天然高氟水处理技术与家用式除氟器的研究
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摘要
氟是人体必须的微量元素之一,适量的氟是维持骨骼和牙齿发育必不可少的,但长期饮用高氟水则可导致氟中毒,临床表现为氟斑牙和氟骨症,轻度者发生牙齿软化、畸形、牙釉质失去光泽、变黄,引起氟斑牙,严重者可导致骨骼变形、疼痛、关节僵硬、筋腿钙化、行走困难、以致瘫痪。目前,我国仍有一些地区的人饮用高氟水,高氟水严重威胁着人体健康。
高氟水在中国分布较为普遍,主要分布于华北、西北和东北地区的浅层地下水。目前仍有7700万人饮用氟含量超标的水,主要集中在广大农村地区,其中约500万人饮用氟含量超过5.0mg/L的水,严重影响着人体的健康和安全。国内外对高氟饮用水的处理技术做过不少研究,但不同程度地存在处理费用高、适(实)用性差、氟含量难以稳定达标的问题,迫切需要根据高氟水的特点,开发研究能满足农村和乡镇分散供水条件下经济适用的高氟饮用水处理技术,保障农村居民的饮水安全。
本文重点是探索合理的针对天然中小城镇高氟水的除氟方法和工艺,通过比较分析最终选择了物理分离法中的吸附法除氟,吸附法处理高氟饮用水具有很多优势,其关键是吸附剂性能的优化。
实验部分在对人造沸石、天然沸石、骨炭三种除氟剂进行比较后,选择了沸石作为除氟剂并对其活化方法和除氟机理进行了研究,对沸石的物理性质进行分析后,选择了多种活化方案,通过对试验数据分析后,确定了沸石的活化方法。用铁盐浸泡改性,先用3%的氯化铵溶液浸泡6小时,晾干后,再用5%的氯化铁溶液浸泡6小时,得到除氟效果良好的改性沸石,再对其进行除氟性能实验,研究影响其除氟性能的因素,包括沸石投加量,反应时间,溶液pH值等。沸石除氟性能研究采用动态实验和静态实验相结合的方法,探索了沸石活化与再生条件,明确了影响沸石除氟的因素及影响程度,并探讨了沸石除氟的吸附等温线和吸附速度。通过实验系统研究了吸附剂—人造沸石的氯化铁和硫酸铝钾改性方法,确定了改性人造沸石吸附处理高氟饮用水的主要技术参数,揭示了影响除氟效果的关键因素,初步探讨了吸附剂改性作用机理,从而设计出家用型除氟装置,其吸附柱直径150mm,高800mm,内部充填堆积密度640kg/m3的沸石。
Fluorine is a necessary element for human health.Drinking water with certain concentration of flroride can prevent dental caries and enhance the bone , but water containing excessive concentration of fluoride may result in Fluorosis. The clinical manifestations are dental and skeletal fluorosis.If mild ,teeth were gradually softening, deformity, lost of gloss enamel, became yellow. So that serious may cause the skeleton to distort, get ache, the muscle of leg calcification,walking difficultly and finally paralysed. Now, in Chnia there are several areas where people suffering from endemic disease caused by intake extra fluoride from drinking water.
High-fluoride water is widely spread in China, mainly in the shallow groundwater in north, northwest and northeast. Currently, 77 million people are still drinking water with excessive fluoride, who mostly concentrate in the vast rural areas. About 5 million people drink the water in which the concentration of fluoride is more than 5.0mg/L. Their health and safety are seriously affected.Lots of studies have been done in processing technology of high-fluoride drinking water at home and abroad. However,some problems are existed in varying degrees, such as high cost of treatment, poor adaptability and applicability, unstable efficiency of removing fluoride. To supply the safety drinking water to rural residents economical and applied treatment technology of high-fluoride drinking water should is urgently researched and developed to meet the decentralized water supply in rural areas and small towns according to the characteristics of high-fluoride water.
The key point of this article is the exploration to reasonable fluoride removal method . Finally the physical parting method to eliminate fluoride was chosen. There are many advantages in adsorption treatment of high-fluoride drinking water. The key problem is to optimize the performance of adsorbents.
Some experiments on artificial zeolite, natural zeolite, bone charcoal were comparied ,and the zeolite was determined as a fluoride sorbent. Its mechanism of fluoride removal was studied. After researching the physical property of natural zeolite , many kinds of activation plans have been chosen.Through data analysis which obtains in the experiment,the method saline soakage for modification of zeolite was determined. zeolite was modified with iron salt soakage, first soaked in 3% ammonium chloride solution for 6 hours, and dried, then soaked in ferric chloride(5%) solution for 6 hours. zeolite got good capacity of fluorine change and then to be carried experiments on the factors affecting fluoride removal, including Zeolite dosage, reaction time, pH and so on.The experiments of zeolite removing fluorine are carried in both the dynamic and the static method. The zeolite modification and the regeneration condition was explored, and Effect on eliminating fluorine was clear. The adsorption isothermal and the adsorption speed of fluorine removal using modified zeolite was also studied. The modification methods on artificial zeolite by NH4Cl-FeCl3 and NH4Cl-KAl(SO4)2 are studied in the experiment. The mechanism on modifying adsorbents is primarily discussed. The main technical parameters are determined on adsorption treatment of high fluoride drinking water by modified artificial zeolite. The key factors of affecting efficiency of removing fluoride are revealed. The study provides scientific basis for the development of efficiency and practical small-scale set of treating high-fluoride drinking water. The diameter and height of adsorption column is 150mm, high 800mm, The density of internal filling packing zeolite. is 640kg/m3
高氟水在中国分布较为普遍,主要分布于华北、西北和东北地区的浅层地下水。目前仍有7700万人饮用氟含量超标的水,主要集中在广大农村地区,其中约500万人饮用氟含量超过5.0mg/L的水,严重影响着人体的健康和安全。国内外对高氟饮用水的处理技术做过不少研究,但不同程度地存在处理费用高、适(实)用性差、氟含量难以稳定达标的问题,迫切需要根据高氟水的特点,开发研究能满足农村和乡镇分散供水条件下经济适用的高氟饮用水处理技术,保障农村居民的饮水安全。
本文重点是探索合理的针对天然中小城镇高氟水的除氟方法和工艺,通过比较分析最终选择了物理分离法中的吸附法除氟,吸附法处理高氟饮用水具有很多优势,其关键是吸附剂性能的优化。
实验部分在对人造沸石、天然沸石、骨炭三种除氟剂进行比较后,选择了沸石作为除氟剂并对其活化方法和除氟机理进行了研究,对沸石的物理性质进行分析后,选择了多种活化方案,通过对试验数据分析后,确定了沸石的活化方法。用铁盐浸泡改性,先用3%的氯化铵溶液浸泡6小时,晾干后,再用5%的氯化铁溶液浸泡6小时,得到除氟效果良好的改性沸石,再对其进行除氟性能实验,研究影响其除氟性能的因素,包括沸石投加量,反应时间,溶液pH值等。沸石除氟性能研究采用动态实验和静态实验相结合的方法,探索了沸石活化与再生条件,明确了影响沸石除氟的因素及影响程度,并探讨了沸石除氟的吸附等温线和吸附速度。通过实验系统研究了吸附剂—人造沸石的氯化铁和硫酸铝钾改性方法,确定了改性人造沸石吸附处理高氟饮用水的主要技术参数,揭示了影响除氟效果的关键因素,初步探讨了吸附剂改性作用机理,从而设计出家用型除氟装置,其吸附柱直径150mm,高800mm,内部充填堆积密度640kg/m3的沸石。
Fluorine is a necessary element for human health.Drinking water with certain concentration of flroride can prevent dental caries and enhance the bone , but water containing excessive concentration of fluoride may result in Fluorosis. The clinical manifestations are dental and skeletal fluorosis.If mild ,teeth were gradually softening, deformity, lost of gloss enamel, became yellow. So that serious may cause the skeleton to distort, get ache, the muscle of leg calcification,walking difficultly and finally paralysed. Now, in Chnia there are several areas where people suffering from endemic disease caused by intake extra fluoride from drinking water.
High-fluoride water is widely spread in China, mainly in the shallow groundwater in north, northwest and northeast. Currently, 77 million people are still drinking water with excessive fluoride, who mostly concentrate in the vast rural areas. About 5 million people drink the water in which the concentration of fluoride is more than 5.0mg/L. Their health and safety are seriously affected.Lots of studies have been done in processing technology of high-fluoride drinking water at home and abroad. However,some problems are existed in varying degrees, such as high cost of treatment, poor adaptability and applicability, unstable efficiency of removing fluoride. To supply the safety drinking water to rural residents economical and applied treatment technology of high-fluoride drinking water should is urgently researched and developed to meet the decentralized water supply in rural areas and small towns according to the characteristics of high-fluoride water.
The key point of this article is the exploration to reasonable fluoride removal method . Finally the physical parting method to eliminate fluoride was chosen. There are many advantages in adsorption treatment of high-fluoride drinking water. The key problem is to optimize the performance of adsorbents.
Some experiments on artificial zeolite, natural zeolite, bone charcoal were comparied ,and the zeolite was determined as a fluoride sorbent. Its mechanism of fluoride removal was studied. After researching the physical property of natural zeolite , many kinds of activation plans have been chosen.Through data analysis which obtains in the experiment,the method saline soakage for modification of zeolite was determined. zeolite was modified with iron salt soakage, first soaked in 3% ammonium chloride solution for 6 hours, and dried, then soaked in ferric chloride(5%) solution for 6 hours. zeolite got good capacity of fluorine change and then to be carried experiments on the factors affecting fluoride removal, including Zeolite dosage, reaction time, pH and so on.The experiments of zeolite removing fluorine are carried in both the dynamic and the static method. The zeolite modification and the regeneration condition was explored, and Effect on eliminating fluorine was clear. The adsorption isothermal and the adsorption speed of fluorine removal using modified zeolite was also studied. The modification methods on artificial zeolite by NH4Cl-FeCl3 and NH4Cl-KAl(SO4)2 are studied in the experiment. The mechanism on modifying adsorbents is primarily discussed. The main technical parameters are determined on adsorption treatment of high fluoride drinking water by modified artificial zeolite. The key factors of affecting efficiency of removing fluoride are revealed. The study provides scientific basis for the development of efficiency and practical small-scale set of treating high-fluoride drinking water. The diameter and height of adsorption column is 150mm, high 800mm, The density of internal filling packing zeolite. is 640kg/m3
引文
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