基于Zooming-Panning模式的图像浏览技术的研究
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摘要
图像浏览是近年来信息可视化领域中迅速发展起来的一项具有重要科研意义和实用价值的崭新技术。本文对目前已有的多种浏览技术的主要思想、实现方法、实现效果等方面作了深入细致的研究和分析,尤其是对其中较典型的技术,如鱼眼视图技术,基于时空关系的Zooming-Panning技术做了实践验证。在此基础上,本文从浏览效果的角度和技术实现的角度分别对这些技术中存在的优缺点进行了对比和讨论。在研究中我们发现,基于时空关系的Zooming-Panning技术的构思具有许多优点,采用该技术的主要思想实现图像浏览,不仅能够为焦点图像提供适当的背景信息,而且它所采用的可视化表示形式非常适合人们获取信息的特点。但该技术在具体的技术实现上不够全面,既不能保证可视化表示的结构具有一致性,也不能使可视化表示具有良好的显示效果。针对这一情况,本文依据几何光学的有关原理,实现了一个能够对可视化表示动态跟踪调节的跟随因子,用于补充该技术在实现上的不足,并同时把该技术提出的两个标准扩充为三个,本文把经过以上补充工作后形成的结果称为基于自约束路径的Zooming-Panning浏览技术。并通过实践证明:基于自约束路径的Zooming-Panning技术具有良好的浏览效果。同时,为了能有效地利用跟随因子,本文还对图像缩放技术进行了相关研究,并针对浏览技术具有实时性强,分辨率高的特点,提出了一种基于有理二次样条曲线的图像放大方法,经过实验,表明该方法能够很好的满足浏览技术的需要,具有较好的效果。
Image Browsing is a new method with a great value to scientific researches and practical applications in the field of information visualizing, and it was rapidly developed in recent years.
In this paper, the main ideas, the operating ways and the effects of some existed techniques are presented and analyzed in detail. Especially several typical techniques such as Fish-eye views, Zooming-Panning browsing method based on the relationship of time and space, are checked by experiments. Moreover, the existing merits and demerits are compared and discussed from the navigation effects and realization techniques. In the process of research, some advantages have been found in the Zooming-Panning browsing method based on the relationship of time and space. According to it, some suitable background information is offered to the focus of views, and also a good form of visualized show is taken to meet the need of people who scoop information. However, the concrete realization techniques are insufficiency. It could neither make the structure of the visualized show consistent nor display a good effect. Aiming at the statements above, a following-element is created to make up the shortages of this technique in the paper. Its concept and realized formula are given on the theory of geometric optics. We also have extended two standards which are mentioned in the navigation technique of Zooming-Panning browsing method based on relationship of time and space, and then we introduce a new technique named Zooming-Panning navigation images based on Automatic-control route. It has been examined very well by our experiments.
Simultaneity, in order to make the following-element meet the special need, that is to say, with strong real-time and high resolving power of navigation techniques, we have researched the images zooming techniques either, and have given a new images enlargement technique named A method of image enlargement based on curves of rational quadratic spline. It has been examined by our experiments that the method could be applied to navigation techniques and worked very well.
Image Browsing is a new method with a great value to scientific researches and practical applications in the field of information visualizing, and it was rapidly developed in recent years.
In this paper, the main ideas, the operating ways and the effects of some existed techniques are presented and analyzed in detail. Especially several typical techniques such as Fish-eye views, Zooming-Panning browsing method based on the relationship of time and space, are checked by experiments. Moreover, the existing merits and demerits are compared and discussed from the navigation effects and realization techniques. In the process of research, some advantages have been found in the Zooming-Panning browsing method based on the relationship of time and space. According to it, some suitable background information is offered to the focus of views, and also a good form of visualized show is taken to meet the need of people who scoop information. However, the concrete realization techniques are insufficiency. It could neither make the structure of the visualized show consistent nor display a good effect. Aiming at the statements above, a following-element is created to make up the shortages of this technique in the paper. Its concept and realized formula are given on the theory of geometric optics. We also have extended two standards which are mentioned in the navigation technique of Zooming-Panning browsing method based on relationship of time and space, and then we introduce a new technique named Zooming-Panning navigation images based on Automatic-control route. It has been examined very well by our experiments.
Simultaneity, in order to make the following-element meet the special need, that is to say, with strong real-time and high resolving power of navigation techniques, we have researched the images zooming techniques either, and have given a new images enlargement technique named A method of image enlargement based on curves of rational quadratic spline. It has been examined by our experiments that the method could be applied to navigation techniques and worked very well.
引文
[1] Bush V. As we may think [J] The Atlantic Monthly,1945,176(1);pp:101~108
[2] B.B.H. McCormick, T. A. DeFanti, and M. D. Brown, eds.,“Visualization in Scientific Computing”, Computer Graphics, Vol. 21, No. 6, Nov. 1987.
[3] G. Robertson, S. K. Card and J. D. Mackinlay.“The Cognitive Co-processor for Interactive User Interfaces”. Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface software and technology,[J] 1989, pp: 10 - 18.
[4] Stuart Card, Jock Mackinlay, Ben Shneiderman.Readind in Information Visualization:Using Vision to Think. Morgan Kaufmann,1999
[5]董士海、王坚、戴国忠等,《人机交互和多通道用户界面》,科学出版社,1999年8月。
[6]李玉忠.虚拟现实技术综述与基于Internet的虚拟培训系统设计[J].计算机工程与应用,2002,(15):pp.127-149.
[7] B. Anderson, A. McGrath. Strategies for Mutability in Virtual Environments. Virtual Worlds on the Internet, J. Vince and R. Earnshaw, eds. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE CS Press, 1998:pp.123-134.
[8] Matthew Uyttendaele, Antonio Criminisi, Sing Bing Kang, et al. Image-Based Interactive Exploration of Real-World Environments. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications[J], May/June 2004:pp.52.
[9] Balkrishnan . R. et al. User Interface for Volumetric Displays [J], IEEE Computer, 2001 ,34(3).pp:37~46.
[10] Jauvane C. de Oliveira, Seok-Jong Yu, Nicolas D. Georganas. Synchronized World Embedding in Virtual Environments. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications [J], July/August 2004. 24(4): pp.73-83.
[11] Feiner .S.K., and Beshers,C.“Worlds within Worlds: Metaphors for Exploring n-Dimensional Virtual Worlds”. Proceedings of UIST’90 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology[J]. pp:76~83.
[12] F. Van Ham,“Using Multi-level Call Matrices in Large Software Project”. Proc. IEEE symposium.Information Visualization (INFOVIS’03). T. Munzner and S. North, eds., pp: 227~232 , 2003.
[13] Wise, J.A., Thomas, J.J., Pennok,K., Lantrip, D., Pottier, M., Schur, A., and Crow, V.“Visualizing the Non-Visual: Spatial Analysis and Interaction with Information from Text Documents”. Proceeding of INFOVIS’95. IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, New York.pp:51~58.
[14] Chi, E. H., Pitkow, J., Machinlay, J., Pirolli, P., Grssweiler, R., Card, S.K.“Visualization the Evolution of Web Ecologies”. Proceeding sof CHI’98. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing System.pp:400~407.
[15] Eick, S. G., Steffen, J. L., and Sumner, E.E. (1992).“Seesoft-A Tool for Visualizing Line Oriented Software Statistics”. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,[J] 18(11-Nov),pp:957~968.
[16]“Visual Text Analysis”. http://multimedia.pnl.gon:2080/infoviz/spire/spire.html
[17] Chi,E.H., Pitkow,J., Machinlay,J., Pirolli,p., Grssweiler,R., and Card S.k.(1998).“visualizing the Evolution of Web Ecologies”. Proceeding of CHI’98,ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.pp: 400~407
[18]黄斌,杨世洪,吴钦章.特大图像快速浏览解决方案研究及实现.计算机应用研究[J],2005年第3期:pp:171-173, 190.
[19] Seok-Hee Hong, Peter Eades. Wanchuli.“A Framework for Visualizing Large Graphs”. Proceeding of the Ninth International on Information Visualization(IV’05)[J], 150~158.
[20] G . Loftus and E . Loftus.“Human Memory : the Proceeding of Information”. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Inc.1976.
[21] J.C.Oliveira, X.Shen, N.D.Georganas. Collaborative Virtual Environment for Industrial Training and e-Commerce. Proc. Workshop on Application of Virtual Reality Technologies for Future Telecommunication Systems, IEEE Globecom'2000 Conference[C], Nov.-Dec.2000 , San Francisco.
[22] S.Shirmohammadi, N. D. Georganas. Collaborating in 3D Virtual Environments: A Synchronous Architecture. Proc. IEEE 9th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE'00)[C]. Publication Date: March 2000.pp:35-42.
[23] J.C.Oliveira, M.Hosseini, S. Shirmohammadi, et al. Virtual Theater for Industrial Training: A Collaborative Virtual Environment. Proc. 4th World Multiconference on Circuits, Systems, Communications & Computers (CSCC 2000)[C], Athens, Greece, July 2000, Vol. IV: pp:294-299.
[24]伯彭波,张彩明.带约束的曲面放缩.软件学报[J] , 2003, Vol.14,No.10,pp:1806~1812.
[25]逯峰,杨朝霞,关履泰. Tikhonov正则化方法在带噪数字图像缩放中的应用.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J], Vol.14,No.7,2002,pp:651~653,658.
[26]朱宁,吴静,王忠谦.图像放大的偏微分方程方法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],Vol.17,No.9,2005,pp:1941~1945.
[27] Rao,R., and Card, S.K.“The Table Lens: Merging Graphical and SymbolicRepresentations in an Interactive Focus+ Context Visualization for Tabular Information”[J]. Proceedings of CHI’94, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems [J] .New York. 312~318 and pp:481~482.
[28] Andy Cockburn., and Joshua Savage.“Comparing Speed-Dependent Automatic Zooming with Traditional Scroll, Pan, and Zoom Methods”[J]. IEEE Symposium. Information Visualization (INFOVIS’03).pp:146~153.
[29] Furnas,G.W.(1986)“Generalized Fisheye Views”.In Proc ACM CHI’86 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,pp:16~23,Boston,Massachusetts,April 13-17,ACM Press.
[30] Sarkar,M. And Brown,M.H. (1992)“Graphical Fisheye Views of Graphs”. In Proc ACM CHI’92 Conference on Human Factors inComputing Systems,pp:189~194,Monteray ,California, May 3-7,ACM Press.
[31] Collaud, G., et .al.(1995).“A Distorted-View Approach to Assisting Web Navigation. In New Paradigms in Information Visualization and Manipulation,(In Conjunction With CIKM’95),pp:95~100,ACM Press, New York, New York.
[32] Lamping, J. S., and R. Rao (1996),“Visualizing Large Tree Using Hyperbolic Browser”.In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Computer Interaction.pp:388~389,ACM Press,New York, New York.
[33] Bederson, B.,et.al.A Zooming Web Browser .In Human Factors and Web Development.(Forsythe, D., Ratner,J., and Grose, E. Eds )pp:255~266,Lawrence Erlbaum,New Jersey.
[34]张讲社,徐宗本,阮奕文.一类模拟生物复眼几何结构的数据处理方法——方向量子化表示的理论.计算机学报[J],Vol.23,No.6,2000.pp:609~614.
[35]贾云得,吕宏静,徐岸,刘万春.一种鱼眼镜头成像立体视觉系统的标定方法.计算机学报[J],Vol.23,No.11,2000.pp:1215~1219.
[36] T. Igarashi and K. Hinckley,“Speed-Dependent Automatic Zooming for Browsing Large Documents”, CHI letters, Vol.2,No.2,2000pp:139~148.Proc.UIST 2000.ACM symp. User Interface Software and Technology .
[37] J.J. Van and W.A.A. Nuij,“Smooth and Efficient Zooming and Panning”,Proc. IEEE Symp. Information Visualization 2003( INFOVIS2003),T. Munzner and S. North,eds.,pp:15~22,2003.
[38]孙家广,漆驰,刘强.摄像机图像序列的全景图拼接.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],Vol.13, No.7, 2001.pp:1~5.
[39]潘云鹤,杨建,耿卫东,李明.基于图像的虚拟景观漫游.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],Vol.13, No.3, 2001,pp:1~7.
[40]李将云,杨勋年,汪国昭.图像放缩的离散算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],Vol.15,No.3,2003,pp:297~301.
[41]张三元,汪国昭.曲率连续的有理二次样条插值的一种优化方法.软件学报[J],Vol.12,No.8,2001.pp:1190~1196.
[42] Guiard, Y., Bourgeois, F., Mottet, D., and Beaudouinlafon, M.“Beyond the 10-bit Barrier : Fitts’Law in Multiscale Electronic Worlds”. In People and Computers XV Interactions without Frontiers. Proceedings of IHMHCI 2001(Lille, France ,2001),Springer-Verlag.pp:573~587.
[43] Hinckley, K., Cutrell, E., Bathiche, S., and Muss, T.“Quantitative Analysis of Scrolling Techniques”In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems : Changing Our World, Changing Ourselves ACM Press ,Minneapolis Minnesota USA 2002.pp:65~72.
[44] Mackinlay, J. D., Robertson, G .G .and Card, S.K.(1991),“The Perspective Wall: Detail and Context Smoothly Integrated”. In Proc ACM CHI’91 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,pp:173~179,New Orleans, Louisiana, April 28-May 2,ACM Press.
[45] George G . Robertson, Jock D . Mackinlay and Stuart K. Card.“Conr Tees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierachical Information”. Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference Proceedings on Reaching Through Technology, 1991,pp:189~194.
[46] Schaffer, D. and Greenberg, S. (1993)“Shifting through Hierarchical Information”. ACM INTERCHI’93, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Amsterdam, April 24-29.
[47] B. Berdson, L. Stead, and J. Hollan.“Pad++: Advance in Multiscale Interfaces”. In ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI’94). pp:315~316,1994.
[48] M. Apperley,I. Tzarvaras, and R. Spence.“A Bifocal Display Technique for Data Presentation.”In Proceedings of Eurographics’82, Conference of the European Association for Computers Graphics.pp:27~43,1982.
[49]李晓彤.几何光学·像差·光学设计.浙江大学出版社[M],2003.
[50] M. O. Scully.量子光学.世界图书出版公司北京公司[M],2000.
[51]杨蕸荪译.光学原理.电子工业出版社[M],2006.
[2] B.B.H. McCormick, T. A. DeFanti, and M. D. Brown, eds.,“Visualization in Scientific Computing”, Computer Graphics, Vol. 21, No. 6, Nov. 1987.
[3] G. Robertson, S. K. Card and J. D. Mackinlay.“The Cognitive Co-processor for Interactive User Interfaces”. Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH symposium on User Interface software and technology,[J] 1989, pp: 10 - 18.
[4] Stuart Card, Jock Mackinlay, Ben Shneiderman.Readind in Information Visualization:Using Vision to Think. Morgan Kaufmann,1999
[5]董士海、王坚、戴国忠等,《人机交互和多通道用户界面》,科学出版社,1999年8月。
[6]李玉忠.虚拟现实技术综述与基于Internet的虚拟培训系统设计[J].计算机工程与应用,2002,(15):pp.127-149.
[7] B. Anderson, A. McGrath. Strategies for Mutability in Virtual Environments. Virtual Worlds on the Internet, J. Vince and R. Earnshaw, eds. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE CS Press, 1998:pp.123-134.
[8] Matthew Uyttendaele, Antonio Criminisi, Sing Bing Kang, et al. Image-Based Interactive Exploration of Real-World Environments. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications[J], May/June 2004:pp.52.
[9] Balkrishnan . R. et al. User Interface for Volumetric Displays [J], IEEE Computer, 2001 ,34(3).pp:37~46.
[10] Jauvane C. de Oliveira, Seok-Jong Yu, Nicolas D. Georganas. Synchronized World Embedding in Virtual Environments. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications [J], July/August 2004. 24(4): pp.73-83.
[11] Feiner .S.K., and Beshers,C.“Worlds within Worlds: Metaphors for Exploring n-Dimensional Virtual Worlds”. Proceedings of UIST’90 ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology[J]. pp:76~83.
[12] F. Van Ham,“Using Multi-level Call Matrices in Large Software Project”. Proc. IEEE symposium.Information Visualization (INFOVIS’03). T. Munzner and S. North, eds., pp: 227~232 , 2003.
[13] Wise, J.A., Thomas, J.J., Pennok,K., Lantrip, D., Pottier, M., Schur, A., and Crow, V.“Visualizing the Non-Visual: Spatial Analysis and Interaction with Information from Text Documents”. Proceeding of INFOVIS’95. IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, New York.pp:51~58.
[14] Chi, E. H., Pitkow, J., Machinlay, J., Pirolli, P., Grssweiler, R., Card, S.K.“Visualization the Evolution of Web Ecologies”. Proceeding sof CHI’98. ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing System.pp:400~407.
[15] Eick, S. G., Steffen, J. L., and Sumner, E.E. (1992).“Seesoft-A Tool for Visualizing Line Oriented Software Statistics”. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,[J] 18(11-Nov),pp:957~968.
[16]“Visual Text Analysis”. http://multimedia.pnl.gon:2080/infoviz/spire/spire.html
[17] Chi,E.H., Pitkow,J., Machinlay,J., Pirolli,p., Grssweiler,R., and Card S.k.(1998).“visualizing the Evolution of Web Ecologies”. Proceeding of CHI’98,ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.pp: 400~407
[18]黄斌,杨世洪,吴钦章.特大图像快速浏览解决方案研究及实现.计算机应用研究[J],2005年第3期:pp:171-173, 190.
[19] Seok-Hee Hong, Peter Eades. Wanchuli.“A Framework for Visualizing Large Graphs”. Proceeding of the Ninth International on Information Visualization(IV’05)[J], 150~158.
[20] G . Loftus and E . Loftus.“Human Memory : the Proceeding of Information”. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . Inc.1976.
[21] J.C.Oliveira, X.Shen, N.D.Georganas. Collaborative Virtual Environment for Industrial Training and e-Commerce. Proc. Workshop on Application of Virtual Reality Technologies for Future Telecommunication Systems, IEEE Globecom'2000 Conference[C], Nov.-Dec.2000 , San Francisco.
[22] S.Shirmohammadi, N. D. Georganas. Collaborating in 3D Virtual Environments: A Synchronous Architecture. Proc. IEEE 9th International Workshops on Enabling Technologies: Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE'00)[C]. Publication Date: March 2000.pp:35-42.
[23] J.C.Oliveira, M.Hosseini, S. Shirmohammadi, et al. Virtual Theater for Industrial Training: A Collaborative Virtual Environment. Proc. 4th World Multiconference on Circuits, Systems, Communications & Computers (CSCC 2000)[C], Athens, Greece, July 2000, Vol. IV: pp:294-299.
[24]伯彭波,张彩明.带约束的曲面放缩.软件学报[J] , 2003, Vol.14,No.10,pp:1806~1812.
[25]逯峰,杨朝霞,关履泰. Tikhonov正则化方法在带噪数字图像缩放中的应用.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J], Vol.14,No.7,2002,pp:651~653,658.
[26]朱宁,吴静,王忠谦.图像放大的偏微分方程方法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],Vol.17,No.9,2005,pp:1941~1945.
[27] Rao,R., and Card, S.K.“The Table Lens: Merging Graphical and SymbolicRepresentations in an Interactive Focus+ Context Visualization for Tabular Information”[J]. Proceedings of CHI’94, ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems [J] .New York. 312~318 and pp:481~482.
[28] Andy Cockburn., and Joshua Savage.“Comparing Speed-Dependent Automatic Zooming with Traditional Scroll, Pan, and Zoom Methods”[J]. IEEE Symposium. Information Visualization (INFOVIS’03).pp:146~153.
[29] Furnas,G.W.(1986)“Generalized Fisheye Views”.In Proc ACM CHI’86 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,pp:16~23,Boston,Massachusetts,April 13-17,ACM Press.
[30] Sarkar,M. And Brown,M.H. (1992)“Graphical Fisheye Views of Graphs”. In Proc ACM CHI’92 Conference on Human Factors inComputing Systems,pp:189~194,Monteray ,California, May 3-7,ACM Press.
[31] Collaud, G., et .al.(1995).“A Distorted-View Approach to Assisting Web Navigation. In New Paradigms in Information Visualization and Manipulation,(In Conjunction With CIKM’95),pp:95~100,ACM Press, New York, New York.
[32] Lamping, J. S., and R. Rao (1996),“Visualizing Large Tree Using Hyperbolic Browser”.In Proceedings of ACM Conference on Human Computer Interaction.pp:388~389,ACM Press,New York, New York.
[33] Bederson, B.,et.al.A Zooming Web Browser .In Human Factors and Web Development.(Forsythe, D., Ratner,J., and Grose, E. Eds )pp:255~266,Lawrence Erlbaum,New Jersey.
[34]张讲社,徐宗本,阮奕文.一类模拟生物复眼几何结构的数据处理方法——方向量子化表示的理论.计算机学报[J],Vol.23,No.6,2000.pp:609~614.
[35]贾云得,吕宏静,徐岸,刘万春.一种鱼眼镜头成像立体视觉系统的标定方法.计算机学报[J],Vol.23,No.11,2000.pp:1215~1219.
[36] T. Igarashi and K. Hinckley,“Speed-Dependent Automatic Zooming for Browsing Large Documents”, CHI letters, Vol.2,No.2,2000pp:139~148.Proc.UIST 2000.ACM symp. User Interface Software and Technology .
[37] J.J. Van and W.A.A. Nuij,“Smooth and Efficient Zooming and Panning”,Proc. IEEE Symp. Information Visualization 2003( INFOVIS2003),T. Munzner and S. North,eds.,pp:15~22,2003.
[38]孙家广,漆驰,刘强.摄像机图像序列的全景图拼接.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],Vol.13, No.7, 2001.pp:1~5.
[39]潘云鹤,杨建,耿卫东,李明.基于图像的虚拟景观漫游.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],Vol.13, No.3, 2001,pp:1~7.
[40]李将云,杨勋年,汪国昭.图像放缩的离散算法.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报[J],Vol.15,No.3,2003,pp:297~301.
[41]张三元,汪国昭.曲率连续的有理二次样条插值的一种优化方法.软件学报[J],Vol.12,No.8,2001.pp:1190~1196.
[42] Guiard, Y., Bourgeois, F., Mottet, D., and Beaudouinlafon, M.“Beyond the 10-bit Barrier : Fitts’Law in Multiscale Electronic Worlds”. In People and Computers XV Interactions without Frontiers. Proceedings of IHMHCI 2001(Lille, France ,2001),Springer-Verlag.pp:573~587.
[43] Hinckley, K., Cutrell, E., Bathiche, S., and Muss, T.“Quantitative Analysis of Scrolling Techniques”In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems : Changing Our World, Changing Ourselves ACM Press ,Minneapolis Minnesota USA 2002.pp:65~72.
[44] Mackinlay, J. D., Robertson, G .G .and Card, S.K.(1991),“The Perspective Wall: Detail and Context Smoothly Integrated”. In Proc ACM CHI’91 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems,pp:173~179,New Orleans, Louisiana, April 28-May 2,ACM Press.
[45] George G . Robertson, Jock D . Mackinlay and Stuart K. Card.“Conr Tees: Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierachical Information”. Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference Proceedings on Reaching Through Technology, 1991,pp:189~194.
[46] Schaffer, D. and Greenberg, S. (1993)“Shifting through Hierarchical Information”. ACM INTERCHI’93, Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Amsterdam, April 24-29.
[47] B. Berdson, L. Stead, and J. Hollan.“Pad++: Advance in Multiscale Interfaces”. In ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(CHI’94). pp:315~316,1994.
[48] M. Apperley,I. Tzarvaras, and R. Spence.“A Bifocal Display Technique for Data Presentation.”In Proceedings of Eurographics’82, Conference of the European Association for Computers Graphics.pp:27~43,1982.
[49]李晓彤.几何光学·像差·光学设计.浙江大学出版社[M],2003.
[50] M. O. Scully.量子光学.世界图书出版公司北京公司[M],2000.
[51]杨蕸荪译.光学原理.电子工业出版社[M],2006.
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