县域农田土壤重金属空间变异特征
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摘要
本研究采用地统计学与GIS相结合的方法,研究了四川省双流县农田土壤铜、锌、铬、铅含量的空间变异特征及其影响因子,并对其采样数量、污染状况、风险评估及超标可能性预测等方面进行了深入分析,取得了以下主要结论：
(1)研究区内铜、锌、铅含量受到外源因素深刻影响,积累非常明显,值域分布范围较为广泛。铜、锌、铬均具有中等空间相关性,其空间变异受到结构性因子和随机性因子共同影响；而铅含量空间相关性很弱,其空间变异主要受随机性因子影响。各向异性下,四种重金属含量空间相关性均有一定程度提高。土壤铜、锌、铬含量分布趋势较为相似,均为西北高,东南低,且分别具有极显著的正相关性。铅含量在区域内的分布趋势并不明显,不同地貌类型下均有高值区分布。交互检验表明,铜、锌、铬含量插值精度较高而铅含量降低,主要受到其空间相关性的影响。
(2)相对于常规随机抽样方法,协同克里格法确保了样点缩减后变量的空间相关性。在相同取样数量下,协同克里格法的预测精度要高于普通克里格法。在初始样点数量缩减10%的情况下,铜、铬含量协同克里格插值的预测精度仍高于初始623个样点的普通克里格插值,且两种方法得到空间分布图具有极高的相似性。
(3)根据《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》中土壤环境质量划分标准限值,样点铜、锌含量单项污染指数多处于清洁等级,而铅含量单项污染指数和综合污染指数多处于尚清洁等级。面积统计表明,区域内土壤环境污染并不严重,多处于尚清洁水平。其中,铅含量单项污染指数处于超标等级的面积比例较大。潜在生态风险评价表明,铜、锌、铅潜在生态危害较小,均处于轻微生态风险等级。三种重金属含量超过临界值的概率均较低,其中,铅含量超标概率的值域范围最为集中。铜,锌含量超标概率分布的规律性相对较强,而铅含量超标概率分布较为离散。
(4)土壤铜、锌、铬含量在三种地貌类型和三种成土母质中的变化顺序分别表现出一致性但影响程度的差异有所不同,其中,地貌类型是影响铜含量的重要因子,而成土母质对铜和锌含量的影响较深；有机肥使用量对农田土壤铜、锌、铬含量空间变异有重要影响；农业综合条件中农业基础条件对土壤铜、锌、铬含量空间变异的影响较大,而铅含量的空间变异主要受农药使用量和运输业规模的影响；缓冲区分析表明,土壤铅含量随着与道路距离的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势。
Geostatistics combined with GIS were used in this study for the analysis of the spatial variability and influencing factors of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Chromium (Cr) of cropland soil in Shuangliu county Sichuan province and the sampling numbers, pollution status, risk assessment and the prediction of the exceeding possibilities were thoroughly analyzed.The conclusions were as follows:
(1) The concentrations of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead(Pb) in the study area were affected by the exogenous factors, and very obviously accumulated with wide distribution range. The concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cr in soil had moderate spatial correlation, and their spatial variability were caused by structural factors and random factors;but the concentration of Pb had weak spatial correlation,and it was mainly caused by random factors. In anisotropic conditions,the spatial correlation of these four metals had increased to a certain extent. The spatial distribution trends of concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cr in soil were quite similar,high in the northwest and low in the southeast,and it had a highly significant positive correlation.The distribution of Pb concentration was not obvious and the high-value areas distributed in different topographic conditions.The cross-validation showed the high interpolation precision of Cu, Zn and Cr concentration and low interpolation precision of Pb,which was mainly caused by the spatial correlation.
(2) Compared with conventional random sampling method, co-kriging method ensured the spatial correlation after the samples reduction. In the same sample volumes, prediction accuracy of the co-kriging method was higher than that of ordinary kriging. Under the condition that the initial samples were reduced by 10%,the prediction accuracy of Cu and Cr of co-kriging was still higher than that of ordinary kriging interpolation of the initial 623 samples, and the spatial distribution map of the two methods was highly similar.
(3) According to classification limits of soil environmental quality from" Farmland environmental quality evaluation standards for edible agricultural products ", the single pollution index of sample Cu and Zn mainly belonged to the clean level,while the single and multi pollution index of Pb just belonged to the clean level.The area statistics showed that the pollution in the study area was not serious, many of which were still the clean level. Among them, the area which exceeded the single pollution index of Pb concentration was comparatively large; Potential ecological risk assessment indicated that the potential ecological risk of Cu, Zn and Pb was small, and at a slightly ecological risk level. The probability that the concentration of the three kinds of heavy metals content exceeded the critical value was low;meanwhile the probability range that the Pb concentration exceeded the critical value was mostly centralized, and the probability distribution regularity that the Cu and Zn concentration exceeded the critical value was relatively excessive while that of Pb was discrete.
(4) The variation orders of soil Cu, Zn and Cr concentration under the three kinds of geomorphologic types and parent materials demonstrated consistently, respectively, but with different impact. The geomorphologic types were an important factor affecting Cu concentration, while the parent materials had a deep impact on the Cu and Zn concentration; the application of organic fertilizer had a profound impact on the spatial variability of soil Cu, Zn and Cr; in the comprehensive agricultural conditions, the basic conditions of agriculture had a big impact on the spatial variability of soil Cu, Zn and Cr, whereas the spatial variability of Pb concentration was mainly affected by the application dosage of pesticide and the scale of transport; buffer analysis showed that when the distance from the road increased,the Pb concentration first increased, then decreased.
(1)研究区内铜、锌、铅含量受到外源因素深刻影响,积累非常明显,值域分布范围较为广泛。铜、锌、铬均具有中等空间相关性,其空间变异受到结构性因子和随机性因子共同影响；而铅含量空间相关性很弱,其空间变异主要受随机性因子影响。各向异性下,四种重金属含量空间相关性均有一定程度提高。土壤铜、锌、铬含量分布趋势较为相似,均为西北高,东南低,且分别具有极显著的正相关性。铅含量在区域内的分布趋势并不明显,不同地貌类型下均有高值区分布。交互检验表明,铜、锌、铬含量插值精度较高而铅含量降低,主要受到其空间相关性的影响。
(2)相对于常规随机抽样方法,协同克里格法确保了样点缩减后变量的空间相关性。在相同取样数量下,协同克里格法的预测精度要高于普通克里格法。在初始样点数量缩减10%的情况下,铜、铬含量协同克里格插值的预测精度仍高于初始623个样点的普通克里格插值,且两种方法得到空间分布图具有极高的相似性。
(3)根据《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》中土壤环境质量划分标准限值,样点铜、锌含量单项污染指数多处于清洁等级,而铅含量单项污染指数和综合污染指数多处于尚清洁等级。面积统计表明,区域内土壤环境污染并不严重,多处于尚清洁水平。其中,铅含量单项污染指数处于超标等级的面积比例较大。潜在生态风险评价表明,铜、锌、铅潜在生态危害较小,均处于轻微生态风险等级。三种重金属含量超过临界值的概率均较低,其中,铅含量超标概率的值域范围最为集中。铜,锌含量超标概率分布的规律性相对较强,而铅含量超标概率分布较为离散。
(4)土壤铜、锌、铬含量在三种地貌类型和三种成土母质中的变化顺序分别表现出一致性但影响程度的差异有所不同,其中,地貌类型是影响铜含量的重要因子,而成土母质对铜和锌含量的影响较深；有机肥使用量对农田土壤铜、锌、铬含量空间变异有重要影响；农业综合条件中农业基础条件对土壤铜、锌、铬含量空间变异的影响较大,而铅含量的空间变异主要受农药使用量和运输业规模的影响；缓冲区分析表明,土壤铅含量随着与道路距离的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势。
Geostatistics combined with GIS were used in this study for the analysis of the spatial variability and influencing factors of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Chromium (Cr) of cropland soil in Shuangliu county Sichuan province and the sampling numbers, pollution status, risk assessment and the prediction of the exceeding possibilities were thoroughly analyzed.The conclusions were as follows:
(1) The concentrations of Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead(Pb) in the study area were affected by the exogenous factors, and very obviously accumulated with wide distribution range. The concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cr in soil had moderate spatial correlation, and their spatial variability were caused by structural factors and random factors;but the concentration of Pb had weak spatial correlation,and it was mainly caused by random factors. In anisotropic conditions,the spatial correlation of these four metals had increased to a certain extent. The spatial distribution trends of concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cr in soil were quite similar,high in the northwest and low in the southeast,and it had a highly significant positive correlation.The distribution of Pb concentration was not obvious and the high-value areas distributed in different topographic conditions.The cross-validation showed the high interpolation precision of Cu, Zn and Cr concentration and low interpolation precision of Pb,which was mainly caused by the spatial correlation.
(2) Compared with conventional random sampling method, co-kriging method ensured the spatial correlation after the samples reduction. In the same sample volumes, prediction accuracy of the co-kriging method was higher than that of ordinary kriging. Under the condition that the initial samples were reduced by 10%,the prediction accuracy of Cu and Cr of co-kriging was still higher than that of ordinary kriging interpolation of the initial 623 samples, and the spatial distribution map of the two methods was highly similar.
(3) According to classification limits of soil environmental quality from" Farmland environmental quality evaluation standards for edible agricultural products ", the single pollution index of sample Cu and Zn mainly belonged to the clean level,while the single and multi pollution index of Pb just belonged to the clean level.The area statistics showed that the pollution in the study area was not serious, many of which were still the clean level. Among them, the area which exceeded the single pollution index of Pb concentration was comparatively large; Potential ecological risk assessment indicated that the potential ecological risk of Cu, Zn and Pb was small, and at a slightly ecological risk level. The probability that the concentration of the three kinds of heavy metals content exceeded the critical value was low;meanwhile the probability range that the Pb concentration exceeded the critical value was mostly centralized, and the probability distribution regularity that the Cu and Zn concentration exceeded the critical value was relatively excessive while that of Pb was discrete.
(4) The variation orders of soil Cu, Zn and Cr concentration under the three kinds of geomorphologic types and parent materials demonstrated consistently, respectively, but with different impact. The geomorphologic types were an important factor affecting Cu concentration, while the parent materials had a deep impact on the Cu and Zn concentration; the application of organic fertilizer had a profound impact on the spatial variability of soil Cu, Zn and Cr; in the comprehensive agricultural conditions, the basic conditions of agriculture had a big impact on the spatial variability of soil Cu, Zn and Cr, whereas the spatial variability of Pb concentration was mainly affected by the application dosage of pesticide and the scale of transport; buffer analysis showed that when the distance from the road increased,the Pb concentration first increased, then decreased.
引文
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