洋河水库集水区氮磷污染特征及流域面源污染负荷估算研究
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摘要
洋河水库是河北省秦皇岛市和北戴河区的重要水源地,近年来,洋河水库周边生产、生活以及农业面源污染的加剧,整个库区水质已呈藻浊型富营养化状态,富营养化已成为洋河水库不容忽视的重要的水环境问题。因此,研究洋河水库沉积物的磷形态特征以及氮、磷释放潜能,有助于了解洋河水库的污染状况与污染特征,对流域面源污染负荷的研究有助于掌握洋河水库流域的污染负荷特征,从而为治理洋河水库富营养化提供理论依据。
本文首先对洋河水库流域土壤、河道及库区沉积物,应用SMT法研究了总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷、钙磷等5种形态,分析了不同区域各形态磷的分布特征。结果表明:洋河水库流域土壤、沉积物中总磷、总氮和有机质的均值含量总体变化趋势为河道>库区>土壤,其中总磷含量变化不大,这说明营养盐不仅通过土壤径流、河道迁移进入库区,而且库区沉积物的释放作用同样明显;库区柱状沉积物有明显的“表层富积”现象,随着沉积物深度的增加,总磷、总氮和有机质含量逐渐减少,在0～16cm下降趋势明显,16cm以下基本保持不变,说明库区沉积物主要以表层污染为主;土壤、沉积物中的磷以无机磷为主,大约占总磷的46%~79%之间,且研究区各磷形态中以钙磷为主,大约占总磷的22%～68%,这与库区地质—地球化学特征有关;土壤中总磷的增加主要来自于钙磷,与该地区土壤的地质背景有关,河道沉积物中总磷的增加主要来自于铁/铝磷,即河道受到人类活动污染的影响较大,而库区总磷的增加主要来自于有机磷,说明洋河水库的富营养化与流域的工业、生活污染以及农业面源污染有关。
其次,采用无限稀释法研究了洋河水库库区沉积物不同形态氮(总氮、氨氮、硝氮、溶解性有机氮)、不同形态磷(总磷、SRP、溶解性有机磷)的潜在释放能力;同时另选取三个不同类型湖泊(洱海、太湖、武汉东湖),研究了其四个点位沉积物的氮、磷释放潜能,并与洋河水库沉积物进行了对比分析。结果表明,各沉积物不同形态氮在不同水土比时潜在释放量呈现出规律性,且洋河水库沉积物氮潜在释放量小于洱海沉积物而高于太湖和武汉东湖沉积物的潜在释放量,其不同形态磷的潜在释放量均高于其余三个湖泊沉积物的潜在释放量。洋河水库沉积物氮、磷潜在释放量随着水土比的增大呈总体逐渐升高趋势,说明洋河水库沉积物具有潜在释放风险。
再次,应用SWAT模型模拟研究了洋河水库流域2007、2008、2009连续三年的农业面源污染负荷,结果表明,在不同年份、不同月份面源污染的产出量随着降雨量的大小而变化,降雨量较多的年份其面源污染负荷较大。且整个流域以氮污染为主。
Yanghe reservoir is an important water source in Qinhuangdao Town Hebei Province. But recent years, the pollution which results in industrial, domestic and agricultural non-point source surrounding the reservoir has pricked up day by day. The reservoir water showed a cloud-type algae eutrophication, it became an important environmental issue that could not be ignored. Therefore, the thesis investigated phosphorus forms of sediments and the potential release capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus had great help to understand the current polluting situation of Yanghe reservoir. Through investigating the agricultural non-point source pollution loads had help to master the pollution characteristics of the pollution loads, so as to provide a theoretical basis which could contribute to control eutrophication.
Firstly, Total phosphorus (TP), inorganic-phosphorus (IP), organic phosphorus (OP), Fe/Al-bound phosphorus (Fe/Al-P) and Ca-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in sediments of Yanghe Reservoir and in soil of its basin were measured using the standard measurement and test (SMT) procedure. The results showed that the general mean content variation trends of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (OM) in the soil and sediments were stream sediments>reservoir sediments>soil, while the TP mean content changed little during the migration process. Nutrients enter Yanghe Reservoir not only by soil runoff and stream migration, but also the role of sediment release is obvious. The nutrients contents in surface sediment were high according the results of the column sediments, and the contents of TP, TN and OM decreased with the increase of sediment depth from the surface to 16cm, and then held on line below 16cm, which indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the sediments was primarily on the surface. The IP was the major phosphorus species in the soil and sediments, which accounted for 46%～79% of the TP; and the Ca-P was the major phosphorus species in the study area, and accounted for 22%～68% of TP, which related to the geological-geochemical characteristics of the Yanghe Reservoir. The TP in the soil was original mainly from Ca-P, which relate to the geological background in this region. The TP in sediment from the stream was original mainly from Fe/Al-P, which relate to the industrial and human pollution in this basin. The TP in sediment from Yanghe Reservoir was original mainly from the OP, which indicate that the eutrophication of Yanghe reservoir relates to the industrial, domestic pollution and agricultural non-point pollution in this basin.
Secondly, the release potential capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments of Yanghe reservoir was studied in this thesis, using infinite dilution measurement, the potential release capacity of different forms of nitrogen (total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen) and different forms of phosphorus (total phosphorus, SRP, dissolved organic phosphorus) were analyzed. In addition, the four points’sediments of other three different types of lakes (Erhai Lake, Taihu Lake and Wuhan East Lake) were selected in this thesis, and the nitrogen and phosphorus release potential capacity were compared with Yanghe reservoir sediments’. The results showed that the total variety was increasing with the increscent of water sediment ratio. The potential release capacity of nitrogen presented good regularity with the variability of different water and sediment ratios, the sediments potential release capacity of nitrogen of Yanghe reservoir was less than Erhai Lake, and higher than Wuhan East lake and Taihu lake. The regularity of phosphorus potential release capacity was not better than nitrogen. The phosphorus potential release capacity of Yanghe reservoir was higher than other lakes’. The results showed that the potential release risks of Yang Reservoir sediments was higher and should be better controlled.
Thirdly, agricultural non-point source pollution load of Yanghe reservoir basin for three consecutive years—2007, 2008, 2009 were estimated using SWAT model, the results showed that the non-point source pollution loads were different in different years and months with different rainfall. The rainfall and non-point source pollution load had direct ratio. And nitrogen pollution dominated the entire basin.
本文首先对洋河水库流域土壤、河道及库区沉积物,应用SMT法研究了总磷、无机磷、有机磷、铁/铝磷、钙磷等5种形态,分析了不同区域各形态磷的分布特征。结果表明:洋河水库流域土壤、沉积物中总磷、总氮和有机质的均值含量总体变化趋势为河道>库区>土壤,其中总磷含量变化不大,这说明营养盐不仅通过土壤径流、河道迁移进入库区,而且库区沉积物的释放作用同样明显;库区柱状沉积物有明显的“表层富积”现象,随着沉积物深度的增加,总磷、总氮和有机质含量逐渐减少,在0～16cm下降趋势明显,16cm以下基本保持不变,说明库区沉积物主要以表层污染为主;土壤、沉积物中的磷以无机磷为主,大约占总磷的46%~79%之间,且研究区各磷形态中以钙磷为主,大约占总磷的22%～68%,这与库区地质—地球化学特征有关;土壤中总磷的增加主要来自于钙磷,与该地区土壤的地质背景有关,河道沉积物中总磷的增加主要来自于铁/铝磷,即河道受到人类活动污染的影响较大,而库区总磷的增加主要来自于有机磷,说明洋河水库的富营养化与流域的工业、生活污染以及农业面源污染有关。
其次,采用无限稀释法研究了洋河水库库区沉积物不同形态氮(总氮、氨氮、硝氮、溶解性有机氮)、不同形态磷(总磷、SRP、溶解性有机磷)的潜在释放能力;同时另选取三个不同类型湖泊(洱海、太湖、武汉东湖),研究了其四个点位沉积物的氮、磷释放潜能,并与洋河水库沉积物进行了对比分析。结果表明,各沉积物不同形态氮在不同水土比时潜在释放量呈现出规律性,且洋河水库沉积物氮潜在释放量小于洱海沉积物而高于太湖和武汉东湖沉积物的潜在释放量,其不同形态磷的潜在释放量均高于其余三个湖泊沉积物的潜在释放量。洋河水库沉积物氮、磷潜在释放量随着水土比的增大呈总体逐渐升高趋势,说明洋河水库沉积物具有潜在释放风险。
再次,应用SWAT模型模拟研究了洋河水库流域2007、2008、2009连续三年的农业面源污染负荷,结果表明,在不同年份、不同月份面源污染的产出量随着降雨量的大小而变化,降雨量较多的年份其面源污染负荷较大。且整个流域以氮污染为主。
Yanghe reservoir is an important water source in Qinhuangdao Town Hebei Province. But recent years, the pollution which results in industrial, domestic and agricultural non-point source surrounding the reservoir has pricked up day by day. The reservoir water showed a cloud-type algae eutrophication, it became an important environmental issue that could not be ignored. Therefore, the thesis investigated phosphorus forms of sediments and the potential release capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus had great help to understand the current polluting situation of Yanghe reservoir. Through investigating the agricultural non-point source pollution loads had help to master the pollution characteristics of the pollution loads, so as to provide a theoretical basis which could contribute to control eutrophication.
Firstly, Total phosphorus (TP), inorganic-phosphorus (IP), organic phosphorus (OP), Fe/Al-bound phosphorus (Fe/Al-P) and Ca-bound phosphorus (Ca-P) in sediments of Yanghe Reservoir and in soil of its basin were measured using the standard measurement and test (SMT) procedure. The results showed that the general mean content variation trends of total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and organic matter (OM) in the soil and sediments were stream sediments>reservoir sediments>soil, while the TP mean content changed little during the migration process. Nutrients enter Yanghe Reservoir not only by soil runoff and stream migration, but also the role of sediment release is obvious. The nutrients contents in surface sediment were high according the results of the column sediments, and the contents of TP, TN and OM decreased with the increase of sediment depth from the surface to 16cm, and then held on line below 16cm, which indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the sediments was primarily on the surface. The IP was the major phosphorus species in the soil and sediments, which accounted for 46%～79% of the TP; and the Ca-P was the major phosphorus species in the study area, and accounted for 22%～68% of TP, which related to the geological-geochemical characteristics of the Yanghe Reservoir. The TP in the soil was original mainly from Ca-P, which relate to the geological background in this region. The TP in sediment from the stream was original mainly from Fe/Al-P, which relate to the industrial and human pollution in this basin. The TP in sediment from Yanghe Reservoir was original mainly from the OP, which indicate that the eutrophication of Yanghe reservoir relates to the industrial, domestic pollution and agricultural non-point pollution in this basin.
Secondly, the release potential capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in sediments of Yanghe reservoir was studied in this thesis, using infinite dilution measurement, the potential release capacity of different forms of nitrogen (total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen) and different forms of phosphorus (total phosphorus, SRP, dissolved organic phosphorus) were analyzed. In addition, the four points’sediments of other three different types of lakes (Erhai Lake, Taihu Lake and Wuhan East Lake) were selected in this thesis, and the nitrogen and phosphorus release potential capacity were compared with Yanghe reservoir sediments’. The results showed that the total variety was increasing with the increscent of water sediment ratio. The potential release capacity of nitrogen presented good regularity with the variability of different water and sediment ratios, the sediments potential release capacity of nitrogen of Yanghe reservoir was less than Erhai Lake, and higher than Wuhan East lake and Taihu lake. The regularity of phosphorus potential release capacity was not better than nitrogen. The phosphorus potential release capacity of Yanghe reservoir was higher than other lakes’. The results showed that the potential release risks of Yang Reservoir sediments was higher and should be better controlled.
Thirdly, agricultural non-point source pollution load of Yanghe reservoir basin for three consecutive years—2007, 2008, 2009 were estimated using SWAT model, the results showed that the non-point source pollution loads were different in different years and months with different rainfall. The rainfall and non-point source pollution load had direct ratio. And nitrogen pollution dominated the entire basin.
引文
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112 N eitsch, J G Arnold, et al. Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation, Version 2000[EB/OL]. http:www.brc.tamus.edu.swat. 120011
113 A Sidney, H James, L V James. Model Evaluation Process[S]. US-DA2EPA, 1998
114 S L Neitsch, J G Amold, J R Kiniry, etc. Soil and Water Assessment Tool User’s Manual Version 2000[M]. Temple, Texas: Texas Water Resources Institute, College Station, 2002, 12-472
115吴信才. MAPGIS地理信息系统[M].北京:电子工业出版社, 2003
116原杰辉. SWAT模型在农业非点源污染研究中的应用—以石头口门水库汇水流域为例[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文. 2006
117 S L Neitsch, J G Amold, J R Kiniry, etc. Soil and Water Assessment Tool User’s ManualVersion 2000[M]. Temple, Texas: Texas Water Resources Institute, College Station, 2002, 12-472
118陈军峰.土地覆盖变化对流域水文的影响—以长江上游梭磨河流域为例[D].中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 2002
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