25:29-37.
[32]Takahashi T,Olafsson J,Goddard J G,et al.Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high latitude surface oceans:A comparative study.Global Biogeochemistry cycles.1993,7:843-878.
[33]宫海东.中国黄海、南海和青岛近海表面海水二氧化碳体系的多层研究：(博士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学。2006.
[34]Gordon L I and Jones L B.The effect of temperature on carbon dioxide partial pressure in seawater.Marine Chemistry.1973,1:317-322.
[35]Weiss R F,Jahne R A,and Keeling C D.Seasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater.Nature.1982,300:511-513.
[36]Hansson I.A new set of acidity constants for carbonic acid and boric acid in seawater. Deep-sea Research.1973,20:461-478.
[37]Committee on Global Change.Toward an Understanding of Global Change. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.1988,p56.
[38]Goyet C,Brewer P G.Biochemical properties of the oceanic carbon cycle.In:J Willebrand.Modeling Oceanic Climate Interactions.NATO Adv.Stud.Inst,1993.
[39]张闯.春季黄海表面海水二氧化碳体系的分层研究：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2007.
[40]邢如楠.带生物泵三维全球海洋碳循环模式.大气科学.2000,24(3)：333-340.
[41]Tsunogai S and Watanabe S.Role of the continental margins in the absorption of the atmospheric CO2:Continental Shelf Pump.In:Norjiri Y,ed.Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on CO2 in the Oceans.Center for Global Environmental Research,National Institute for Environmental Studies,Tsukuba,Japan,1999:299-308.
[42]宫海东.中国黄海、南海和青岛近海表面海水二氧化碳体系的多层研究：(博士论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.
[43]Murata A and Takizawa T.Summertime CO2 sinks in shelf and slope waters of the western Arctic Ocean.Continental Shelf Research.2003,23:753-776.
[44]Kawahata H,Suzuki A,Ayukai T,et al.Distribution of the fugacity of carbon dioxide in the surface seawater of the Great Barrier Reef.Marine Chemistry.2000,72:257-272.
[45]Suzuki A and Kawahata H.Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in coral reef lagoon waters Comparative study of atolls and barrier reefs in the indo-Pacific Oceans.Journal of Oceanography.1999,55(6):731-745.
[46]李宁,李学刚,宋金明.海洋碳循环研究的关键生物地球化学过程.海洋环境科学.2005,24(2)：75-80.
[47]张云.夏季渤海海—气界面CO2通量及主要影响机制分析：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2008.
[48]Ternon J F,Oudot C,Dessier A.Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 in the Atlantic Ocean:the role of the Amazon River discharge.Mar.Chem.1900,68:183-201.
[49]Van Geen A,Takesue R K,Goddard J,et al..Carbon and nutrient dynamics during coastal upwelling off Cape Blanco,Oregon.Deep-Sea Res.2000,247:975-1002.
[50]Borges A V,Frankignoulle M.Distribution of surface carbon dioxide and air-sea exchange in the upewelling system off the Calician coast.Glob.Biogeochem.cycles.16(2),10-20.
[51]Alvarez M,Fernandez E,Perez F F.Air-sea CO2 fluxes in a coastal embayment affected by upwelling:physical versus biological control.Oceanol.Acta..1999,22:499-515.
[52]Dagg M,Benner R,et al.Transformation of dissolved and particulate materials on continental shelves influenced by large rivers:plume processes.Continental Shelf Research.24:833-858.
[53]Sarmiento J L.Atmospheric CO2 stalled.Nature.1993,365:697-698.
[54]Takahashi T,Olafsson J,Boecker W S.Seasonal variability of the carbon-nutrient chemistry in the ocean areas west and north of Iceland. Journal of Marine Research.1985,9:20-36.
[55]Feely R A,Wanninkhof C C and Cosca P P.CO2 distribution in the equatorial Pacific during 1991-1992 ENSO event.Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ.1995,42:365-386.
[56]Mccarrthy J L,Brewer P G,Feldman G.Global ocean flux.Oceanus.1986,29(4):16-26.
[57]Murphy P P,Feely R A,Gammon R H.Assessment of air-sea exchange of CO2 in the South Pacific during austral autumn.J.Geophysical Research.1991,96:20455-20465.
[58]张远辉,王伟强,陈立奇.海洋二氧化碳的研究进展.地球科学进展.2000,15(5)：559-564.
[59]Weiss R F.Carbon dioxide in water and seawatenthe solubility of a non ideal gas.Marine Chemistry.1974,2:203-215.
[60]Frankignoulle M,Bougre I,Canon C,et al.Distribution of surface seawater partial CO2 Pressure in the English Channel and in the Southern Bight of the North sea.Continental Shelf research. 1996,16(3):381-395.
[61]Liss P S and Merlivat L.Air-sea gas exehange rates:introduction and synthesis.In:P Buat Menard.The role of air-sea exehange in geochemical cycling.New York:D.Reidel Pub-lishing Company,1986:113-128.
[62]Tans P P,Fung I Y and Takahashi T.Obsevrational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget.Science.1990,247:1431-1438.
[63]Wanninkhof R H.Relationship between gas exchange and wind speed over the ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research.1992,97(C5):7373-7381.
[64]wanninkhof R and McGillis W M.A cubic relationship between gas transfer and wind speed.Geophysical Research Letter.1999,26:1889-1893.
[65]Jacobs C M.J,Kohsiek W,Oost W A.Air-sea fluxes and transfer velocity of CO2 over the North Sea:result from ASGAMAGE.Tellus.1999,51B:629-641.
[66]Nightingale P D,Malin G,Law C S,et al.Upstill-Goddard,R.C.,In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers.Global Biogeochemical Cyeles.2000,15(1):31-42.
[67]Rehder G,Suess E.Methane and pCO2 in the Kuroshio and the South China Sea during maximum summer surface temperatures.Marine Chemistry.2001,75:89-108.
[68]张龙军,张云.夏季渤海表层海水pC02分布特征.中国海洋大学学报.2008,38(4)：635-639.
[69]张龙军,王婧婧,张云,等.冬季北黄海表层海水pC02分布及其影响因素探讨.中国海洋大学学报.2009,38(6)：955-960.
[70]张龙军,郭朝,薛亮.秋季北黄海表层海水CO2分压分布及其影响因素探讨.中国海洋大学学报.2009,9(4)：587-591.
[71]桂祖胜.长江干流及河口水体pC02的分布及影响因素：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2007.
[72]刘建栋.冬季东中国海表层pC02的分布特征及控制因素分析：(硕士论文).2008.青岛
[73]宫海东.中国黄海、南海和青岛近海表面海水二氧化碳体系的多层研究(博士论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.5
[74]Houghton J T,Y Ding,D J Griggs,et al.The Scientific Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.IPCC,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,2001:881.
[75]Houghton J T,Jenkins G J,Ephraums J J.Climate Change:The IPCC Scientific Assessment.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1990,365:35-38.
[76]Crutzen P J.Methane's sinks and sources.Nature.1991,350:380-381.
[77]Rasmassen R A,Khail M A K.Atmospheric methane:trends and seasonal cycles.J Geophy Res.1986,86:883-886.
[78]杨晶.胶州湾水体及沉积物中甲烷和氧化亚氮的生物地球化学研究：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2009.
[79]Cicerone R J,Oremland R S.Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane.Global Biogeochem Cycles.1988.2:299-327.
[80]秦瑜,赵春生.大气化学基础.北京：气象出版社,2003.
[81]Donald J,wuebbles,Katharine Hayhoe.Atmosheric methane and global change.Earth-Science Reviews.2002,57:177-210.
[82]赵静.长江和海南东部典型水体中溶存甲烷和氧化亚氮的分布和释放：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2009.
[83]朱玫,田洪海,李金龙,等.大气甲烷的源和汇.环境保护科学.1996,22(2)：5-9.
[84]Cicerone R J,R S Oremland.Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane.Global Biogeochem Cycles.1988,2:299-327.
[85]Bange H W,U H Bartell,S Rapsomanikis,et al.Methane in the Baltic and North Seas and a reassessment of the marine emissions of methane.Global Biogeochem Cycles.1994.8:465-480.
[86]李佩佩,张桂玲,赵静,等.胶州湾及周边海域大气和海水中N20和CH4的分布及海气交换通量.中国海洋大学学报.2009,39(4)：805-814.
[87]臧家业,王相芹.海湾区海水中的溶存甲烷Ⅱ浓度和海气交换通量.黄渤海海洋.1997b,15(3)：1-9.
[88]Watanabe S,Higashitani N,Tsurushima N,et al. Annual variation of methane in seawater of Funka Bay,Japan.Journal of Oceanography.1994,50(4):415-421.
[89]Watanabe S,Higashitani N,Tsurushima N,et al.Methane in the western North Pacific.Journal of Oceanography.1995,51:39-60.
[90]张桂玲.中国近海部分海域溶解甲烷和氧化亚氮的生物地球化学研究：(博士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2004.
[91]Conrad R,Seiler W.Methane and hydrogen in seawater(Atlantic Ocean).Deep-Sea Research.1988,35(12):1903-1917.
[92]Crutzen P.Overview of tropospheric chemistry:Developments during the past quarter century and a look ahead.Faraday Discuss.1995,100:1-21.
[93]张仁健.150年来大气甲烷浓度的长期变化.气象学报.2002,60(5)：620-623.
[94]张桂玲,张峰,张经,等.海水中溶解甲烷和氧化亚氮的分析方法及研究进展.见：冯士榨.上层海洋与低层大气研究的前沿科学问题.北京：气象出版社,2006：141-147.
[95]Schmit M,Faber E,Botz R,et al.Extraction of methane from seawater using ultrasonic vaccum degassing.Anal Chem.1991,63:529-532.
196] Johnson K M,Hughes J E,Donaghay P L, et al.Bottle-calibration static head space method for the determination of methane dissolved in seawater.Anal Chem.1990,62:2408-2412.
[97]Singh H B,Salas L J,Shigeishi H.The distribution of nitrous oxide in the global atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean.Tellus.1979,31:313-320.
[98]Cohen Y.Shipboard measurement of dissolved nitrous oxide in seawater by electron capture gas chromatography.Anal Chem.1977,49(8):1238-1240.
[99]Butler J W,Elkins J W.An automated technique for the measurement of dissolved N2O in natural waters.Mar Chem.1991.34:47-61.
[100]郑立晓.中国近海部分典型海洋环境中溶存氧化亚氮的分布及海—气交换通量研究(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2008.
[101]Lal S,Patra P K,Venkataramani S.Distribution of nitrous oxide and methane in the Arabian Sea.Current Science.1996,71(11):894-899.
[102]Naqvi S W A,Noronha R J.Nitrous oxide in the Arabian Sea.Deep-sea Res.1991,38(7):871-890.
[103]Oudot C.N2O production in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.Deep-Sea Res.1990,37:183-202.
[104]夏新宇,王先彬,西北太平洋上层海水中溶解甲烷浓度与碳同位素特征研究.沉积学报.1996,14(4)：45-49.
[105]Ward B B.The subsurface maximum in the Southern Califounia Bight.Continental shelf Res.1992,12:735-752.
[106]Burke R A,Reid D F,Lavoie D M.Upper water column methane geochemistry in the eastern tropical North Pacific. Limnol Oceanogr.1983,28:19-32.
[107]Tilbrook B D,Karl D M.Methane sources,distributions and sinks from California coastal waters to the oligotrophic North Pacific gyre.Mar Chem.1995,49:51-64.
[108]臧家业.东海海水中的溶存甲烷.海洋学报.1998,20(2)：52-59.
[109]Rehder G,Keir R E,Suess E,et al.The multiple sources and patterns of methane in North Sea waters.Aquat.Geochem.1998,4:403-427.
[110]Jayakumar D A,Naqvi S W A,Narvekar P V,et al.Methane in Coastal and Offshore Waters of the Arabian Sea.Mar Chem.2001,74(1):1-13.
[111]Scranton M I,Farrington J W.Methane production in the waters off Walvis Bay.J Geophy Res.1977,82:4947-4953.
[112]Karl D M,Tilbrook B D.Production and transport of methane in oceanic particulate organic matter.Nature.1994,368:732-734.
[113]Scranton M I and K McShane.The important of episodic event in controlling flux of methane from and anoxic basin.Global Giogeochemical Cycles.1993:491-507.
[114]Brooks J M,Sachell D F.Sources,sink and concentration of light hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexicl.J.Geophy.Res.1973,78:5248-5258.
[115]臧家业,王相芹.海湾区海水中的溶存甲烷Ⅰ分布特征及成因.黄渤海海洋.1997a,15(1)：20.
[116]Traganza E D,J W Swinnerton,C H Cheek.Methane wupersaturation and ATP-zooplankton blooms in near-surface waters of the western Mediterranean and the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean.Deep-Sea Res.1979,26:1237-1245.
[117]Cynar F J,A A Yayanos.Enrichment and characterization of a methanogenic bacterium from the oxic upper layer of the ocean.Curr.Microbiol.1991,23:89-96.
[118]Brooks J M,D F Rein,B B Bernad.Methane in the upper water column of the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico.J.Geophy.Res.1981,86:11029-11040.
[119]Liss P S,Salter P G.Flux of gases across the air-sea interface.Nature.1974,27:181-184.
[120]Patra P K,Las S,Venkataramani S,et al.Seasonal variability in distribution and fluxes of methane in the Arabian SeaJournal of Geophysical Research.1998,103(C1):1167-1176.
[121]Bates T S,Kelly K C,Johnson J E,et al.A reevaluation of the open ocean source of methane to the atmosphere.Geophy Res.1996,101 (D3):6953-6961.
[122]Ivanov M Y,et al.Biogeochemistry of global change.New York:Chapman and Hall.1993,505-573.
[123]Zang Jia Ye,Wang Xiang Qin.The dissolved methane in seawater of estuaries Ⅱ concentration,sea-air exchange flux.Oceanography of Huanghai&Bohai Seas.1997,15 (3):1-9.
[124]Zang Jia Ye.Dissolved methane in sea water of the East China Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica.1998,20(2):52-59.[臧家业.东海海水中的溶存甲烷.海洋学报.1998,20 (2):52-59.]
[125]张峰.黄海及长江口海域溶存氧化亚氮和甲烷的分布及海—气交换通量研究：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2007.
[126]WEISS R F,PRICE B A.Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater.Marine Chemistry.1980,8:347-359.
[127]Cicerone R.J.Analysis of sources and sinks of atmospheric nitrous oxide(N2O).J.Geophys, Res.1989,94:18265-18271.
[128]Prinn R,D Cunnold,R Rasmussen,et al.Amtospheric emissions and trends of nitrous oxide deduced from 10 years of ALE-GAGE data.J.Geophys Res.1990,95:18369-18385.
[129]Ko.M.K.W,N.D.Sze and D.K.Weisenstein.Use of satellite data to constrain the model-calculated atmospheric lifetime for N2O:Implications for other trace gases.J. Geophys Res.1991,96:7547-7552.
[130]Minschawaner K,R J Salawitch and M B Mcelory.Absorption of solar radiation by O2:Implications for O3 and lifetimes of N2O,CFCl3,and CF2Cl2.J geophys Res.1993,98:10543-10561.
[131]Crutzen P J,Schmailz L U.Chemical budgets of the stratosphere.Planet Space Science. 1983,31:1009-1032.
[132]Khalil M A K, Rasmussen R A.Global sources of nitrous oxideJournal of Geophysical Research.1992,97(D 13):14651-14660.
[133]Li Ming,Hou Chunmei,Zhang Zhiqiang,et al.The oceanogrophical research in the geological science:Prospection of global oceanographical change of the comeing10 years. Advances in Earth Science.2004,19 (6):918-920[李明,侯春梅,张志强,等.地球系统科学中的海洋学研究：未来10年海洋全球变化研究前景.地球科学进展.2004,19(6)：918-920.]
[134]Toyoda S,Yoshida N,Miwa T.Production mechanism and global budget of N2O inferred from its isotopomers in the western north pacific.Geophysical Research Letters,2002.
[135]Khalil M A K,Rasmussen R A,Shearer M J.Atmospheric nitrous oxide:Patterns of global change during recent decades and cerlturies.Chemosphere.2002;47:807-82.
[136]Houghton J T,Meira Filho L G,Callander B A, Harteris al. Climatet Change 1995:The Science of Climate Change.IPCC,Cambridge UK,1996:572.
[137]Bouwman A F,K W Van der Hoek&J.G.J.Olivier.Uncertainties in the global source distribution of nitrous oxide.J Geophy,Res.1995,100:2785-2800.
[138]王少彬.大气中氧化亚氮的源、汇和环境效应.环境科学.1994,4：23-27.
[139]Mcelroy M B,J W Elkins,S C Wofsy,et al.Production and release of N2O from the Potomac Estuary.Limnol.Oceanogr.1978,23:1168-1182.
[140]Elkins J W,S C Wofsy,M B McElroy,et al.Aquatic sources and sinks for nitrous oxide.Nature.1978,175:602-606.
[141]郑立晓.中国近海部分典型海洋环境中溶存氧化亚氮的分布及海—气交换通量研究(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2008.
[142]Bange H W,S Rapsomanikis and M O Andreae.Nitrous oxide in coastal waters.Global Biogeoche mical Cyeles.1996a,10:197-207.
[143]PIEROTTI D,RASMUSSEN R A.Nitrous oxide measurements in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.Tellus.1980,32:56-72.
[144]Bange H W,Rapsomanikis S,Andree M O.The sea as a source of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane.Mar Chem.1996,53:41-49.
[145]Hashimoto S,Gojo K,Hikota S.Nitrous oxide emissions from costal waters of Tokyo Bay.Marine Environmental Research.1999,47(3):213-223.
[146]Amouroux D, Roberts G, Rapsomanikis S, et al.Biogenic gas(CH4, N2O, DMS) emission to the atmosphere from near-shore and shelf waters of the north-western Black Sea.Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science.2002,54(3):575-587.
[147]Bange H W,Dahlke S,Ramesh R,et al.Seasonal study of methane and nitrous oxide in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea.Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science.1998,47(6):807-817.
[148]Popp B N,Weatley M B,Toyoda S,et al.Nitrogen and oxygen isotopomeric constraints on the origins and sea-to-air flux of N2O in the oligotrophic subtropical North Pacific gyre.Global Biogeochemical Cycles.2002,16(4):1064-1073.
[149]Upstill-Goddard R C,Rees A P,N. Owens J P.Simultaneous high-precision measurements of methane and nitrous oxide in water and seawater by single phase equilibration gas chromatography.Deep-sea Res.1996,43(10):1669-1682.
[150]Cohen Y,Gordon L I.Nitrous oxide in the oxygen minimum of the eastern tropical North Pacific:Evidence for its consumption during denitrification and possible mechanisms for its production.Deep-Sea Res.1978,25:509-524.
[151]Lal S,Patra P K,Venkataramani S.Distribution of nitrous oxide and methane in the Arabian Sea.Current Science.1996,71(11):894-899.
[152]PATRA P K,LAL S,VENKATARAMANI S,et al.Seasonal and spatial variability in N2O distribution in the Arabian Sea.Deep-Sea Res.1999,46:529-543.
[153]De Wilde H P J,Helder W.Nitrous oxide in the Somali basin:The role of upwelling.Deep-Sea Research.1997,44:1319-1340.
[154]Cohen Y,L I Gordon,Nitrous oxide in the oxygen minimum of the eastern tropical North Pacific:evidence for its consumption during denitrification and possible mechanisms for its production.Deep-Sea Res.1978,25:509-524.
[155]詹力扬,陈立奇.海洋氧化亚氮研究进展.地球科学进展.2006,22(2)：269-277.
[156]Naqvi S W.A,D A Jayakumar,M Nair,et al.George.Nitrous oxide in the western Bay of Bengal.Mar Chem.1994,47:269-278.
[157]Garcia-Ruiz R,Pattinson S N and Whitton B A.Nitrous oxide productioon in the river swaleouse,north-east England. Wat.Res.1999,33(5):1231-1237.
[158]Hahn J.The north Atlantic Ocean as a source of atmospheric N2O.Tellus.1974,26:160-168.
[159]Codispoti L.A,J.P.Christensen.Nitrification,denitrification and nitrous oxide cycling in the eastern tropical south pacific ocean.Mar Chem.1985,16:277-300.
[160]Otte S,Grobben N.G,Robertson L.A,et al.Nitrous oxide production by Alcaligenes faecalis under transient and dynamic aerobic and anaerobic conditions.Environ.Microbiol.1996,62: 2421-2426.
[161]Devol A H.Bacterial oxygen uptake kinetics as related to biological process in oxygen deficient zones of the ocean.Deep-Sea Res.1978,25:137-146.
[162]Goerong J J. Denitrification in the oxygen minimum layer of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Deep-sea Res.1968,15:151-164.
[163]Bange H,Naqvi S.W.A,Codispoti L.A.The nitrogen cycle in the Arabian Sea.Progress in Oceanography.2005,10:10-16.
[164]Suntharalingam P,Samiento J L.Factors governing the oceanic nitrous oxide distribution:Simulations with an ocean general circulation model.Global Biogeochemical Cycles.2000,14:429-454.
[165]Law C S,Owens N J P.Significant flux of atmosphere nitrous oxide from the northwest Indian Ocean.Nature.1990,346:826-828.
[166]Cohen Y,Gordon L.I.Nitrous oxide production in the ocean.J.Geophy.Res.1979,84(8):347-353.
[167]Nevision C D,Weiss R F,Erickson Ⅲ D J.Global oceanic emissions of nitrous oxide. Journal of Geophysical Research.1995,100 (C8):15809-15820.
[168]Craig H,Gordon L I.Nitrous oxide in the ocean and marine atmosphere.Geochim Ica et Coamochim ica Acta.1963,27:949-955.
[169]郑立晓,张桂玲,许洁,等.春季南海溶存N20的分布特征和海气交换通量.海洋环境科学.2009,28(3)：233-237.
[170]徐继荣,王友绍,殷建平,等.珠江口入海河段DIN形态转化与消化和反硝化作用.环境科学学报.2005,25(5)：686-692.
[171]徐继荣,王友绍,张风琴,等.大亚湾海水中N20的分布体征与通量的初步研究.热带海洋学报.2006,25(3)：63-68.
[172]郑立晓,张桂玲,许洁,等.春季南海溶存N20的分布特征和海气交换通量.海洋环境科学,2009,28(3)：233-237.
[173]中国海湾志编纂委员会.《中国海湾志》,第一分册：辽东半岛东部海湾.北京：海洋出版社,1991.
[174]翟惟东.南海北部与珠江河口水域CO2通量及其调控因子：(博士学位论文).厦门：厦门大学,2003.
[175]赵化德.辽河口区域N20的分布与反硝化速率的测定：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连水产学院,2007.
[176]Wiesenburg D A,Guinasso N L Jr.Equilibrium solubilities of methane,earbon monoxide and hydrogen in water and seawater.Journal of Chemical&Engineering Data.1979,24(4):356-360.
[177]许洁.南海、黄海及长江口海域溶解氧化亚氮和甲烷的分布及海—气交换通量研究：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.
[178]Careri M,G Mori,M Musciet al.Evaluation of dynamic headspace and purge-and-trap te-chnique for the high-resolution gas chromatography analysis of nitrous oxide in seawater.Ch-romatogr A.1999,848:327-335.
[179]徐继荣,王友绍,殷建平等.静态顶空气相色谱法测定海水中溶解的N20.海洋环境科学.2005,24(4)：59-62.
[180]Bates N R,Takahashi T,Chipman D W,et al.Variability of pCO2 on diel to seasonal time scales in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda.J Geophysical Research.1998,103(C8):15567-15585.
[181]Claude O,Philippe J B,Claire M,et al.Transatlantic equatorial distribution of nitrous oxide and methane.Deep-Sea Research 1.2002,49:1175-1193.
[182]王倩倩.冬季北黄海表层海水pC02分布及其控制机制探讨：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2008.
[183]Kong H N,Kimochi Y,Mizuoehi M.Study of the characteristis of CH4 and N2O emission and methods of controlling their emission in the soil-trench waste water treatment process.The Science of the Total Environment.2002,290:59-67.
[184]Itokawa H,Hanaki K,MatsuoT.Nitrous oxide emission during nitrification and denitrification in a full-scale night treatment plant.Water Science Technology.1996,34:277-284.
[185]杨晶,张桂玲,郑立晓,等.北黄海溶解氧化亚氮的分布与通量的季节变化.环境科学.2009,30(3)：656-662.
[2]Manabe S,Ronald J S.Century-scale effects of increased atmospheric CO2 on the ocean atoms-phere system.Nature.1993,364:215-218.
[3]张正斌主编.海洋化学.青岛：中国海洋大学出版社,2004.
[4]张正斌,刘莲生.海洋物理化学.北京：科学出版社,1989.
[5]张龙军.东海海—气界面CO2通量研究：(博士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2003.
[6]谭燕,张龙军,王凡,等.夏季东海西部表层海水中的pCO2及海—气界面通量.海洋与湖沼.2004,35(3)：239-245.
[7]Copin-Montegut C.A formula of temperature on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the upper ocean.Marine Chemistry.1985,17:13-21.
[8]Weiss R F.Determinations of Carbon Dioxide and Methane by Dual Catalyst Flame Ionization Chromatography and Nitrous Oxide by Electron Capture Chromatography.Journal of Chromatographic Science.1981,19:611-616.
[9]Takahashi T.Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and in Atlantic Ocean water.Journal of Geophysical Research.1961,66:477-494.
[10]Keeling C D,Rakestraw N W and Waterman L S.Carbon dioxide in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean.1.Measurements of the distributions.Journal of Geophysical Research.1965,70:6087-6097.
[11]KortzingerA.Determinations of carbon dioxide partial pressure.In:K Grasshoff,K Kremling,M Ehrhardt.Methods of seawater analysis.Germany,1999:149-158.
[12]Kortzinger A.At-sea intercomparison of two newly designed underway pCO2 systems en-couraging results.Marine Chemistry.1996,52:133-145.
[13]Kelley J J.Carbon dioxide in the surface waters of the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents and Kara Seas.Limnology and Oceanography.1970,15:80-97.
[14]Inoue H,Sugimura Y and Fushimi K.pCO2 and δ13C in the air and surface sea water in the western North Pacific.Tellus.1987,39B:228-242.
[15]Robertson J E and Watson A J.Thermal skin effect of the surface ocean and its implications for CO2 uptake.Nature.1992,358:738-740.
[16]Goyet C and Peltzer E.Comparison of the August-September 1991 and 1979 surface partial pressure of CO2 distribution in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean near 150°W.Marine Chemis-try.1994,45:257-266.
[17]Goyet C,Beauverger C,Brunet C,et al.Distribution of carbon dioxide parti pressure in surface waters of the Southwest Indian Ocean.Tellus.1991,43B:1-11.
[18]Schneider B,Kremling K and Duinker J C.CO2 partial pressure in Northeast Atlantic and adjacent shelf waters:Processes and seasonal variability. J.Mar.Syst.1992,3:453-463.
[19]Ohtaki E,Yamashita E,and Fujiwara F.Carbon dioxide in surface sea waters of the Seto Inland Sea.Journal of Oceariography.1993,49:295-303.
[20]Poisson A,Metzl N,Brunet C,et al. Variability of sources and sinks of CO2 in the Wes-tern Indian and Southern Oceans during the year 1991.Journal of Geophysical Research.1993,98(C 12):22759-22778.
[21]Cooper D J,Watson A J,Ling R D.Variation of pCO2 along a North Atlantic shipping route(U.K.to Caribbean):A year of automated observations.Marine Chemistry.1998,60:147-164.
[22]Kortzinger A,Mintrop L,Wallace D W R,et al.The international at-sea intercomparison of fCO2 systems during the R/V Meteor Cruise 36/1 in the North Atlantic Ocean.Marine Chemistry. 2000,72:171-192.
[23]王峰,张龙军,王彬宇,等.海水pC02测定中喷淋-鼓泡式平衡器与层流式平衡器互校.青岛海洋大学学报.2001,31(4)：573-578.
[24]王峰,张龙军,张经.南黄海夏季表层海水中pC02分布的初步探讨.青岛海洋大学学报.2002,32(6)：1007-1011.
[25]江春波.南黄海春季CO2海—气交换通量及其与夏季的比较：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.
[26]郭朝.秋季北黄海表层海水pC02分布及其控制机制探讨：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2009.
[27]Cai W J and Wang Y C.The chemistry,fluxes,and sources of carbon dioxide in the estuarine waters of the Satilla and Altamaha Rivers.Georgia.Limnol Oceanogr.l998.43(4):657-668.
[28]Gong Haidong,Zhang Zhengbin,Zhang Chuang,et al.Multilayer distribution of carbon dioxide system in surface water of the Yellow Sea in spring.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limno-logy.2007,25(1):1-15.
[29]Zhai W D,Dai M H,Cai W J,et al.The partial pressure of carbon dioxide and air-sea fluxes in the northern South China Sea in spring,summer and autumn.Marine Chemistry.2005a,96:87-97.
[30]Zhai W D,Dai M H,Cai W J,et al.High partial pressure of CO2 and its maintaining mechanism in a subtropical estuary:the Pearl River estuary,China.Marine Chemistry.2005b,93:21-32.
[31]Copin-Montegut C.A formula of the effect of temperature on the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in seawater.Marine Chemistry.1988,25:29-37.
[32]Takahashi T,Olafsson J,Goddard J G,et al.Seasonal variation of CO2 and nutrients in the high latitude surface oceans:A comparative study.Global Biogeochemistry cycles.1993,7:843-878.
[33]宫海东.中国黄海、南海和青岛近海表面海水二氧化碳体系的多层研究：(博士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学。2006.
[34]Gordon L I and Jones L B.The effect of temperature on carbon dioxide partial pressure in seawater.Marine Chemistry.1973,1:317-322.
[35]Weiss R F,Jahne R A,and Keeling C D.Seasonal effects of temperature and salinity on the partial pressure of CO2 in seawater.Nature.1982,300:511-513.
[36]Hansson I.A new set of acidity constants for carbonic acid and boric acid in seawater. Deep-sea Research.1973,20:461-478.
[37]Committee on Global Change.Toward an Understanding of Global Change. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.1988,p56.
[38]Goyet C,Brewer P G.Biochemical properties of the oceanic carbon cycle.In:J Willebrand.Modeling Oceanic Climate Interactions.NATO Adv.Stud.Inst,1993.
[39]张闯.春季黄海表面海水二氧化碳体系的分层研究：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2007.
[40]邢如楠.带生物泵三维全球海洋碳循环模式.大气科学.2000,24(3)：333-340.
[41]Tsunogai S and Watanabe S.Role of the continental margins in the absorption of the atmospheric CO2:Continental Shelf Pump.In:Norjiri Y,ed.Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on CO2 in the Oceans.Center for Global Environmental Research,National Institute for Environmental Studies,Tsukuba,Japan,1999:299-308.
[42]宫海东.中国黄海、南海和青岛近海表面海水二氧化碳体系的多层研究：(博士论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.
[43]Murata A and Takizawa T.Summertime CO2 sinks in shelf and slope waters of the western Arctic Ocean.Continental Shelf Research.2003,23:753-776.
[44]Kawahata H,Suzuki A,Ayukai T,et al.Distribution of the fugacity of carbon dioxide in the surface seawater of the Great Barrier Reef.Marine Chemistry.2000,72:257-272.
[45]Suzuki A and Kawahata H.Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in coral reef lagoon waters Comparative study of atolls and barrier reefs in the indo-Pacific Oceans.Journal of Oceanography.1999,55(6):731-745.
[46]李宁,李学刚,宋金明.海洋碳循环研究的关键生物地球化学过程.海洋环境科学.2005,24(2)：75-80.
[47]张云.夏季渤海海—气界面CO2通量及主要影响机制分析：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2008.
[48]Ternon J F,Oudot C,Dessier A.Observational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 in the Atlantic Ocean:the role of the Amazon River discharge.Mar.Chem.1900,68:183-201.
[49]Van Geen A,Takesue R K,Goddard J,et al..Carbon and nutrient dynamics during coastal upwelling off Cape Blanco,Oregon.Deep-Sea Res.2000,247:975-1002.
[50]Borges A V,Frankignoulle M.Distribution of surface carbon dioxide and air-sea exchange in the upewelling system off the Calician coast.Glob.Biogeochem.cycles.16(2),10-20.
[51]Alvarez M,Fernandez E,Perez F F.Air-sea CO2 fluxes in a coastal embayment affected by upwelling:physical versus biological control.Oceanol.Acta..1999,22:499-515.
[52]Dagg M,Benner R,et al.Transformation of dissolved and particulate materials on continental shelves influenced by large rivers:plume processes.Continental Shelf Research.24:833-858.
[53]Sarmiento J L.Atmospheric CO2 stalled.Nature.1993,365:697-698.
[54]Takahashi T,Olafsson J,Boecker W S.Seasonal variability of the carbon-nutrient chemistry in the ocean areas west and north of Iceland. Journal of Marine Research.1985,9:20-36.
[55]Feely R A,Wanninkhof C C and Cosca P P.CO2 distribution in the equatorial Pacific during 1991-1992 ENSO event.Deep-Sea Research Ⅱ.1995,42:365-386.
[56]Mccarrthy J L,Brewer P G,Feldman G.Global ocean flux.Oceanus.1986,29(4):16-26.
[57]Murphy P P,Feely R A,Gammon R H.Assessment of air-sea exchange of CO2 in the South Pacific during austral autumn.J.Geophysical Research.1991,96:20455-20465.
[58]张远辉,王伟强,陈立奇.海洋二氧化碳的研究进展.地球科学进展.2000,15(5)：559-564.
[59]Weiss R F.Carbon dioxide in water and seawatenthe solubility of a non ideal gas.Marine Chemistry.1974,2:203-215.
[60]Frankignoulle M,Bougre I,Canon C,et al.Distribution of surface seawater partial CO2 Pressure in the English Channel and in the Southern Bight of the North sea.Continental Shelf research. 1996,16(3):381-395.
[61]Liss P S and Merlivat L.Air-sea gas exehange rates:introduction and synthesis.In:P Buat Menard.The role of air-sea exehange in geochemical cycling.New York:D.Reidel Pub-lishing Company,1986:113-128.
[62]Tans P P,Fung I Y and Takahashi T.Obsevrational constraints on the global atmospheric CO2 budget.Science.1990,247:1431-1438.
[63]Wanninkhof R H.Relationship between gas exchange and wind speed over the ocean.Journal of Geophysical Research.1992,97(C5):7373-7381.
[64]wanninkhof R and McGillis W M.A cubic relationship between gas transfer and wind speed.Geophysical Research Letter.1999,26:1889-1893.
[65]Jacobs C M.J,Kohsiek W,Oost W A.Air-sea fluxes and transfer velocity of CO2 over the North Sea:result from ASGAMAGE.Tellus.1999,51B:629-641.
[66]Nightingale P D,Malin G,Law C S,et al.Upstill-Goddard,R.C.,In situ evaluation of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations using novel conservative and volatile tracers.Global Biogeochemical Cyeles.2000,15(1):31-42.
[67]Rehder G,Suess E.Methane and pCO2 in the Kuroshio and the South China Sea during maximum summer surface temperatures.Marine Chemistry.2001,75:89-108.
[68]张龙军,张云.夏季渤海表层海水pC02分布特征.中国海洋大学学报.2008,38(4)：635-639.
[69]张龙军,王婧婧,张云,等.冬季北黄海表层海水pC02分布及其影响因素探讨.中国海洋大学学报.2009,38(6)：955-960.
[70]张龙军,郭朝,薛亮.秋季北黄海表层海水CO2分压分布及其影响因素探讨.中国海洋大学学报.2009,9(4)：587-591.
[71]桂祖胜.长江干流及河口水体pC02的分布及影响因素：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2007.
[72]刘建栋.冬季东中国海表层pC02的分布特征及控制因素分析：(硕士论文).2008.青岛
[73]宫海东.中国黄海、南海和青岛近海表面海水二氧化碳体系的多层研究(博士论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.5
[74]Houghton J T,Y Ding,D J Griggs,et al.The Scientific Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.IPCC,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,2001:881.
[75]Houghton J T,Jenkins G J,Ephraums J J.Climate Change:The IPCC Scientific Assessment.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.1990,365:35-38.
[76]Crutzen P J.Methane's sinks and sources.Nature.1991,350:380-381.
[77]Rasmassen R A,Khail M A K.Atmospheric methane:trends and seasonal cycles.J Geophy Res.1986,86:883-886.
[78]杨晶.胶州湾水体及沉积物中甲烷和氧化亚氮的生物地球化学研究：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2009.
[79]Cicerone R J,Oremland R S.Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane.Global Biogeochem Cycles.1988.2:299-327.
[80]秦瑜,赵春生.大气化学基础.北京：气象出版社,2003.
[81]Donald J,wuebbles,Katharine Hayhoe.Atmosheric methane and global change.Earth-Science Reviews.2002,57:177-210.
[82]赵静.长江和海南东部典型水体中溶存甲烷和氧化亚氮的分布和释放：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2009.
[83]朱玫,田洪海,李金龙,等.大气甲烷的源和汇.环境保护科学.1996,22(2)：5-9.
[84]Cicerone R J,R S Oremland.Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane.Global Biogeochem Cycles.1988,2:299-327.
[85]Bange H W,U H Bartell,S Rapsomanikis,et al.Methane in the Baltic and North Seas and a reassessment of the marine emissions of methane.Global Biogeochem Cycles.1994.8:465-480.
[86]李佩佩,张桂玲,赵静,等.胶州湾及周边海域大气和海水中N20和CH4的分布及海气交换通量.中国海洋大学学报.2009,39(4)：805-814.
[87]臧家业,王相芹.海湾区海水中的溶存甲烷Ⅱ浓度和海气交换通量.黄渤海海洋.1997b,15(3)：1-9.
[88]Watanabe S,Higashitani N,Tsurushima N,et al. Annual variation of methane in seawater of Funka Bay,Japan.Journal of Oceanography.1994,50(4):415-421.
[89]Watanabe S,Higashitani N,Tsurushima N,et al.Methane in the western North Pacific.Journal of Oceanography.1995,51:39-60.
[90]张桂玲.中国近海部分海域溶解甲烷和氧化亚氮的生物地球化学研究：(博士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2004.
[91]Conrad R,Seiler W.Methane and hydrogen in seawater(Atlantic Ocean).Deep-Sea Research.1988,35(12):1903-1917.
[92]Crutzen P.Overview of tropospheric chemistry:Developments during the past quarter century and a look ahead.Faraday Discuss.1995,100:1-21.
[93]张仁健.150年来大气甲烷浓度的长期变化.气象学报.2002,60(5)：620-623.
[94]张桂玲,张峰,张经,等.海水中溶解甲烷和氧化亚氮的分析方法及研究进展.见：冯士榨.上层海洋与低层大气研究的前沿科学问题.北京：气象出版社,2006：141-147.
[95]Schmit M,Faber E,Botz R,et al.Extraction of methane from seawater using ultrasonic vaccum degassing.Anal Chem.1991,63:529-532.
196] Johnson K M,Hughes J E,Donaghay P L, et al.Bottle-calibration static head space method for the determination of methane dissolved in seawater.Anal Chem.1990,62:2408-2412.
[97]Singh H B,Salas L J,Shigeishi H.The distribution of nitrous oxide in the global atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean.Tellus.1979,31:313-320.
[98]Cohen Y.Shipboard measurement of dissolved nitrous oxide in seawater by electron capture gas chromatography.Anal Chem.1977,49(8):1238-1240.
[99]Butler J W,Elkins J W.An automated technique for the measurement of dissolved N2O in natural waters.Mar Chem.1991.34:47-61.
[100]郑立晓.中国近海部分典型海洋环境中溶存氧化亚氮的分布及海—气交换通量研究(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2008.
[101]Lal S,Patra P K,Venkataramani S.Distribution of nitrous oxide and methane in the Arabian Sea.Current Science.1996,71(11):894-899.
[102]Naqvi S W A,Noronha R J.Nitrous oxide in the Arabian Sea.Deep-sea Res.1991,38(7):871-890.
[103]Oudot C.N2O production in the tropical Atlantic Ocean.Deep-Sea Res.1990,37:183-202.
[104]夏新宇,王先彬,西北太平洋上层海水中溶解甲烷浓度与碳同位素特征研究.沉积学报.1996,14(4)：45-49.
[105]Ward B B.The subsurface maximum in the Southern Califounia Bight.Continental shelf Res.1992,12:735-752.
[106]Burke R A,Reid D F,Lavoie D M.Upper water column methane geochemistry in the eastern tropical North Pacific. Limnol Oceanogr.1983,28:19-32.
[107]Tilbrook B D,Karl D M.Methane sources,distributions and sinks from California coastal waters to the oligotrophic North Pacific gyre.Mar Chem.1995,49:51-64.
[108]臧家业.东海海水中的溶存甲烷.海洋学报.1998,20(2)：52-59.
[109]Rehder G,Keir R E,Suess E,et al.The multiple sources and patterns of methane in North Sea waters.Aquat.Geochem.1998,4:403-427.
[110]Jayakumar D A,Naqvi S W A,Narvekar P V,et al.Methane in Coastal and Offshore Waters of the Arabian Sea.Mar Chem.2001,74(1):1-13.
[111]Scranton M I,Farrington J W.Methane production in the waters off Walvis Bay.J Geophy Res.1977,82:4947-4953.
[112]Karl D M,Tilbrook B D.Production and transport of methane in oceanic particulate organic matter.Nature.1994,368:732-734.
[113]Scranton M I and K McShane.The important of episodic event in controlling flux of methane from and anoxic basin.Global Giogeochemical Cycles.1993:491-507.
[114]Brooks J M,Sachell D F.Sources,sink and concentration of light hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Mexicl.J.Geophy.Res.1973,78:5248-5258.
[115]臧家业,王相芹.海湾区海水中的溶存甲烷Ⅰ分布特征及成因.黄渤海海洋.1997a,15(1)：20.
[116]Traganza E D,J W Swinnerton,C H Cheek.Methane wupersaturation and ATP-zooplankton blooms in near-surface waters of the western Mediterranean and the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean.Deep-Sea Res.1979,26:1237-1245.
[117]Cynar F J,A A Yayanos.Enrichment and characterization of a methanogenic bacterium from the oxic upper layer of the ocean.Curr.Microbiol.1991,23:89-96.
[118]Brooks J M,D F Rein,B B Bernad.Methane in the upper water column of the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico.J.Geophy.Res.1981,86:11029-11040.
[119]Liss P S,Salter P G.Flux of gases across the air-sea interface.Nature.1974,27:181-184.
[120]Patra P K,Las S,Venkataramani S,et al.Seasonal variability in distribution and fluxes of methane in the Arabian SeaJournal of Geophysical Research.1998,103(C1):1167-1176.
[121]Bates T S,Kelly K C,Johnson J E,et al.A reevaluation of the open ocean source of methane to the atmosphere.Geophy Res.1996,101 (D3):6953-6961.
[122]Ivanov M Y,et al.Biogeochemistry of global change.New York:Chapman and Hall.1993,505-573.
[123]Zang Jia Ye,Wang Xiang Qin.The dissolved methane in seawater of estuaries Ⅱ concentration,sea-air exchange flux.Oceanography of Huanghai&Bohai Seas.1997,15 (3):1-9.
[124]Zang Jia Ye.Dissolved methane in sea water of the East China Sea.Acta Oceanologica Sinica.1998,20(2):52-59.[臧家业.东海海水中的溶存甲烷.海洋学报.1998,20 (2):52-59.]
[125]张峰.黄海及长江口海域溶存氧化亚氮和甲烷的分布及海—气交换通量研究：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2007.
[126]WEISS R F,PRICE B A.Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater.Marine Chemistry.1980,8:347-359.
[127]Cicerone R.J.Analysis of sources and sinks of atmospheric nitrous oxide(N2O).J.Geophys, Res.1989,94:18265-18271.
[128]Prinn R,D Cunnold,R Rasmussen,et al.Amtospheric emissions and trends of nitrous oxide deduced from 10 years of ALE-GAGE data.J.Geophys Res.1990,95:18369-18385.
[129]Ko.M.K.W,N.D.Sze and D.K.Weisenstein.Use of satellite data to constrain the model-calculated atmospheric lifetime for N2O:Implications for other trace gases.J. Geophys Res.1991,96:7547-7552.
[130]Minschawaner K,R J Salawitch and M B Mcelory.Absorption of solar radiation by O2:Implications for O3 and lifetimes of N2O,CFCl3,and CF2Cl2.J geophys Res.1993,98:10543-10561.
[131]Crutzen P J,Schmailz L U.Chemical budgets of the stratosphere.Planet Space Science. 1983,31:1009-1032.
[132]Khalil M A K, Rasmussen R A.Global sources of nitrous oxideJournal of Geophysical Research.1992,97(D 13):14651-14660.
[133]Li Ming,Hou Chunmei,Zhang Zhiqiang,et al.The oceanogrophical research in the geological science:Prospection of global oceanographical change of the comeing10 years. Advances in Earth Science.2004,19 (6):918-920[李明,侯春梅,张志强,等.地球系统科学中的海洋学研究：未来10年海洋全球变化研究前景.地球科学进展.2004,19(6)：918-920.]
[134]Toyoda S,Yoshida N,Miwa T.Production mechanism and global budget of N2O inferred from its isotopomers in the western north pacific.Geophysical Research Letters,2002.
[135]Khalil M A K,Rasmussen R A,Shearer M J.Atmospheric nitrous oxide:Patterns of global change during recent decades and cerlturies.Chemosphere.2002;47:807-82.
[136]Houghton J T,Meira Filho L G,Callander B A, Harteris al. Climatet Change 1995:The Science of Climate Change.IPCC,Cambridge UK,1996:572.
[137]Bouwman A F,K W Van der Hoek&J.G.J.Olivier.Uncertainties in the global source distribution of nitrous oxide.J Geophy,Res.1995,100:2785-2800.
[138]王少彬.大气中氧化亚氮的源、汇和环境效应.环境科学.1994,4：23-27.
[139]Mcelroy M B,J W Elkins,S C Wofsy,et al.Production and release of N2O from the Potomac Estuary.Limnol.Oceanogr.1978,23:1168-1182.
[140]Elkins J W,S C Wofsy,M B McElroy,et al.Aquatic sources and sinks for nitrous oxide.Nature.1978,175:602-606.
[141]郑立晓.中国近海部分典型海洋环境中溶存氧化亚氮的分布及海—气交换通量研究(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2008.
[142]Bange H W,S Rapsomanikis and M O Andreae.Nitrous oxide in coastal waters.Global Biogeoche mical Cyeles.1996a,10:197-207.
[143]PIEROTTI D,RASMUSSEN R A.Nitrous oxide measurements in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.Tellus.1980,32:56-72.
[144]Bange H W,Rapsomanikis S,Andree M O.The sea as a source of atmospheric nitrous oxide and methane.Mar Chem.1996,53:41-49.
[145]Hashimoto S,Gojo K,Hikota S.Nitrous oxide emissions from costal waters of Tokyo Bay.Marine Environmental Research.1999,47(3):213-223.
[146]Amouroux D, Roberts G, Rapsomanikis S, et al.Biogenic gas(CH4, N2O, DMS) emission to the atmosphere from near-shore and shelf waters of the north-western Black Sea.Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science.2002,54(3):575-587.
[147]Bange H W,Dahlke S,Ramesh R,et al.Seasonal study of methane and nitrous oxide in the coastal waters of the Southern Baltic Sea.Estuarine and Coastal Shelf Science.1998,47(6):807-817.
[148]Popp B N,Weatley M B,Toyoda S,et al.Nitrogen and oxygen isotopomeric constraints on the origins and sea-to-air flux of N2O in the oligotrophic subtropical North Pacific gyre.Global Biogeochemical Cycles.2002,16(4):1064-1073.
[149]Upstill-Goddard R C,Rees A P,N. Owens J P.Simultaneous high-precision measurements of methane and nitrous oxide in water and seawater by single phase equilibration gas chromatography.Deep-sea Res.1996,43(10):1669-1682.
[150]Cohen Y,Gordon L I.Nitrous oxide in the oxygen minimum of the eastern tropical North Pacific:Evidence for its consumption during denitrification and possible mechanisms for its production.Deep-Sea Res.1978,25:509-524.
[151]Lal S,Patra P K,Venkataramani S.Distribution of nitrous oxide and methane in the Arabian Sea.Current Science.1996,71(11):894-899.
[152]PATRA P K,LAL S,VENKATARAMANI S,et al.Seasonal and spatial variability in N2O distribution in the Arabian Sea.Deep-Sea Res.1999,46:529-543.
[153]De Wilde H P J,Helder W.Nitrous oxide in the Somali basin:The role of upwelling.Deep-Sea Research.1997,44:1319-1340.
[154]Cohen Y,L I Gordon,Nitrous oxide in the oxygen minimum of the eastern tropical North Pacific:evidence for its consumption during denitrification and possible mechanisms for its production.Deep-Sea Res.1978,25:509-524.
[155]詹力扬,陈立奇.海洋氧化亚氮研究进展.地球科学进展.2006,22(2)：269-277.
[156]Naqvi S W.A,D A Jayakumar,M Nair,et al.George.Nitrous oxide in the western Bay of Bengal.Mar Chem.1994,47:269-278.
[157]Garcia-Ruiz R,Pattinson S N and Whitton B A.Nitrous oxide productioon in the river swaleouse,north-east England. Wat.Res.1999,33(5):1231-1237.
[158]Hahn J.The north Atlantic Ocean as a source of atmospheric N2O.Tellus.1974,26:160-168.
[159]Codispoti L.A,J.P.Christensen.Nitrification,denitrification and nitrous oxide cycling in the eastern tropical south pacific ocean.Mar Chem.1985,16:277-300.
[160]Otte S,Grobben N.G,Robertson L.A,et al.Nitrous oxide production by Alcaligenes faecalis under transient and dynamic aerobic and anaerobic conditions.Environ.Microbiol.1996,62: 2421-2426.
[161]Devol A H.Bacterial oxygen uptake kinetics as related to biological process in oxygen deficient zones of the ocean.Deep-Sea Res.1978,25:137-146.
[162]Goerong J J. Denitrification in the oxygen minimum layer of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Deep-sea Res.1968,15:151-164.
[163]Bange H,Naqvi S.W.A,Codispoti L.A.The nitrogen cycle in the Arabian Sea.Progress in Oceanography.2005,10:10-16.
[164]Suntharalingam P,Samiento J L.Factors governing the oceanic nitrous oxide distribution:Simulations with an ocean general circulation model.Global Biogeochemical Cycles.2000,14:429-454.
[165]Law C S,Owens N J P.Significant flux of atmosphere nitrous oxide from the northwest Indian Ocean.Nature.1990,346:826-828.
[166]Cohen Y,Gordon L.I.Nitrous oxide production in the ocean.J.Geophy.Res.1979,84(8):347-353.
[167]Nevision C D,Weiss R F,Erickson Ⅲ D J.Global oceanic emissions of nitrous oxide. Journal of Geophysical Research.1995,100 (C8):15809-15820.
[168]Craig H,Gordon L I.Nitrous oxide in the ocean and marine atmosphere.Geochim Ica et Coamochim ica Acta.1963,27:949-955.
[169]郑立晓,张桂玲,许洁,等.春季南海溶存N20的分布特征和海气交换通量.海洋环境科学.2009,28(3)：233-237.
[170]徐继荣,王友绍,殷建平,等.珠江口入海河段DIN形态转化与消化和反硝化作用.环境科学学报.2005,25(5)：686-692.
[171]徐继荣,王友绍,张风琴,等.大亚湾海水中N20的分布体征与通量的初步研究.热带海洋学报.2006,25(3)：63-68.
[172]郑立晓,张桂玲,许洁,等.春季南海溶存N20的分布特征和海气交换通量.海洋环境科学,2009,28(3)：233-237.
[173]中国海湾志编纂委员会.《中国海湾志》,第一分册：辽东半岛东部海湾.北京：海洋出版社,1991.
[174]翟惟东.南海北部与珠江河口水域CO2通量及其调控因子：(博士学位论文).厦门：厦门大学,2003.
[175]赵化德.辽河口区域N20的分布与反硝化速率的测定：(硕士学位论文).大连：大连水产学院,2007.
[176]Wiesenburg D A,Guinasso N L Jr.Equilibrium solubilities of methane,earbon monoxide and hydrogen in water and seawater.Journal of Chemical&Engineering Data.1979,24(4):356-360.
[177]许洁.南海、黄海及长江口海域溶解氧化亚氮和甲烷的分布及海—气交换通量研究：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2006.
[178]Careri M,G Mori,M Musciet al.Evaluation of dynamic headspace and purge-and-trap te-chnique for the high-resolution gas chromatography analysis of nitrous oxide in seawater.Ch-romatogr A.1999,848:327-335.
[179]徐继荣,王友绍,殷建平等.静态顶空气相色谱法测定海水中溶解的N20.海洋环境科学.2005,24(4)：59-62.
[180]Bates N R,Takahashi T,Chipman D W,et al.Variability of pCO2 on diel to seasonal time scales in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda.J Geophysical Research.1998,103(C8):15567-15585.
[181]Claude O,Philippe J B,Claire M,et al.Transatlantic equatorial distribution of nitrous oxide and methane.Deep-Sea Research 1.2002,49:1175-1193.
[182]王倩倩.冬季北黄海表层海水pC02分布及其控制机制探讨：(硕士学位论文).青岛：中国海洋大学,2008.
[183]Kong H N,Kimochi Y,Mizuoehi M.Study of the characteristis of CH4 and N2O emission and methods of controlling their emission in the soil-trench waste water treatment process.The Science of the Total Environment.2002,290:59-67.
[184]Itokawa H,Hanaki K,MatsuoT.Nitrous oxide emission during nitrification and denitrification in a full-scale night treatment plant.Water Science Technology.1996,34:277-284.
[185]杨晶,张桂玲,郑立晓,等.北黄海溶解氧化亚氮的分布与通量的季节变化.环境科学.2009,30(3)：656-662.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |