焦作市室内氡的放射性研究
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摘要
氡是唯一一种人们日常接触到的放射性物质。氡及其衰变产生的氡子体通过呼吸作用进入人体肺部并沉积下来,产生内照射,诱发肺癌、白血病等疾病。
室内环境中的氡,主要来源于岩石、土壤、建筑材料、供水、煤及天然气的燃烧等。其中岩石、土壤中的氡通过扩散、对流等迁移运动机制进入室内,是室内氡的主要来源。
本文对焦作市33处室内空气、46处土壤采样点进行观测,对室内氡的运移机理、影响因素、室内危害预测及防治等问题进行了探讨研究,得出以下几点基本结论:
(1)焦作市区域内室内氡年平均浓度为62.94 Bq.m-3,高于中国室内氡年平均浓度23.7 Bq.m-3;焦作室外年平均氡浓度为9.16 Bq.m-3,略低于中国年平均浓度12.6 Bq.m-3。焦作市区域内土壤氡平均浓度为7935 Bq.m-3,稍高于世界土壤氡平均值7300Bq.m-3。
(2)地质断层对室内氡浓度有一定影响,地质断层区域带室内平均氡浓度113.7Bq.m-3约为非断层区域室内平均氡浓度60.3 Bq.m-3的1.89倍。
(3)建筑装饰材料的放射性核素含量与室内氡浓度存在相关性,以放射性核素较高含量较高粉煤灰和大理石等作为建筑装饰材料,室内氡浓度较高。
(4)室内氡浓度冬季较高,夏季较低。其中7月份氡浓度最低,4月份氡浓度最高。室内氡浓度的日变化规律与大气稳定度的日变化规律有一定相似性,清晨较高,傍晚较低。
(5)地下建筑室内氡浓度高于表层建筑室内氡浓度。室内氡浓度随着高度的增加而逐渐减小。
(6)采用氡剂量学评价方法,得出焦作室内氡年平均有效剂量为1.98msv。同时估计焦作市因接受室内氡辐射剂量引起的终生肺癌危险度为1.53×10-4,即每万人中有1-2人可能患有肺癌。
(7)结合室内氡的影响因素,采用室内建筑的地基处理、选用环保的建筑装饰材料、采用防氡涂料、进行有效通风及应用空气净化器等措施都能有效的降低室内氡浓度。
Radon is the only radioactive substance which people contact with daily. Radon and Radon decay produces,enters the human body lungs and deposited through the respiration, produce internal radiation,may resulte in lung cancer, leukemia and another diseases.
Radon in the indoor environment, originates from the rock, the soil, the building material, the water, the coal and the natural gas combustion and so on. Radon come from the rock、soil, which may use proliferate, convective locomotory and another transfer mechanisms enter indoor, is a major sources of indoor radon.
This article Select 33 indoor air sampling points, 46 soil sampling points for observation indoor radon migration mechanism, influencing factors, prediction and control measure of indoor radon hazards, drawing the following conclusions:
(1) Jiaozuo city annual average indoor radon concentration is 62.94 Bq.m-3, which is higher than annual average concentration indoor radon concentration 23.7 Bq.m-3 in China; Jiaozuo city annual average outdoor radon concentration is 9.16 Bq.m-3, slightly lower than the annual average concentrate-ion is 12.6 Bq.m-3 in China. Jiaozuo city average radon concentration in soil is 7935 Bq.m-3, slightly higher than the world average radon concentration in soil is 7300 Bq.m-3.
(2)The geological fault has certain influence with the indoor radon, Jiaozuo geological fault region belt indoor average radon concentration is 113.7 Bq.m-3approximately non-fault region indoor average radon concentration 60.3 Bq.m-3 1.89 times.
(3)Building decoration materials radionuclides content with the indoor radon concentration, using fly ash and marble as building decorative materials related to high levels of radionuclides, have high indoor radon concentration.
(4)Indoor radon concentrations hight in winter and low in summer. Radon concentration lowest in july, highest in april. Indoor radon concentration changes in a day has a certain similarity with atmospheric stability, the higher the early morning, lower in the evening.
(5)Underground building indoor radon concentration is higher than the surface building indoor radon concentration. Indoor radon concentration decrease with height increase.
(6)With the radon dosimetry assessment method, obtains the Jiaozuo city indoor radon annual effective dose is 1.98msv. Simultaneously estimates Jiaozuo people accept the life-long lung cancer risk factor which the indoor radon radiation dose causes for 1.53×10-4, meaning in ten thousand people have 1-2 peoples possibly to suffer from lung cancer.
(7)Combined with the impact factor of indoor radons, using ground treatment in interior buil-ding, choicing environmental protection building decoration materials,using anti-radon coating, the application of effective ventilation and air purifiers and other measures are equally effective in the reduction of indoor radon concentration.
室内环境中的氡,主要来源于岩石、土壤、建筑材料、供水、煤及天然气的燃烧等。其中岩石、土壤中的氡通过扩散、对流等迁移运动机制进入室内,是室内氡的主要来源。
本文对焦作市33处室内空气、46处土壤采样点进行观测,对室内氡的运移机理、影响因素、室内危害预测及防治等问题进行了探讨研究,得出以下几点基本结论:
(1)焦作市区域内室内氡年平均浓度为62.94 Bq.m-3,高于中国室内氡年平均浓度23.7 Bq.m-3;焦作室外年平均氡浓度为9.16 Bq.m-3,略低于中国年平均浓度12.6 Bq.m-3。焦作市区域内土壤氡平均浓度为7935 Bq.m-3,稍高于世界土壤氡平均值7300Bq.m-3。
(2)地质断层对室内氡浓度有一定影响,地质断层区域带室内平均氡浓度113.7Bq.m-3约为非断层区域室内平均氡浓度60.3 Bq.m-3的1.89倍。
(3)建筑装饰材料的放射性核素含量与室内氡浓度存在相关性,以放射性核素较高含量较高粉煤灰和大理石等作为建筑装饰材料,室内氡浓度较高。
(4)室内氡浓度冬季较高,夏季较低。其中7月份氡浓度最低,4月份氡浓度最高。室内氡浓度的日变化规律与大气稳定度的日变化规律有一定相似性,清晨较高,傍晚较低。
(5)地下建筑室内氡浓度高于表层建筑室内氡浓度。室内氡浓度随着高度的增加而逐渐减小。
(6)采用氡剂量学评价方法,得出焦作室内氡年平均有效剂量为1.98msv。同时估计焦作市因接受室内氡辐射剂量引起的终生肺癌危险度为1.53×10-4,即每万人中有1-2人可能患有肺癌。
(7)结合室内氡的影响因素,采用室内建筑的地基处理、选用环保的建筑装饰材料、采用防氡涂料、进行有效通风及应用空气净化器等措施都能有效的降低室内氡浓度。
Radon is the only radioactive substance which people contact with daily. Radon and Radon decay produces,enters the human body lungs and deposited through the respiration, produce internal radiation,may resulte in lung cancer, leukemia and another diseases.
Radon in the indoor environment, originates from the rock, the soil, the building material, the water, the coal and the natural gas combustion and so on. Radon come from the rock、soil, which may use proliferate, convective locomotory and another transfer mechanisms enter indoor, is a major sources of indoor radon.
This article Select 33 indoor air sampling points, 46 soil sampling points for observation indoor radon migration mechanism, influencing factors, prediction and control measure of indoor radon hazards, drawing the following conclusions:
(1) Jiaozuo city annual average indoor radon concentration is 62.94 Bq.m-3, which is higher than annual average concentration indoor radon concentration 23.7 Bq.m-3 in China; Jiaozuo city annual average outdoor radon concentration is 9.16 Bq.m-3, slightly lower than the annual average concentrate-ion is 12.6 Bq.m-3 in China. Jiaozuo city average radon concentration in soil is 7935 Bq.m-3, slightly higher than the world average radon concentration in soil is 7300 Bq.m-3.
(2)The geological fault has certain influence with the indoor radon, Jiaozuo geological fault region belt indoor average radon concentration is 113.7 Bq.m-3approximately non-fault region indoor average radon concentration 60.3 Bq.m-3 1.89 times.
(3)Building decoration materials radionuclides content with the indoor radon concentration, using fly ash and marble as building decorative materials related to high levels of radionuclides, have high indoor radon concentration.
(4)Indoor radon concentrations hight in winter and low in summer. Radon concentration lowest in july, highest in april. Indoor radon concentration changes in a day has a certain similarity with atmospheric stability, the higher the early morning, lower in the evening.
(5)Underground building indoor radon concentration is higher than the surface building indoor radon concentration. Indoor radon concentration decrease with height increase.
(6)With the radon dosimetry assessment method, obtains the Jiaozuo city indoor radon annual effective dose is 1.98msv. Simultaneously estimates Jiaozuo people accept the life-long lung cancer risk factor which the indoor radon radiation dose causes for 1.53×10-4, meaning in ten thousand people have 1-2 peoples possibly to suffer from lung cancer.
(7)Combined with the impact factor of indoor radons, using ground treatment in interior buil-ding, choicing environmental protection building decoration materials,using anti-radon coating, the application of effective ventilation and air purifiers and other measures are equally effective in the reduction of indoor radon concentration.
引文
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[9]姚树祥,Taylor,乔友林,等.云锡矿工肺癌发现可疑到确诊时间分析.中国肿瘤,2000,9(5):210-211.
[10]姚树祥、晋萍、范亚光等.云南锡矿工人肺癌高发的流行病学调查(1954～2002年).环境与职业医学,200724(5):465-469
[11]卢伟.个旧居民肺癌发病率与室内氡关系的探讨.中国预防医学杂志.2001,2(3):198-200
[12]潘自强.我国天然辐射水平和控制中一些问题的讨论辐射防护2001.9,21(5)
[13]陈迪云,陈信广.华南东部主要铀矿区居民室内外氡浓度研究.环境科学研究. 2000,13 (5):41-44
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[16]蔡勇明,唐文祥,陈佳慎.深圳特区公共场所222Rn浓度调查,中华放射医学与防护杂志,1994,14(5):305-307
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[18]李晓燕、郑宝山、王燕等.我国部分城市地下工程空气中的氡水平,辐射防护,2007,27(6)368-374
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[24]卢新卫.室内空气中氡的来源、危害及控制措施分析.桂林工学院学报. 2004, 24(1):122-127
[25]夏英,张守志.室内氡与白血病[J].中华放射医学与防护杂志.1998,18(4):285-286
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[30]Richardson RB,Eatough JP,Henshaw DL.Dose to red bone marrow from natural radon and thoron exposure.Br J Radiol,1991,64:608-624.
[31]Henshaw DL,Eatough JP,Richardson Rb.Radon as a causative fatorininduction of myeloid leukaemia and other cancers. Lancet,1990,335:1008-1012.
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[2] UN-SCEAR. Source and effects of ionizing radiation[R].U N, New York,2000
[3]ICRP.室内氡子体照射产生的肺癌危险.ICRP第50号出版物(李素云译).北京:原子能出版社, 1992
[4]郑天亮,周竹虚,尚兵.建筑工程防氡技术.北京:北京航空航天大学出版社.2006,6
[5]住宅和工作场所氡-222的防护.国际放射防护委员会,著.北京:原子能出版社.1997
[6]International Agency for Research on Cancer.IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans:Man-made Fibres and Radon.Volume43.Lyon:IA RC,1988.
[7]孙世荃,乔友林,姚树祥等.云锡矿工肺癌的氡病因学研究.辐射防护. 2001,21(5):278-290
[8]张景源,王燮华,黄星辉,等.矿工肺癌放射性病因的调查.中国医学科学院学报,1981,3(2):127-131
[9]姚树祥,Taylor,乔友林,等.云锡矿工肺癌发现可疑到确诊时间分析.中国肿瘤,2000,9(5):210-211.
[10]姚树祥、晋萍、范亚光等.云南锡矿工人肺癌高发的流行病学调查(1954～2002年).环境与职业医学,200724(5):465-469
[11]卢伟.个旧居民肺癌发病率与室内氡关系的探讨.中国预防医学杂志.2001,2(3):198-200
[12]潘自强.我国天然辐射水平和控制中一些问题的讨论辐射防护2001.9,21(5)
[13]陈迪云,陈信广.华南东部主要铀矿区居民室内外氡浓度研究.环境科学研究. 2000,13 (5):41-44
[14]尚兵,贺青华,王作元等.中国室内氡行动水平的研究.中华放射医学与防护杂志.2003,12,23(6):462-465
[15]陈迪云,陈智营,胡瑞英等.珠海市大气环境中氡浓度的测定.环境科学,1999,20(6):95-97
[16]蔡勇明,唐文祥,陈佳慎.深圳特区公共场所222Rn浓度调查,中华放射医学与防护杂志,1994,14(5):305-307
[17]任天山,刘祖森,汤凌金等.深圳特区室内氡水平及影响因素.中华放射医学与防护杂志.1988,8(3):176-179
[18]李晓燕、郑宝山、王燕等.我国部分城市地下工程空气中的氡水平,辐射防护,2007,27(6)368-374
[19]中华人民共和国国家标准.民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范.GB50325—2001
[20]Henshaw DL,Eatough JP,Richardson Rb.Radon as a causative fator in induction myeloid leukaemia and other cancers. Lancet,1990,335:1008-1012.
[21]Kildea PM. Radon plate out on synthetic fibers as a possible risk factor in breast cancer. Risk Analysis,1996,16:1-3.
[22]王作元,Lubin J H,王陇德等.室内氡与肺癌关系研究.中华放射医学与防护杂志,2002,22(3):209
[23]杨冬云.室内氡与肺癌关系流行病学研究进展[J].国外医学(卫生学分册),1996,23(6):326-330
[24]卢新卫.室内空气中氡的来源、危害及控制措施分析.桂林工学院学报. 2004, 24(1):122-127
[25]夏英,张守志.室内氡与白血病[J].中华放射医学与防护杂志.1998,18(4):285-286
[26]Axelson O,Flodin U.Radon and leukaemia.Lancet,1989,16:673-74.
[27]Lucie NP.Radon exposure and leukaemia.Lancet,1989,2:99-100.
[28]Alexander FE, Mckinney PA,Cartwight RA.Radon and leukaemia.Lancet.1990, 335:1336-1337
[29]Haque AKMM,Kirk AE.Environmental radon and cancer risk.Radiat Prot Dosim,1992,45:639～642.
[30]Richardson RB,Eatough JP,Henshaw DL.Dose to red bone marrow from natural radon and thoron exposure.Br J Radiol,1991,64:608-624.
[31]Henshaw DL,Eatough JP,Richardson Rb.Radon as a causative fatorininduction of myeloid leukaemia and other cancers. Lancet,1990,335:1008-1012.
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