松华坝水源区LUCC对地表径流影响的研究
|
摘要
松华坝水源区一直是滇池流域最主要的汇水区。流域内的松华坝大型水库是昆明城市生活用水和工业用水的主要水源。随着昆明市城市、人口、经济的高速发展,水资源供给不足、水质污染等问题日益突出。因此,科学地探讨土地利用/覆被变化对地表径流的影响,对于昆明市的供水安全以及滇池的污染治理具有一定的参考价值;同时也可为滇池周边地区工农业发展、土地利用和城市规划等问题的决策提供可靠的科学依据。
本研究以松华坝水源区作为研究对象,以Landsat TM遥感影像解译得到的两期(1992年、2001年)1∶10万土地利用图为基础,基于GIS的叠加分析功能,建立了两个时期的土地利用类型转移矩阵;并分析了研究区域近十年的土地利用变化方向、幅度及其驱动力。
利用土地利用、土壤、气象等数据库来驱动SWAT水文模型,模拟了松华坝水源区1992年～2001年期间逐年、逐月的地表径流;并以实测值对该模型进行了参数率定,从而证明了SWAT模型适用于松华坝水源区土地利用/覆被变化水文效应的研究。基于率定好的模型,预测了在假定的四种土地覆被情景下,地表径流的变化情况;并以此为依据来探讨不同土地覆被变化对地表径流的影响机制。
本文得出以下结论:
(1)该水源区土地利用类型以林地为主,其次是草地和耕地,这3类面积的总和达到了整个流域面积的86.40%以上。1992年～2001年期间,土地利用类型转移以耕地、草地及未利用土地向林地的转换为主。转化为林地的耕地、草地、未利用土地分别占1992年各自类型面积的27.42%(2791.08 hm~2)、36.59%(5633.01hm~2)、30.01%(601.29 hm~2)。而其余各类土地类型面积均呈减少状态。
(2)对不同坡度等级土地利用的变化分析表明:各个坡度内的林地均有大幅度增长,特别是在6°以上的各坡度段,增长幅度较大。相反,草地和未利用土地在各坡度段内均呈大幅度减少状态。虽然退耕还林取得了较大成效,但是6°以下的耕地面积仍有小幅度增长,这主要是因为人口规模扩大和人类生产、生活活动所导致。
(3)应用SWAT模型对1992年～2001年,逐年、逐月地表径流进行模拟时,年际模拟结果最为理想。对于逐月模拟结果,丰水期的模拟值与实测值比较吻合,枯水期差异较大。
(4)针对四种土地覆被情景,运用SWAT模型模拟结果表明:情景1(S1)导致径流深增加幅度最大,但是会引起严重的水土流失。在不同程度封山育林的情景S2、S3、S4中,S3更能增大地表径流量。
(5)从长远利益来看,搬迁人口比居民转产,更有利于松华坝水源区内的水源保护。目前的封山育林、退耕还林还草工作对于保护水源区的水量、水质具有重要意义。但是在考虑保护水源区水质和增加流域可用水量的有效供给时,应进行合理的植被建设规划;在不同坡度地段,合理地进行植被建设。
Songhuaba water source conservation region has been the main catchment of Dianchi Basin in Kunming city.Songhuaba reservoir is one of main water sources of Kunming City's industry and life 1.With the high-speed development of the city, population and economies,shortage and pollution of water have become serious problems.Therefore,scientifically discussing the different LUCC(land use/land cover change) impacts on the surface runoff is of more reference value for ensuring the safety of water supplying in Kunming City and controlling the pollution of Dianchi Basin.In addition,it can provide theoretical foundation for the development of agriculture and industry,and also for the planning.of land use and city development near Dianchi watershed.
This research chooses Songhuaba water source conservation region as the studying object.The conversion matrix of land use change in 1992 and 2001 has been established through the overlay analysis functions of GIS,based on the 1:10,000 land use maps interpreted by the imageries of Landsat TM of 1992 and 2001.Furthermore direction,magnitude and driving force of LUCC of nearly ten years in the study region has been analyzed.
Using database of land-use,soil,weather to drive the SWAT model,we have simulated surface runoff of Songhuaba water source conservation region from 1992 to 2001 month by month,year after year.And the SWAT model has been calibrated by the measured values.The results show that the SWAT model is able to be used for the study of LUCC hydrology effects in Songhuaba water source conservation region. Based on the model which has been calibrated,we have forecasted the surface runoff under the 4 hypothesises of LUCC scenarios.Finally,we discussed the effects of different LUCC on the surface runoff..
we drew the following conclusions:
(1)The main land use type in Songhuaba water source conservation region is forest land;and farm land and grass land.are in the next place.The area of the three land use types account for over 86.4%of the whole basin area.The main changes of land use types in this area are from cultivated land grass land and no-use land to forest land during 1992 to 2001.The area of cultivated land,grass land and no-use land which have changed into forest land account for 27.42%(2791.08 hm~2),36.59% (5633.01 hm~2) and 30.01%(601.29 hm~2) of their area in 1992 respectively.The area of other types of land use remain decreasing.
(2)The study of LUCC in different slope indicate that the area of forest land in every slope degree increased obviously,especially above the slope degree of 6°. Contrarily,the area of grass land and no-use land in all the slope degree decreased. Although the converting cultivated land to forest land or grass land has began to exert effect,the area of the cultivated land below the slope degree of 6°has still increased a little.It is caused by the expanding of population and the behavior of pepole's live and production.
(3)When the surface runoffs from 1992 to 2001 are simulated by SWAT,the annually results are optimal.The simulated results of month after month show that the model value coincides with the measured value during the flood period,but there is a great discrepancy between them during the dry period.
(4)For the four land use change scenarios,the simulated results by SWAT show that surface runoff can increase most in scenario 1,which following by seriously soil and water loss.In S2,S3 and S4 for closing hill for forestation in different level,S3 can increase surface runoff more obviously.
(5)In a long run,moving the people of Songhuaba water source conservation region to other places is more benefit for protecting the water of the water source conservation region than making them engaging other work.At present,it is important for protecting the quantity and quality of water of Songhuaba water source conservation region to close hill for forestation,converte cultivated land to forest land and grass land.But when to protect water quality and increase surface runoff are considered,we should carry on the reasonable planning for vegetation and vegetation construction in the basin.
本研究以松华坝水源区作为研究对象,以Landsat TM遥感影像解译得到的两期(1992年、2001年)1∶10万土地利用图为基础,基于GIS的叠加分析功能,建立了两个时期的土地利用类型转移矩阵;并分析了研究区域近十年的土地利用变化方向、幅度及其驱动力。
利用土地利用、土壤、气象等数据库来驱动SWAT水文模型,模拟了松华坝水源区1992年～2001年期间逐年、逐月的地表径流;并以实测值对该模型进行了参数率定,从而证明了SWAT模型适用于松华坝水源区土地利用/覆被变化水文效应的研究。基于率定好的模型,预测了在假定的四种土地覆被情景下,地表径流的变化情况;并以此为依据来探讨不同土地覆被变化对地表径流的影响机制。
本文得出以下结论:
(1)该水源区土地利用类型以林地为主,其次是草地和耕地,这3类面积的总和达到了整个流域面积的86.40%以上。1992年～2001年期间,土地利用类型转移以耕地、草地及未利用土地向林地的转换为主。转化为林地的耕地、草地、未利用土地分别占1992年各自类型面积的27.42%(2791.08 hm~2)、36.59%(5633.01hm~2)、30.01%(601.29 hm~2)。而其余各类土地类型面积均呈减少状态。
(2)对不同坡度等级土地利用的变化分析表明:各个坡度内的林地均有大幅度增长,特别是在6°以上的各坡度段,增长幅度较大。相反,草地和未利用土地在各坡度段内均呈大幅度减少状态。虽然退耕还林取得了较大成效,但是6°以下的耕地面积仍有小幅度增长,这主要是因为人口规模扩大和人类生产、生活活动所导致。
(3)应用SWAT模型对1992年～2001年,逐年、逐月地表径流进行模拟时,年际模拟结果最为理想。对于逐月模拟结果,丰水期的模拟值与实测值比较吻合,枯水期差异较大。
(4)针对四种土地覆被情景,运用SWAT模型模拟结果表明:情景1(S1)导致径流深增加幅度最大,但是会引起严重的水土流失。在不同程度封山育林的情景S2、S3、S4中,S3更能增大地表径流量。
(5)从长远利益来看,搬迁人口比居民转产,更有利于松华坝水源区内的水源保护。目前的封山育林、退耕还林还草工作对于保护水源区的水量、水质具有重要意义。但是在考虑保护水源区水质和增加流域可用水量的有效供给时,应进行合理的植被建设规划;在不同坡度地段,合理地进行植被建设。
Songhuaba water source conservation region has been the main catchment of Dianchi Basin in Kunming city.Songhuaba reservoir is one of main water sources of Kunming City's industry and life 1.With the high-speed development of the city, population and economies,shortage and pollution of water have become serious problems.Therefore,scientifically discussing the different LUCC(land use/land cover change) impacts on the surface runoff is of more reference value for ensuring the safety of water supplying in Kunming City and controlling the pollution of Dianchi Basin.In addition,it can provide theoretical foundation for the development of agriculture and industry,and also for the planning.of land use and city development near Dianchi watershed.
This research chooses Songhuaba water source conservation region as the studying object.The conversion matrix of land use change in 1992 and 2001 has been established through the overlay analysis functions of GIS,based on the 1:10,000 land use maps interpreted by the imageries of Landsat TM of 1992 and 2001.Furthermore direction,magnitude and driving force of LUCC of nearly ten years in the study region has been analyzed.
Using database of land-use,soil,weather to drive the SWAT model,we have simulated surface runoff of Songhuaba water source conservation region from 1992 to 2001 month by month,year after year.And the SWAT model has been calibrated by the measured values.The results show that the SWAT model is able to be used for the study of LUCC hydrology effects in Songhuaba water source conservation region. Based on the model which has been calibrated,we have forecasted the surface runoff under the 4 hypothesises of LUCC scenarios.Finally,we discussed the effects of different LUCC on the surface runoff..
we drew the following conclusions:
(1)The main land use type in Songhuaba water source conservation region is forest land;and farm land and grass land.are in the next place.The area of the three land use types account for over 86.4%of the whole basin area.The main changes of land use types in this area are from cultivated land grass land and no-use land to forest land during 1992 to 2001.The area of cultivated land,grass land and no-use land which have changed into forest land account for 27.42%(2791.08 hm~2),36.59% (5633.01 hm~2) and 30.01%(601.29 hm~2) of their area in 1992 respectively.The area of other types of land use remain decreasing.
(2)The study of LUCC in different slope indicate that the area of forest land in every slope degree increased obviously,especially above the slope degree of 6°. Contrarily,the area of grass land and no-use land in all the slope degree decreased. Although the converting cultivated land to forest land or grass land has began to exert effect,the area of the cultivated land below the slope degree of 6°has still increased a little.It is caused by the expanding of population and the behavior of pepole's live and production.
(3)When the surface runoffs from 1992 to 2001 are simulated by SWAT,the annually results are optimal.The simulated results of month after month show that the model value coincides with the measured value during the flood period,but there is a great discrepancy between them during the dry period.
(4)For the four land use change scenarios,the simulated results by SWAT show that surface runoff can increase most in scenario 1,which following by seriously soil and water loss.In S2,S3 and S4 for closing hill for forestation in different level,S3 can increase surface runoff more obviously.
(5)In a long run,moving the people of Songhuaba water source conservation region to other places is more benefit for protecting the water of the water source conservation region than making them engaging other work.At present,it is important for protecting the quantity and quality of water of Songhuaba water source conservation region to close hill for forestation,converte cultivated land to forest land and grass land.But when to protect water quality and increase surface runoff are considered,we should carry on the reasonable planning for vegetation and vegetation construction in the basin.
引文
[1]邓慧平.气候与土地利用变化对水文水资源的影响研究[J].地球科学进展,2001,16(3):436-41.
[2]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响—以延安市羊圈沟流域为例[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):241-246.
[3]郭旭东,陈利顶,傅伯杰.土地利用/土地覆被变化对区域生态环境的影响[J].环境科学进展,1999,7(6):66-75.
[4]李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域—土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):553-558.
[5]李秀彬.土地覆被变化对水文水资源效应研究—社会需求与科学问题[A].中国地理学会自然地理专业委员会编:土地覆被变化及其环境效应研究[C].北京,星球地图出版社,2002:1-6.
[6]毕宝德.土地经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998.
[7]谢应齐,杨子生.土地资源学[M].昆明:云南大学出版社,1994.
[8]唐华俊,陈佑启,伊范朗斯特.中国土地资源可持续利用的理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[10]史培军,宫鹏等著.土地利用/土地覆被变化研究的方法与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[11]邓绶林主编.普通水文学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1985.
[12]于维忠主编.水文学原理(二)[M].北京;水利电力出版社,1988.
[13]许月卿.河北南部平原土地利用变化对地下水资源的影响[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2003.
[14]陈军锋.土地覆被变化对流域水文的影响—以长江上游梭磨河流域为例[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2002.
[15]史培军,袁艺,陈晋等.深圳市土地利用变化对流域径流的影响.生态学报,2001,21(7):1041-1049.
[16]陈军峰,李秀彬.森林植被变化对流域水文影响的争论[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(5):474-480.
[17]孟宝,张勃,张华,丁文晖.黑河中游张掖市土地利用/覆被变化的水文水资源效应分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(3):94-99.
[18]李昌峰,高峻峰,曹慧.土地利用变化对水资源影响研究的现状和趋势[J].土壤,2000,(4):191-205.
[19]邱扬,傅伯杰,王军等.土壤水分时空变异及其与环境因子的关系[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(1):100-107.
[20]叶宝莹,张养贞,张树文等.嫩江流域土地覆被变化对径流量的影响分析[J].水土保持通报,2003,23(2):15-18.
[21]陈军锋,李秀彬.土地覆被变化的水文响应模拟研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(5):833-836.
[22]马雪华.岷江上游森林的采伐对河流流量和泥沙悬移质的影响[J].自然资源,1980,(3):78-87.
[23]马雪华.森林水文学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993.
[24]金栋梁.森林对水文要素的影响[J].人民长江,1989,(1):28-35.
[25]张天曾.从永定河东沟西沟河川特征看森林植被的水文作用[J].自然资源,1984,(4):90-98.
[26]刘昌明,于静洁.森林拦蓄洪水的作用—以黄土高原林区为例.见:全国森林水文学术讨论会文集[A].北京:中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会,1989.
[27]刘世荣,温远光.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.
[28]郝芳华,陈利群,刘昌明等.土地利用变化对产流和产沙的影响分析[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):5-8.
[29]Abbott M B,Bathurst J C,Cunge J A,et al.An introduction to the European Hydrologic al System-Systeme Hydrologique European "SHE" 2:Structure of a physically based dis tributed modeling system[J].Journal of Hydrology,1986,87:61-77.
[30]Beven K J,Kirby M J,Schofield N,et al.Testing a physically-based flood forecasting mo deling(Topmodel) for three U.K.catchments[J].Journal of Hydrology,1984,69:119-143.
[31]Arnold J G,Allen P M,Bernhardt G.A Comprehensive Surface-Groundwater Flow Model [J].Journal of Hydrology,1993,142:47-69.
[32]Beven K J.Changing Ideas in Hydrology-the Case of Physically-based Model[J].Journal of Hydrology,1989,105:157-172.
[33]Sun Ge,Hans R,Nicholas B C.Modeling the hydrologic impacts of forest harvesting of Florida FLATWOODS[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1998,34(4):843-854.
[34]Arnold J G,Williams J R,Nicks A D,et al.A basin scale simulation model for soil and water resources management[M].Texas A&M.Univ.Press,College Station,TX,1990.
[35]Arnold J G,Williams J R,Maidment D R.Continuous-time water and sediment-routing m odel for large basins[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1995,121(2):171-183.
[36]王中根,刘昌明,左其亭等.基于DEM的分布式水文模型构建方法[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(5):430-439.
[37]王中根,刘昌明,吴险峰.基于DEM的分布式水文模型研究综述[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):168-173.
[38]张雷娜.白河流域土地覆被变化水文效应的分析与模拟[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2004.
[39]杨健强.滇池污染的治理和生态保护[J].水利学报,2001,(5):17-21.
[40]万荣荣,杨桂山.流域LUCC水文效应研究中的若干问题探讨[J].地理科学进展.2005,24(3):25-33.
[41]孙家柄,舒宁等.遥感原理、方法和应用[M].北京:测绘出版社,1999.
[42]党安荣,王晓栋,陈晓峰等.ERDAS IMAGINE遥感图像处理方法[M].北京:清华大学人居环境研究中心,2002.
[43]张玲.基于RS和GIS的雅安市雨城区土地利用的时空变化研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].四川:四川农业大学,2005.
[44]赵英时主编.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[45]冯恩国,李淑香.居民地信息提取的最佳假彩色合成方法—以开封市区为例[J].平顶山学院学报,2006,21(2):91-95.
[46]摆万奇,赵士洞.土地利用变化驱动力系统分析[J].资源科学,2001,23(3):39-41.
[47]吕国楷,洪启旺等.遥感概论(修订版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1997.
[48]周小成,汪小钦,陈芸芝等.基于融合影像和林相图的林业资源动态监测[J].林业调查规划,2005,30(1):1-4.
[49]王国强.河南坡耕地分布及生态经济农业建设研究[J].生态经济2001,(11):67-70.
[50]Neitsch S L,Arnold J G,Kiniry J R,et al.Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretic Do cumentation,Version 2000[M/OL].hnp://www.brc.tamus.edu/swat.html.
[51]彭定志,游进军.改进的SCS模型在流域径流模拟中的作用[J].水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(1):20-25.
[52]袁作新.流域水文模型[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1991.
[53]王中根,刘昌明,黄友波等.SWAT模型的原理、结构及应用研究[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(1):79-86.
[54]李硕.GIS和遥感辅助下流域模拟的空间离散化与参数化研究与应用[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:南京师范大学,2002.
[55]贾仰文,王浩,倪广恒.分布式流域水文模型原理与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[56]蔡永明,张科利,李双才.不同粒径制间土壤质地资料的转换问题研究[J].土壤学报,2003,40(4):511-517.
[57]史培军,哀艺等.深圳市土地利用变化对流域径流的影响[J].生态学报,2001,21(7):1041-1049.
[58]范世香,高雁,程银才等.林草植被对径流影响的小区实验研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,37(1):43-47.
[2]傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明.黄土丘陵区小流域土地利用变化对生态环境的影响—以延安市羊圈沟流域为例[J].地理学报,1999,54(3):241-246.
[3]郭旭东,陈利顶,傅伯杰.土地利用/土地覆被变化对区域生态环境的影响[J].环境科学进展,1999,7(6):66-75.
[4]李秀彬.全球环境变化研究的核心领域—土地利用/土地覆被变化的国际研究动向[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):553-558.
[5]李秀彬.土地覆被变化对水文水资源效应研究—社会需求与科学问题[A].中国地理学会自然地理专业委员会编:土地覆被变化及其环境效应研究[C].北京,星球地图出版社,2002:1-6.
[6]毕宝德.土地经济学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998.
[7]谢应齐,杨子生.土地资源学[M].昆明:云南大学出版社,1994.
[8]唐华俊,陈佑启,伊范朗斯特.中国土地资源可持续利用的理论与实践[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[10]史培军,宫鹏等著.土地利用/土地覆被变化研究的方法与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2000.
[11]邓绶林主编.普通水文学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1985.
[12]于维忠主编.水文学原理(二)[M].北京;水利电力出版社,1988.
[13]许月卿.河北南部平原土地利用变化对地下水资源的影响[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2003.
[14]陈军锋.土地覆被变化对流域水文的影响—以长江上游梭磨河流域为例[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,2002.
[15]史培军,袁艺,陈晋等.深圳市土地利用变化对流域径流的影响.生态学报,2001,21(7):1041-1049.
[16]陈军峰,李秀彬.森林植被变化对流域水文影响的争论[J].自然资源学报,2001,16(5):474-480.
[17]孟宝,张勃,张华,丁文晖.黑河中游张掖市土地利用/覆被变化的水文水资源效应分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(3):94-99.
[18]李昌峰,高峻峰,曹慧.土地利用变化对水资源影响研究的现状和趋势[J].土壤,2000,(4):191-205.
[19]邱扬,傅伯杰,王军等.土壤水分时空变异及其与环境因子的关系[J].生态学杂志,2007,26(1):100-107.
[20]叶宝莹,张养贞,张树文等.嫩江流域土地覆被变化对径流量的影响分析[J].水土保持通报,2003,23(2):15-18.
[21]陈军锋,李秀彬.土地覆被变化的水文响应模拟研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(5):833-836.
[22]马雪华.岷江上游森林的采伐对河流流量和泥沙悬移质的影响[J].自然资源,1980,(3):78-87.
[23]马雪华.森林水文学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993.
[24]金栋梁.森林对水文要素的影响[J].人民长江,1989,(1):28-35.
[25]张天曾.从永定河东沟西沟河川特征看森林植被的水文作用[J].自然资源,1984,(4):90-98.
[26]刘昌明,于静洁.森林拦蓄洪水的作用—以黄土高原林区为例.见:全国森林水文学术讨论会文集[A].北京:中国林学会森林水文与流域治理专业委员会,1989.
[27]刘世荣,温远光.中国森林生态系统水文生态功能规律[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1996.
[28]郝芳华,陈利群,刘昌明等.土地利用变化对产流和产沙的影响分析[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):5-8.
[29]Abbott M B,Bathurst J C,Cunge J A,et al.An introduction to the European Hydrologic al System-Systeme Hydrologique European "SHE" 2:Structure of a physically based dis tributed modeling system[J].Journal of Hydrology,1986,87:61-77.
[30]Beven K J,Kirby M J,Schofield N,et al.Testing a physically-based flood forecasting mo deling(Topmodel) for three U.K.catchments[J].Journal of Hydrology,1984,69:119-143.
[31]Arnold J G,Allen P M,Bernhardt G.A Comprehensive Surface-Groundwater Flow Model [J].Journal of Hydrology,1993,142:47-69.
[32]Beven K J.Changing Ideas in Hydrology-the Case of Physically-based Model[J].Journal of Hydrology,1989,105:157-172.
[33]Sun Ge,Hans R,Nicholas B C.Modeling the hydrologic impacts of forest harvesting of Florida FLATWOODS[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1998,34(4):843-854.
[34]Arnold J G,Williams J R,Nicks A D,et al.A basin scale simulation model for soil and water resources management[M].Texas A&M.Univ.Press,College Station,TX,1990.
[35]Arnold J G,Williams J R,Maidment D R.Continuous-time water and sediment-routing m odel for large basins[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1995,121(2):171-183.
[36]王中根,刘昌明,左其亭等.基于DEM的分布式水文模型构建方法[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(5):430-439.
[37]王中根,刘昌明,吴险峰.基于DEM的分布式水文模型研究综述[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):168-173.
[38]张雷娜.白河流域土地覆被变化水文效应的分析与模拟[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2004.
[39]杨健强.滇池污染的治理和生态保护[J].水利学报,2001,(5):17-21.
[40]万荣荣,杨桂山.流域LUCC水文效应研究中的若干问题探讨[J].地理科学进展.2005,24(3):25-33.
[41]孙家柄,舒宁等.遥感原理、方法和应用[M].北京:测绘出版社,1999.
[42]党安荣,王晓栋,陈晓峰等.ERDAS IMAGINE遥感图像处理方法[M].北京:清华大学人居环境研究中心,2002.
[43]张玲.基于RS和GIS的雅安市雨城区土地利用的时空变化研究[D]:[硕士学位论文].四川:四川农业大学,2005.
[44]赵英时主编.遥感应用分析原理与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2003.
[45]冯恩国,李淑香.居民地信息提取的最佳假彩色合成方法—以开封市区为例[J].平顶山学院学报,2006,21(2):91-95.
[46]摆万奇,赵士洞.土地利用变化驱动力系统分析[J].资源科学,2001,23(3):39-41.
[47]吕国楷,洪启旺等.遥感概论(修订版)[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1997.
[48]周小成,汪小钦,陈芸芝等.基于融合影像和林相图的林业资源动态监测[J].林业调查规划,2005,30(1):1-4.
[49]王国强.河南坡耕地分布及生态经济农业建设研究[J].生态经济2001,(11):67-70.
[50]Neitsch S L,Arnold J G,Kiniry J R,et al.Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretic Do cumentation,Version 2000[M/OL].hnp://www.brc.tamus.edu/swat.html.
[51]彭定志,游进军.改进的SCS模型在流域径流模拟中的作用[J].水资源与水工程学报,2006,17(1):20-25.
[52]袁作新.流域水文模型[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1991.
[53]王中根,刘昌明,黄友波等.SWAT模型的原理、结构及应用研究[J].地理科学进展,2003,22(1):79-86.
[54]李硕.GIS和遥感辅助下流域模拟的空间离散化与参数化研究与应用[D]:[博士学位论文].北京:南京师范大学,2002.
[55]贾仰文,王浩,倪广恒.分布式流域水文模型原理与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2005.
[56]蔡永明,张科利,李双才.不同粒径制间土壤质地资料的转换问题研究[J].土壤学报,2003,40(4):511-517.
[57]史培军,哀艺等.深圳市土地利用变化对流域径流的影响[J].生态学报,2001,21(7):1041-1049.
[58]范世香,高雁,程银才等.林草植被对径流影响的小区实验研究[J].山东农业大学学报(自然科学版),2006,37(1):43-47.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |