论当代中国农民平等权的法律保护
摘要
平等权是公民最重要的基本权利之一,亦是保障其他权利能够充分、有效实现的基础和前提。作为拥有九亿农民,被称作是农业大国的中国,拥有56个民族,人口众多这一事实是毋庸质疑的。那么,该如何协调好各方面的关系,妥善维护好各相关人的权益便是政府工作的重点之所在。因而,“平等”在整个国家的政治、经济及社会生活中就显得尤为重要,而农民的平等权利更是不可或缺的部分,这就需要作为国家根本大法的宪法对其进行规范和保障。在本篇论文中,笔者从以下四个方面对如何在当代中国对农民平等权予以法律保护进行论述。在文章的第一部分中,笔者首先明确了农民的不平等是在“城乡二元”管理体制下相对于城市居民而言的,以此对整篇文章加以定位,并在此部分中说明了农民平等权的法律特征及对农民平等权加以研究的价值。在第二部分中,笔者从纵向比较入手,说明当代我国的农民平等权已经处于历史最好时期,但经由以城乡二元结构为立足点与市民进行横向比较后,得出农民平等权仍然缺位的重要结论。因而在接下来的第三部分中,笔者从主、客观两方面分析了阻碍农民平等权实现的各种原因,并针对上述现象及原因在第四部分中提出了给予农民平等权以法律保护的各项建议和措施,希望能够为当代农民平等权的实现和完善献出自己的一份力量。
Since the ancient times, China was a typical large agricultural country, agriculture, rural areas and farmers issues has been the impact of Chinese reform and opening up and economic and social development of the core issues. In particular, in recent years, with the rapid development of China's market economy, "three rural" issue has become increasingly prominent, also got more and more attention by the party and the government's. It is often said that agriculture is the economic development, scientific and technological progress, the basis of national prosperity, then what is the agriculture foundation? The answer is obvious, it is the farmers. To build a modern country, first and foremost task is to build a modern agriculture; to build a modern agriculture, "educated, well versed in technology, will operate" a new farmer support is necessary. Only when the peasants set richer the agriculture to prosper, only the agricultural prosperity, the country can truly achieve a prosperous, democratic and civilized. For farmers to get rich first problem is to increase their income, while the increase for farmers focus on the reality of equal rights of, only the equality can make equitable access to production and the means of subsistence, in a market economy are will be possible to achieve revenues in a fair competition and status of continuous improvement. I write this paper also aims to set out the farmers through the inequalities in the status quo, analyze its reason for being such a reason for unequal treatment and thus find a way out, hoping to achieve equal rights of farmers and promoting economic development, the society continues to progress in their own modest contribution to the game. The author makes the article to the following aspects of the architecture:
The first part I described in the text that farmers' equal rights as opposed to urban citizens, this inequality is due to Chinese special exclusion of urban-rural dual structure system of exclusion gradually emerged inequality. Therefore, in this section, the author first defined the right to equality is the Constitution and a citizen's basic rights, is the basis and prerequisite realization of all other rights , only the first achievement of "equality" in order to achieve political rights and freedoms, freedom of religious belief, physical and personality rights, socio-economic rights, social and cultural rights and freedoms and a host of other rights, as well as make conceptual distinction between citizens and farmers,
stressed that farmers are an important part of citizens, they should enjoy all the rights, of which naturally includes the right to equality. However, in comparison with other countries' farmers, Chinese "peasant" is not only a career, it is a status, from birth to death, generation after generation continue to delay transmission of the status symbol. This articles through discourse analysis to the farmers the right to equality, gives reasonable definition, that means the farmers' right to equality in the political, economic, and cultural and educational aspects, in accordance with the Constitution and the law and equal enjoyment of the public or should be enjoyed by all the non - difference between right or equitable interest, and the right to be treated equally. The concept is clear, and should be aware of the characteristics of peasants' right to equality? We have studied the significance of the peasants' right to equality? In this section it should be clear on this.
The second part starting from the perspective of vertical comparison shows that the right to equality in Contemporary Chinese farmers already in the best period in history, farmers in the socio-economic rights and cultural and educational rights, realized the tremendous changes from scratch, in a democratic political rights from the original "untouchables" into today's "allies" and achieved a historic breakthrough. However, unlike other citizens, especially when compared with urban residents there are still big gaps. Particularly worthy of mention is that in the process of gradual improvement, since the founding of the PRC promulgated by the state after the date the 11 "on the 1st document" the realization of the enormous impact the farmers the right to equality. In the horizontal structure to the urban and rural household registration foothold, compared to farmers and the public to analyze the farmers come to a lack of equal rights. First, the farmers on the unequal economic rights, which is mainly reflected in income, the state's investment and the unequal distribution three aspects; Second, farmers in the inequality of political rights, which by the farmers the right to vote, right of association and the right to freedom of movement under the above limitations can be learned; third, the fundamental rights of the peasants in the social inequalities, mainly farmers in social security, health care, education and employment there is a big gap with the citizens.
Part three, this part is mainly from the subjective and objective analysis of two aspects of the right to prevent farmers from achieving equality causes. From a subjective point of view, the absence of the farmers the right to equality was mainly due to the lack of peasant self-awareness of their rights and legal awareness. Since the ancient times, survival was the first needs, this need is still unable to meet the case of the farmers would not have thought much less naturally to fight for other rights, such as the right to equality. Objectively, a variety of historical reasons, the material level of underdevelopment in rural areas and to farmers "marginalized" economic development system, the state adopted for the development of heavy industry-based, "in order to raise agricultural workers", "digging farmers fill labor" clearly tilted to the industrial city development policies are all serious impact and hamper the realization of the farmers' right to equality.
The fourth part of this section is mainly directed against the peasants in the economic, political, and social fields as being the difference between surface treatment and equal rights loss of the case, in the analysis of obstacles that inhibit farmers' right to equality to achieve a variety of reasons given to the farmers based on the equality of rights to legal protection of the recommendations and measures. First of all, we must reform and the gradual abolition of the existing urban and rural household registration system, to achieve the free movement of farmers, to achieve equal rights for farmers to create a good social environment, because this will be artificially divided into two kinds of citizens and farmers in different capacities a system that is caused by the loss of peasant roots of equal rights; Secondly, it should be to amend the existing constitution, which is not the legal provisions of equal benefit to farmers, increase and improve the equal rights of farmers to protect the constitutional provisions to the constitution of this nation's basic law to protect the farmers the realization of equal rights; third, improve agriculture, rural areas and farmers this "three rural" issue is closely related to the legislation to grant legal protection to farmers; Fourth, accelerate the pace of judicial reform in rural areas, and strive to change What village bylaws About China, government administration of justice in rural areas such as the right of the adverse effects of the eventual realization of judicial independence in rural areas, from the judicial to give farmers' right to equal protection; Finally, the government and the relevant departments should further strengthen to bring the law universal and promotional efforts, so that more farmers can more easily understand the law, the right to awaken awareness of the farmers can be relied upon as a guide to the activities of their own actions, when their legitimate rights and interests are illegal infringed, they can use the law as a weapon through legal channels to seek justice, equality legal assistance in order to better protect their legitimate interests.
Since the ancient times, China was a typical large agricultural country, agriculture, rural areas and farmers issues has been the impact of Chinese reform and opening up and economic and social development of the core issues. In particular, in recent years, with the rapid development of China's market economy, "three rural" issue has become increasingly prominent, also got more and more attention by the party and the government's. It is often said that agriculture is the economic development, scientific and technological progress, the basis of national prosperity, then what is the agriculture foundation? The answer is obvious, it is the farmers. To build a modern country, first and foremost task is to build a modern agriculture; to build a modern agriculture, "educated, well versed in technology, will operate" a new farmer support is necessary. Only when the peasants set richer the agriculture to prosper, only the agricultural prosperity, the country can truly achieve a prosperous, democratic and civilized. For farmers to get rich first problem is to increase their income, while the increase for farmers focus on the reality of equal rights of, only the equality can make equitable access to production and the means of subsistence, in a market economy are will be possible to achieve revenues in a fair competition and status of continuous improvement. I write this paper also aims to set out the farmers through the inequalities in the status quo, analyze its reason for being such a reason for unequal treatment and thus find a way out, hoping to achieve equal rights of farmers and promoting economic development, the society continues to progress in their own modest contribution to the game. The author makes the article to the following aspects of the architecture:
The first part I described in the text that farmers' equal rights as opposed to urban citizens, this inequality is due to Chinese special exclusion of urban-rural dual structure system of exclusion gradually emerged inequality. Therefore, in this section, the author first defined the right to equality is the Constitution and a citizen's basic rights, is the basis and prerequisite realization of all other rights , only the first achievement of "equality" in order to achieve political rights and freedoms, freedom of religious belief, physical and personality rights, socio-economic rights, social and cultural rights and freedoms and a host of other rights, as well as make conceptual distinction between citizens and farmers,
stressed that farmers are an important part of citizens, they should enjoy all the rights, of which naturally includes the right to equality. However, in comparison with other countries' farmers, Chinese "peasant" is not only a career, it is a status, from birth to death, generation after generation continue to delay transmission of the status symbol. This articles through discourse analysis to the farmers the right to equality, gives reasonable definition, that means the farmers' right to equality in the political, economic, and cultural and educational aspects, in accordance with the Constitution and the law and equal enjoyment of the public or should be enjoyed by all the non - difference between right or equitable interest, and the right to be treated equally. The concept is clear, and should be aware of the characteristics of peasants' right to equality? We have studied the significance of the peasants' right to equality? In this section it should be clear on this.
The second part starting from the perspective of vertical comparison shows that the right to equality in Contemporary Chinese farmers already in the best period in history, farmers in the socio-economic rights and cultural and educational rights, realized the tremendous changes from scratch, in a democratic political rights from the original "untouchables" into today's "allies" and achieved a historic breakthrough. However, unlike other citizens, especially when compared with urban residents there are still big gaps. Particularly worthy of mention is that in the process of gradual improvement, since the founding of the PRC promulgated by the state after the date the 11 "on the 1st document" the realization of the enormous impact the farmers the right to equality. In the horizontal structure to the urban and rural household registration foothold, compared to farmers and the public to analyze the farmers come to a lack of equal rights. First, the farmers on the unequal economic rights, which is mainly reflected in income, the state's investment and the unequal distribution three aspects; Second, farmers in the inequality of political rights, which by the farmers the right to vote, right of association and the right to freedom of movement under the above limitations can be learned; third, the fundamental rights of the peasants in the social inequalities, mainly farmers in social security, health care, education and employment there is a big gap with the citizens.
Part three, this part is mainly from the subjective and objective analysis of two aspects of the right to prevent farmers from achieving equality causes. From a subjective point of view, the absence of the farmers the right to equality was mainly due to the lack of peasant self-awareness of their rights and legal awareness. Since the ancient times, survival was the first needs, this need is still unable to meet the case of the farmers would not have thought much less naturally to fight for other rights, such as the right to equality. Objectively, a variety of historical reasons, the material level of underdevelopment in rural areas and to farmers "marginalized" economic development system, the state adopted for the development of heavy industry-based, "in order to raise agricultural workers", "digging farmers fill labor" clearly tilted to the industrial city development policies are all serious impact and hamper the realization of the farmers' right to equality.
The fourth part of this section is mainly directed against the peasants in the economic, political, and social fields as being the difference between surface treatment and equal rights loss of the case, in the analysis of obstacles that inhibit farmers' right to equality to achieve a variety of reasons given to the farmers based on the equality of rights to legal protection of the recommendations and measures. First of all, we must reform and the gradual abolition of the existing urban and rural household registration system, to achieve the free movement of farmers, to achieve equal rights for farmers to create a good social environment, because this will be artificially divided into two kinds of citizens and farmers in different capacities a system that is caused by the loss of peasant roots of equal rights; Secondly, it should be to amend the existing constitution, which is not the legal provisions of equal benefit to farmers, increase and improve the equal rights of farmers to protect the constitutional provisions to the constitution of this nation's basic law to protect the farmers the realization of equal rights; third, improve agriculture, rural areas and farmers this "three rural" issue is closely related to the legislation to grant legal protection to farmers; Fourth, accelerate the pace of judicial reform in rural areas, and strive to change What village bylaws About China, government administration of justice in rural areas such as the right of the adverse effects of the eventual realization of judicial independence in rural areas, from the judicial to give farmers' right to equal protection; Finally, the government and the relevant departments should further strengthen to bring the law universal and promotional efforts, so that more farmers can more easily understand the law, the right to awaken awareness of the farmers can be relied upon as a guide to the activities of their own actions, when their legitimate rights and interests are illegal infringed, they can use the law as a weapon through legal channels to seek justice, equality legal assistance in order to better protect their legitimate interests.
引文
[1]参见曾业松:《新农论》,北京新文化出版社2004年版,第18-28页。
[2]参见王春凤:《论中国农民平等权及其法律保护》,重庆大学硕士学位论文2006年,第10页。
[1]周作翰、张英洪:《论当代中国农民的政治权利》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2005年第1期,第35页。
[2]陈新民:《德国公法学基础理论(下)》,山东人民出版社2001年版,第691页。
[1][法]卢梭,何兆武译:《社会契约论》,北京商务印书馆1980年版,第70页。
[2]参见陈春龙:《中国“户口制度”的现状与改革》,中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showArticle.-asp?Id=1729,2009年11月23日。
[1]参见《专家称户籍制度游离于,<宪法>之外违背平等原则》,北大法律信息网,http://www.chinalawinfo.com/fldt/xwnr.asp?id=2633,2009-11-23。
[2]参见陈春龙:《中国“户口制度”的现状与改革》,中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showArticle .asp?id=1729,2009-11-23。
[3]参见陈春龙:《中国“户口制度”的现状与改革》,中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showArticle .asp?id=1729,2009-11-23。
[4]参见陈春龙:《中国“户口制度”的现状与改革》,中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showArticle .asp?id=1729,2009-11-23。
[1][美]罗尔斯,何怀宏译:《正义论》,北京中国社会科学出版社1988年版,第1页。
[1]参见陈卫东.《司法改革十年检讨》。《人民检察》2002年第三期,第22页。
1.张千帆:《宪法学导论》,法律出版社2004年版。
2.张千帆:《西方宪政体系》,中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
3.陈新民:《德国公法学基础理论》,山东人民出版社2004年版。
4.杨海坤主编:《宪法基本权利新论》,北京大学出版社2005年版。
5.韩大元,林来梵,郑贤君:《宪法学专题研究》,中国人民大学出版社2004年版。
6.王磊:《宪法平等规范的诠释观:理念、规范与实践》,法律出版社2008年版。
7.周仲秋:《平等观念的历程》,海南出版社2002年版。
8.陈新民:《德国公法学基础理论》,山东人民出版社2004年版。
9.张文显:《二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究》,法律出版社2006年版。
10.同春芬:《转型时期中国农民的不平等待遇透析》,社会科学文献出版2005年版。
11.李茂岚:《中国农民负担问题研究》,山西经济出版社1996年版。
12.刘斌:《中国三农问题报告》,中国发展出版社2004年版。
13.[法]卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源和基础》,商务印书馆1982年版。
14.[法]皮埃尔·勒鲁:《论平等》,商务印书馆2005年版。
15.[德]鲁道夫·冯·椰林著,胡宝海译:《为权利而斗争》,中国法制出版社2005年版。
16.[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神:上卷》,商务印书馆1978版。
1.张英红:《城市化滞后与农民歧视》,《城市化导报》2000年第5期。
2.王晓敏:《我国平等权的发展及其成就》,《西南民族学院学报》2001年第11期。
3.周其明:《农民平等权的法律保障问题》,《法商研究》2000年第2期。
4.黄学贤:《宪法行政法视野中的农民合法权益保障》,《东吴法学》2005秋季卷。
5.范进学:《论“农民工”平等权的宪文本分析及其保障》,《广东商学院学报》2007年第1期。
6.付钦太:《我国城乡不平等问题探析》,《长春市委党校学报》2005年第9期。
7.张清:《农民阶层的宪政分析--以平等权和上访权为中心的考察》,《中国法学》2005年。
8.瞿瑛:《本世纪初我国义务教育经费的城乡差距分析》,《决策参考》2009年第1期。
9.颜三忠:《新农村建设与农民平等权的法律保障》,《汉江论坛》2006年第8期。
10.吴爽:《农民平等权的宪法学解析》,《前沿》2007年第1期。
11.黎贇:《农民平等权的宪政分析与法律保障》,《法学研究》2006年第5期。
12.郭建华:《论我国农民平等权的实现》,《辽宁行政学院学报》2007年第5期。
13.刘潇潇:《论当代中国农民的平等权利》,《法学论坛》2006年第21期。
14.周作翰:《张英洪.当代中国农民的平等权》,《探索》2006年第1期。
15.高志仁:《农民财产性收入与城乡差距》,《经济科学》2008年第4期。
1.Catherine Barnard,Bob Hepple,Substantive Equality,Cambridge Law Journal,59(3),November 2000.
2.Douglas Hodgson,The Human Right to Education,Dartmouth Publishing Company Limited,2002.
3.Robert Alex,A Theory of Constitutional Rights,Translated by Julian Rivers.Oxford University Press,2002.
4.T.R.S.Allan,Law,Liberty,and Justice,Clarendon Press,2003.
5.Christopher Gray,eds,The Philosophy of Law-An Encyclopedia,Garland Publishing,INC,2006.
[2]参见王春凤:《论中国农民平等权及其法律保护》,重庆大学硕士学位论文2006年,第10页。
[1]周作翰、张英洪:《论当代中国农民的政治权利》,《湖南师范大学社会科学学报》2005年第1期,第35页。
[2]陈新民:《德国公法学基础理论(下)》,山东人民出版社2001年版,第691页。
[1][法]卢梭,何兆武译:《社会契约论》,北京商务印书馆1980年版,第70页。
[2]参见陈春龙:《中国“户口制度”的现状与改革》,中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showArticle.-asp?Id=1729,2009年11月23日。
[1]参见《专家称户籍制度游离于,<宪法>之外违背平等原则》,北大法律信息网,http://www.chinalawinfo.com/fldt/xwnr.asp?id=2633,2009-11-23。
[2]参见陈春龙:《中国“户口制度”的现状与改革》,中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showArticle .asp?id=1729,2009-11-23。
[3]参见陈春龙:《中国“户口制度”的现状与改革》,中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showArticle .asp?id=1729,2009-11-23。
[4]参见陈春龙:《中国“户口制度”的现状与改革》,中国法学网,http://www.iolaw.org.cn/showArticle .asp?id=1729,2009-11-23。
[1][美]罗尔斯,何怀宏译:《正义论》,北京中国社会科学出版社1988年版,第1页。
[1]参见陈卫东.《司法改革十年检讨》。《人民检察》2002年第三期,第22页。
1.张千帆:《宪法学导论》,法律出版社2004年版。
2.张千帆:《西方宪政体系》,中国政法大学出版社2001年版。
3.陈新民:《德国公法学基础理论》,山东人民出版社2004年版。
4.杨海坤主编:《宪法基本权利新论》,北京大学出版社2005年版。
5.韩大元,林来梵,郑贤君:《宪法学专题研究》,中国人民大学出版社2004年版。
6.王磊:《宪法平等规范的诠释观:理念、规范与实践》,法律出版社2008年版。
7.周仲秋:《平等观念的历程》,海南出版社2002年版。
8.陈新民:《德国公法学基础理论》,山东人民出版社2004年版。
9.张文显:《二十世纪西方法哲学思潮研究》,法律出版社2006年版。
10.同春芬:《转型时期中国农民的不平等待遇透析》,社会科学文献出版2005年版。
11.李茂岚:《中国农民负担问题研究》,山西经济出版社1996年版。
12.刘斌:《中国三农问题报告》,中国发展出版社2004年版。
13.[法]卢梭:《论人类不平等的起源和基础》,商务印书馆1982年版。
14.[法]皮埃尔·勒鲁:《论平等》,商务印书馆2005年版。
15.[德]鲁道夫·冯·椰林著,胡宝海译:《为权利而斗争》,中国法制出版社2005年版。
16.[法]孟德斯鸠:《论法的精神:上卷》,商务印书馆1978版。
1.张英红:《城市化滞后与农民歧视》,《城市化导报》2000年第5期。
2.王晓敏:《我国平等权的发展及其成就》,《西南民族学院学报》2001年第11期。
3.周其明:《农民平等权的法律保障问题》,《法商研究》2000年第2期。
4.黄学贤:《宪法行政法视野中的农民合法权益保障》,《东吴法学》2005秋季卷。
5.范进学:《论“农民工”平等权的宪文本分析及其保障》,《广东商学院学报》2007年第1期。
6.付钦太:《我国城乡不平等问题探析》,《长春市委党校学报》2005年第9期。
7.张清:《农民阶层的宪政分析--以平等权和上访权为中心的考察》,《中国法学》2005年。
8.瞿瑛:《本世纪初我国义务教育经费的城乡差距分析》,《决策参考》2009年第1期。
9.颜三忠:《新农村建设与农民平等权的法律保障》,《汉江论坛》2006年第8期。
10.吴爽:《农民平等权的宪法学解析》,《前沿》2007年第1期。
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