三江平原植被景观异质性研究
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摘要
本论文是以三江平原植被景观为研究对象,结合景观生态学的基本理论与研究方法,运用RS和GIS技术,首先确定了三江平原的植被景观类型为森林、灌丛、草甸、沼泽、水域、农田、无植被用地七大类,建立了三江平原植被景观分类系统并分别进行特征分析；其次,在确定植被景观类型的基础上,结合大量的野外GPS定位调查资料,在景观水平和景观类型水平上选取景观异质性指数,再经过Fragstats软件计算得到各类景观指数,分别得出了7个景观类型不同斑块的斑块面积、斑块密度、边缘密度、分形维数、景观多样性指数、斑块形状指数、景观丰富度指数、景观均匀度指数等指标,利用这些指数分析了三江平原植被景观异质性。从空间组分的异质性分析来看：三江平原农田景观变化最为明显,斑块数量增加,总体面积呈上升趋势,农田斑块合并现象比较突出；最大斑块周长、斑块周长的变化趋势基本与斑块面积变化趋势一致。水域斑块数量最少,水域的最大斑块面积在整个研究时段的变化不大,而平均斑块面积与斑块数量呈显著的反相关关系。从空间构型的异质性分析来看：研究区景观形状指数和分维指数均呈上升趋势,说明整个研究区形状趋于不规则,形状的复杂性增加,人为干扰的趋势放缓。而斑块密度反映了景观的破碎化程度与景观空间异质性程度,斑块密度越大,破碎化程度越大,空间异质性程度也愈大。在7个景观类型中,以无植被用地的斑块密度最高,无植被用地以较小的斑块状态出现,其斑块小且分散,景观异质性高,这也说明水域斑块大而且集中。由此可以看出三江平原景观更趋向于破碎化,空间异质性增加。运用马尔柯夫模型进行三江平原植被景观转化分析：可以看出三江平原植被景观异质性的增加是由于优势景观：森林、草甸、灌丛不断破碎化引起的。由于人类活动影响的加重,各种基底景观不断破碎化,斑块的形状变的更加不规则。在大量其他景观组分不断向农业用地转移的同时,农田景观组分也不断向非农业用地转移,尤其是向居民地、湿地转化。其实二者的输入、输出恰恰是相互关联的。
本研究将为相关部门宏观决策和规划管理提供依据,并对当地的植被恢复和保护策略提出建议,生态及社会效益显著。
This thesis is based on the vegetation landscape in the Sanjiang Plain as the research object, combining the basic theory of landscape ecology and research methods, the use of RS and GIS technology, first determine the Sanjiang Plain vegetation landscape types for forest, scrub, meadow, marsh, water, agricultural land, no land for seven major types of vegetation, the establishment of the Sanjiang Plain vegetation landscape classification system and the characteristics of each analysis; Second, in determining the basic types of vegetation on the landscape, combined with GPS positioning many field survey data at the landscape level and landscape types the level of landscape heterogeneity on selected index, and then after Fragstats software calculate various types of landscape indices, respectively, obtained seven different landscape types plaque plaque area, patch density, edge density, fractal dimension, landscape diversity index, patch shape index, landscape richness index, landscape evenness index and other indicators, an analysis of the use of these indices in the Sanjiang Plain vegetation landscape heterogeneity. from the space components of the heterogeneity analysis:Sanjiang Plain farmland landscape changes are most obvious increase in the number of plaques, the overall upward trend in the area, farmland plaque more prominent merger situation; the largest circumference of plaque, plaque long trend of changes in plaque area and the basic trend. Plaque quantity waters at least, the waters of the largest plaque area in the entire study period changed little, while the average number of plaque area and plaque were significantly anti-correlated. from the space structure of the heterogeneity of analysis:the study area landscape shape index and fractal dimension index showed an upward trend, the entire study area tend to irregular shape, the shape complexity increased anthropogenic interference with the trend of slackening. And patch density reflects the degree of landscape fragmentation and landscape spatial heterogeneity level, the greater patch density, the greater the degree of fragmentation, the degree of spatial heterogeneity is also greater. At 7 landscape types to non-vegetation land the highest patch density, non-vegetation land status to the smaller plaques appeared, and its small and scattered patches, high landscape heterogeneity, which also shows that the waters of large plaques and concentrated. From here we can see the landscape in the Sanjiang Plain tend to be more fragmentation, spatial heterogeneity increased. the use of Markov model to transform the landscape in the Sanjiang Plain vegetation analysis:can be seen in the Sanjiang Plain vegetation landscape heterogeneity was due to increased edge landscape:forest, meadow, shrub constantly caused fragmentation. Because of the impact of human activities increase, a variety of substrate constant landscape fragmentation, patch shape becomes more irregular. A large number of other landscape components at constant to the transfer of agricultural land, the farmland landscape components have been transferred to non-agricultural land, especially to the residents, the conversion of wetlands. In fact, both the input and output are precisely interrelated.
In this study, the relevant department for macro-decision-making and provide a basis for planning and management, and local vegetation restoration and protection strategy proposed significant ecological and social benefits.
本研究将为相关部门宏观决策和规划管理提供依据,并对当地的植被恢复和保护策略提出建议,生态及社会效益显著。
This thesis is based on the vegetation landscape in the Sanjiang Plain as the research object, combining the basic theory of landscape ecology and research methods, the use of RS and GIS technology, first determine the Sanjiang Plain vegetation landscape types for forest, scrub, meadow, marsh, water, agricultural land, no land for seven major types of vegetation, the establishment of the Sanjiang Plain vegetation landscape classification system and the characteristics of each analysis; Second, in determining the basic types of vegetation on the landscape, combined with GPS positioning many field survey data at the landscape level and landscape types the level of landscape heterogeneity on selected index, and then after Fragstats software calculate various types of landscape indices, respectively, obtained seven different landscape types plaque plaque area, patch density, edge density, fractal dimension, landscape diversity index, patch shape index, landscape richness index, landscape evenness index and other indicators, an analysis of the use of these indices in the Sanjiang Plain vegetation landscape heterogeneity. from the space components of the heterogeneity analysis:Sanjiang Plain farmland landscape changes are most obvious increase in the number of plaques, the overall upward trend in the area, farmland plaque more prominent merger situation; the largest circumference of plaque, plaque long trend of changes in plaque area and the basic trend. Plaque quantity waters at least, the waters of the largest plaque area in the entire study period changed little, while the average number of plaque area and plaque were significantly anti-correlated. from the space structure of the heterogeneity of analysis:the study area landscape shape index and fractal dimension index showed an upward trend, the entire study area tend to irregular shape, the shape complexity increased anthropogenic interference with the trend of slackening. And patch density reflects the degree of landscape fragmentation and landscape spatial heterogeneity level, the greater patch density, the greater the degree of fragmentation, the degree of spatial heterogeneity is also greater. At 7 landscape types to non-vegetation land the highest patch density, non-vegetation land status to the smaller plaques appeared, and its small and scattered patches, high landscape heterogeneity, which also shows that the waters of large plaques and concentrated. From here we can see the landscape in the Sanjiang Plain tend to be more fragmentation, spatial heterogeneity increased. the use of Markov model to transform the landscape in the Sanjiang Plain vegetation analysis:can be seen in the Sanjiang Plain vegetation landscape heterogeneity was due to increased edge landscape:forest, meadow, shrub constantly caused fragmentation. Because of the impact of human activities increase, a variety of substrate constant landscape fragmentation, patch shape becomes more irregular. A large number of other landscape components at constant to the transfer of agricultural land, the farmland landscape components have been transferred to non-agricultural land, especially to the residents, the conversion of wetlands. In fact, both the input and output are precisely interrelated.
In this study, the relevant department for macro-decision-making and provide a basis for planning and management, and local vegetation restoration and protection strategy proposed significant ecological and social benefits.
引文
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