中国服务业集聚效应的区域比较研究
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摘要
产业集聚与劳动生产率的增长是一个相伴相生的过程。在产业集聚理论中,集聚对劳动生产率的影响被归为集聚效应的一种。适当规模和结构的产业集聚能够扩大产业范围,产生正向的集聚效应；反之,则容易导致集聚的扩散,产生负向的集聚效应。在经济全球化的背景下,服务业比重不断上升是一个得到普遍认可的规律,服务业集聚成为人们广泛关注的经济现象。近年来,我国服务业集聚呈现出由东部沿海向中西部内陆扩展的趋势,各地区政府纷纷出台鼓励服务业集聚发展的政策措施以提高区域服务业的竞争力。正因为如此,考察我国服务业集聚的效应并进行区域比较,成为服务经济时代值得剖析的现实问题。
作为一种空间企业组织形式,学术界把产业集聚划分为两种形式,同一产业类型的产业集聚和不同产业类型的产业集聚。前者也被称为专业化产业集聚,后者又被称为多样化产业集聚。不同的集聚结构会产生不同的集聚效应,本文正是基于产业集聚效应理论,考察两种服务业集聚结构对服务业劳动生产率的影响。具体方法是,在概念界定和理论阐述的基础上,通过生产函数的推导分别构建服务业专业化集聚和多样化集聚经济效应的计量经济学模型,并使用1996年-2008年中国省级面板数据进行实证分析。在考察了全国服务业集聚效应之后,按行政区划将中国划分为东北、华北、华东、华南、华中、西北和西南7大区域,分别考察区域服务业集聚效应并进行比较,得出实证结果。
通过理论分析和实证研究,本文得出一些主要结论。一是在全国范围内,两种集聚结构的集聚效应恰好相反,专业化集聚的效应显著为正,多样化集聚的效应显著为负。在7个地区中,专业化集聚效应显著为正,除华东地区外其他地区多样化集聚效应显著为负。二是两种集聚结构下,华东地区的集聚效应都排在所有地区的首位,华中地区的排序都较为靠后。计量经济方法具有较强的政策倾向性,基于实证研究的主要结论,本文最后提出了推动服务业专业化集聚发展、注重服务业与制造业配套发展以及加强中部地区服务业集聚发展的政策建议。
Labor productivity growth is a concomitant of industry agglomeration. In the theory of industrial agglomeration, the agglomeration's influence on labor productivity is also called one of the agglomeration effects. Appropriate size and structure of industrial agglomeration will expand the scope of industry and generate positive agglomeration effects. Conversely, it will easily cause the diffusion of industrial agglomeration and produce negative effects. In the circumstances of economic globalization, the increasing proportion of services has become a generally accepted rule, and it also makes a wide range of concerns about the phenomenon of services agglomeration. In recent years, the services agglomeration shows an expanding trend from east coast to central& western inland, regional governments issued a serious of measures which encouraging the development of services agglomeration in order to enhance the competitiveness of local services. That is why we consider agglomeration effects of service industry in china as a practical issue which worth analyzing in service economy times.
As a spatial form of enterprise organization, there are two structures of industrial agglomeration academically. One is agglomeration of the same type of industry, which is also called localization agglomeration. The other one is agglomeration of different type of industries, which is also called urbanization agglomeration. Different structures make different effects, based on the theory of industrial agglomeration, this thesis examines the influence of two agglomeration structures on labor productivity. The specific framework is as followed. On the basis of definition of core concepts and theoretical explanation, we establish the econometric models of localization agglomeration and urbanization agglomeration respectively by deriving production function, and then use panel data from 1996 to 2008 on province level in China to analyze empirically. After studying the overall agglomeration effects, we divide our country into seven regions, Northeast, North China, East China, South China, Central China, Northwest and Southwest. By examining and comparing the regional agglomeration effects, we obtain the empirical result.
We get some main conclusions through theoretical analysis and empirical research. For one thing, in the whole country, the agglomeration effects under two structures are just on the contrary, the localization agglomeration effect is significantly positive, whereas the urbanization agglomeration effect is significantly negative. In seven regions, the localization agglomeration effect is significantly positive, whereas the urbanization agglomeration effect is significantly negative except East China. For another thing, in regional comparison under two structures, the effects in East China are higher than that of in other regions, the effects in Central China are lower than other regions relatively. As the econometric method has a strong policy orientation, we put forward some counter proposals at last, such as promoting the localization agglomeration of service industry, focusing on the match of services and manufacturing industries and strengthen the agglomeration development of services in Central China.
作为一种空间企业组织形式,学术界把产业集聚划分为两种形式,同一产业类型的产业集聚和不同产业类型的产业集聚。前者也被称为专业化产业集聚,后者又被称为多样化产业集聚。不同的集聚结构会产生不同的集聚效应,本文正是基于产业集聚效应理论,考察两种服务业集聚结构对服务业劳动生产率的影响。具体方法是,在概念界定和理论阐述的基础上,通过生产函数的推导分别构建服务业专业化集聚和多样化集聚经济效应的计量经济学模型,并使用1996年-2008年中国省级面板数据进行实证分析。在考察了全国服务业集聚效应之后,按行政区划将中国划分为东北、华北、华东、华南、华中、西北和西南7大区域,分别考察区域服务业集聚效应并进行比较,得出实证结果。
通过理论分析和实证研究,本文得出一些主要结论。一是在全国范围内,两种集聚结构的集聚效应恰好相反,专业化集聚的效应显著为正,多样化集聚的效应显著为负。在7个地区中,专业化集聚效应显著为正,除华东地区外其他地区多样化集聚效应显著为负。二是两种集聚结构下,华东地区的集聚效应都排在所有地区的首位,华中地区的排序都较为靠后。计量经济方法具有较强的政策倾向性,基于实证研究的主要结论,本文最后提出了推动服务业专业化集聚发展、注重服务业与制造业配套发展以及加强中部地区服务业集聚发展的政策建议。
Labor productivity growth is a concomitant of industry agglomeration. In the theory of industrial agglomeration, the agglomeration's influence on labor productivity is also called one of the agglomeration effects. Appropriate size and structure of industrial agglomeration will expand the scope of industry and generate positive agglomeration effects. Conversely, it will easily cause the diffusion of industrial agglomeration and produce negative effects. In the circumstances of economic globalization, the increasing proportion of services has become a generally accepted rule, and it also makes a wide range of concerns about the phenomenon of services agglomeration. In recent years, the services agglomeration shows an expanding trend from east coast to central& western inland, regional governments issued a serious of measures which encouraging the development of services agglomeration in order to enhance the competitiveness of local services. That is why we consider agglomeration effects of service industry in china as a practical issue which worth analyzing in service economy times.
As a spatial form of enterprise organization, there are two structures of industrial agglomeration academically. One is agglomeration of the same type of industry, which is also called localization agglomeration. The other one is agglomeration of different type of industries, which is also called urbanization agglomeration. Different structures make different effects, based on the theory of industrial agglomeration, this thesis examines the influence of two agglomeration structures on labor productivity. The specific framework is as followed. On the basis of definition of core concepts and theoretical explanation, we establish the econometric models of localization agglomeration and urbanization agglomeration respectively by deriving production function, and then use panel data from 1996 to 2008 on province level in China to analyze empirically. After studying the overall agglomeration effects, we divide our country into seven regions, Northeast, North China, East China, South China, Central China, Northwest and Southwest. By examining and comparing the regional agglomeration effects, we obtain the empirical result.
We get some main conclusions through theoretical analysis and empirical research. For one thing, in the whole country, the agglomeration effects under two structures are just on the contrary, the localization agglomeration effect is significantly positive, whereas the urbanization agglomeration effect is significantly negative. In seven regions, the localization agglomeration effect is significantly positive, whereas the urbanization agglomeration effect is significantly negative except East China. For another thing, in regional comparison under two structures, the effects in East China are higher than that of in other regions, the effects in Central China are lower than other regions relatively. As the econometric method has a strong policy orientation, we put forward some counter proposals at last, such as promoting the localization agglomeration of service industry, focusing on the match of services and manufacturing industries and strengthen the agglomeration development of services in Central China.
引文
[1]马鹏,李文秀.服务业的空间集聚与城市经济发展实证研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2010(3)：87.
[2]李文秀,谭力文.服务业集聚的二维评价模型及实证研究：以美国服务业为例[J].中国工业经济,2008(4)：55.
[3]中国人民大学竞争力与评价研究中心.中国31省市服务业竞争力评价报告[N].中国信息报,2003,8,22：(1)
[4]亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2005.
[5]刘周洋,钟韵.中国制造业集聚与服务业集聚对比的初步探讨[J].经济问题探索,2009(11)：63.
[6]D. Keeble& F. Wilkinson(eds.). High-technology Clusters, Networking and Collective Learning in Europe [M]. Aldershot:Ashgate,2000.
[7]D. Keeblele& L. Nachum. Why Do Business Service Firms Cluster? Small Consultancies, Clustering and Decentralization in London and Southern England [J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers.2002,1(27):67-90.
[8]Hoover E. The Location of Economic Activity [M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1948.
[9]Weber A. Theory of the Location of Industries [M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1929.
[10]Fujita, M & P. Krugman. The New Economic Geography:Past, Present, and the Future [J]. Papers in Regional Science,2004(83):139-164.
[11]M. Porter. Clusters and the New Economics of Competition [J]. Harvard Business Review,1998(11):80-81.
[12]Henderson J. Externalities and Industrial Development [J]. Journal of Urban Economics,1997,42(3):449-470.
[13]陈国亮.新经济地理学视角下的生产性服务业集聚研究[D].浙江：浙江大学政治经济学,2010.
[14]陈建军,陈国亮.集聚视角下的服务业发展与区位选择：一个最新研究综述[J].浙江大学学报,2009(7)：47.
[15]K. Desmet& M. Fafchamps. Changes in the Spatial Concentration of Employment across US Countries:A Sectoral Analysis 1972-2000[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2005, 3(5):261-284.
[16]D. Grimes, P. B. Prime& M.B. Walker. Change in the Concentration of Employment in Computer Services:Spatial Estimation at the US Metro County Level [J]. Growth and Change,2007,1 (38):39-55.
[17]D.0'Donoghue & B. Gleave. A Note on Methods for Measuring Industrial Agglomeration [J]. Regional Studies,2004,4(38):419-427.
[18]P. Braunerhjelm & D. Johansson. The Determinants of Spatial Concentration:The Manufacturing and Service Sectors in an International Perspective [J]. Industry and Innovation,2003,1(10):41-63.
[19]Alvin. J. Silk& Charles King III. Concentration levels in the U.S. advertising and marketing services industry:myth vs. reality [J]. Harvard Business School Working Paper,2008,9:44.
[20]P. N.0'Farrell. Manufacturing Demand for Business Services [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics,1995,4 (19):523-543.
[21]P. W. Daniels. Service Industries:A Geographical Appraisal [M]. London:Methuen, 1985.
[22]A. Leyshon. Geographies of Money and Finance Ⅲ [J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1998,3(22):433-446.
[23]Naresh&Gary. The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering in British Financial Service [J].The Service Industries Journal,2001.
[24]Combes Pierre-Philippe. Economic Structure and Local Growth:France,1984-1993[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2000,47,329-355.
[25]Uwe Blien and Jens Suedekum. Local Economic Structure and Industry Development in Germany:1993-2001[J]. Economics Bulletin,2005(15),17:1-8.
[26]Dekle R. Industrial Concentration and Regional Growth:Evidence from the Prefectures [J]. Review of Economics and Statistics,2002,84:310-315.
[27]A. Ciccone. Agglomeration Effects in Europe [J]. European Economic Review,2002,2 (46):213-227.
[28]M.Strorper& R. Walker. The capitalist imperative territory, technology and industrial growth [M]. Oxford:Blackwell,1989.
[29]A. J.Scott. New Industrial Spaces [M]. London:1986.
[30]程大中,陈福炯.中国服务业相对密集度及对其劳动生产率的影响[J].管理世界,2005(2)：77-84.
[31]杨向阳,童馨乐.长三角地区服务业集聚的实证分析[J].南京农业大学学报,2009,4(9)：59.
[32]童馨乐,杨向阳,陈嫒.中国服务业集聚的经济效应分析：基于劳动生产率视角[J].产业经济研究,2009(6)：30.
[33]金荣学,许广月.现代服务业集聚效应与经济发展研究_基于中国省级面板数据的实证分析[J].财政研究,2009(11)：14-15.
[34]洪银兴.城市功能意义的城市化及其产业支持[J].经济学家,2003(2)：29-36.
[35]王朝阳,何德旭.英国金融服务业的集群式发展：经验及启示[J].世界经济,2008(3)：89-95.
[36]蒋三庚.现代服务业研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2007.
[37]范剑勇.产业集聚与地区间劳动生产率差异[J].经济研究,2006(11)：72-81.
[38]刘修岩.集聚经济与劳动生产率：基于中国城市面板数据的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2009(7)：109.
[39]胡霞.集聚效应对中国城市服务业发展差异[J].财贸研究,2007(1)：44.
[40]张明倩.中国产业集聚现象统计模型及应用研究[M].北京：中国标准出版社,1997.
[41]张淑静.产业集群的识别、测度和绩效评价研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学西方经济学,2006.
[42]马风华,刘俊.我国服务业地区性集聚程度实证研究[J].经济管理,2006(23)：10.
[43]袁鹏.我国制造业劳动生产率地区差异的演变趋势与成因研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学管理科学与工程,2008.
[44]陆学燕.服务业集聚对其劳动生产率影响的研究[D].南京：南京理工大学产业经济学,2009.
[45]赵祥.产业集聚效应与企业成长-基于广东省城市面板数据的实证研究[J].南方经济,2009(8)：27.
[46]张元智.产业集群中的知识学习与创新活动[J].西安交通大学学报,2004,3(24)：14.
[47]顾乃华.1992-2002年我国服务业增长效率的实证分析[J].财贸经济,2005(4)：86.
[48]刘修言.产业集聚与经济增长-一个文献综述[J].产业经济研究,2009(3)：71.
[2]李文秀,谭力文.服务业集聚的二维评价模型及实证研究：以美国服务业为例[J].中国工业经济,2008(4)：55.
[3]中国人民大学竞争力与评价研究中心.中国31省市服务业竞争力评价报告[N].中国信息报,2003,8,22：(1)
[4]亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].北京：商务印书馆,2005.
[5]刘周洋,钟韵.中国制造业集聚与服务业集聚对比的初步探讨[J].经济问题探索,2009(11)：63.
[6]D. Keeble& F. Wilkinson(eds.). High-technology Clusters, Networking and Collective Learning in Europe [M]. Aldershot:Ashgate,2000.
[7]D. Keeblele& L. Nachum. Why Do Business Service Firms Cluster? Small Consultancies, Clustering and Decentralization in London and Southern England [J]. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers.2002,1(27):67-90.
[8]Hoover E. The Location of Economic Activity [M].New York:McGraw-Hill,1948.
[9]Weber A. Theory of the Location of Industries [M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1929.
[10]Fujita, M & P. Krugman. The New Economic Geography:Past, Present, and the Future [J]. Papers in Regional Science,2004(83):139-164.
[11]M. Porter. Clusters and the New Economics of Competition [J]. Harvard Business Review,1998(11):80-81.
[12]Henderson J. Externalities and Industrial Development [J]. Journal of Urban Economics,1997,42(3):449-470.
[13]陈国亮.新经济地理学视角下的生产性服务业集聚研究[D].浙江：浙江大学政治经济学,2010.
[14]陈建军,陈国亮.集聚视角下的服务业发展与区位选择：一个最新研究综述[J].浙江大学学报,2009(7)：47.
[15]K. Desmet& M. Fafchamps. Changes in the Spatial Concentration of Employment across US Countries:A Sectoral Analysis 1972-2000[J]. Journal of Economic Geography,2005, 3(5):261-284.
[16]D. Grimes, P. B. Prime& M.B. Walker. Change in the Concentration of Employment in Computer Services:Spatial Estimation at the US Metro County Level [J]. Growth and Change,2007,1 (38):39-55.
[17]D.0'Donoghue & B. Gleave. A Note on Methods for Measuring Industrial Agglomeration [J]. Regional Studies,2004,4(38):419-427.
[18]P. Braunerhjelm & D. Johansson. The Determinants of Spatial Concentration:The Manufacturing and Service Sectors in an International Perspective [J]. Industry and Innovation,2003,1(10):41-63.
[19]Alvin. J. Silk& Charles King III. Concentration levels in the U.S. advertising and marketing services industry:myth vs. reality [J]. Harvard Business School Working Paper,2008,9:44.
[20]P. N.0'Farrell. Manufacturing Demand for Business Services [J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics,1995,4 (19):523-543.
[21]P. W. Daniels. Service Industries:A Geographical Appraisal [M]. London:Methuen, 1985.
[22]A. Leyshon. Geographies of Money and Finance Ⅲ [J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1998,3(22):433-446.
[23]Naresh&Gary. The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering in British Financial Service [J].The Service Industries Journal,2001.
[24]Combes Pierre-Philippe. Economic Structure and Local Growth:France,1984-1993[J]. Journal of Urban Economics,2000,47,329-355.
[25]Uwe Blien and Jens Suedekum. Local Economic Structure and Industry Development in Germany:1993-2001[J]. Economics Bulletin,2005(15),17:1-8.
[26]Dekle R. Industrial Concentration and Regional Growth:Evidence from the Prefectures [J]. Review of Economics and Statistics,2002,84:310-315.
[27]A. Ciccone. Agglomeration Effects in Europe [J]. European Economic Review,2002,2 (46):213-227.
[28]M.Strorper& R. Walker. The capitalist imperative territory, technology and industrial growth [M]. Oxford:Blackwell,1989.
[29]A. J.Scott. New Industrial Spaces [M]. London:1986.
[30]程大中,陈福炯.中国服务业相对密集度及对其劳动生产率的影响[J].管理世界,2005(2)：77-84.
[31]杨向阳,童馨乐.长三角地区服务业集聚的实证分析[J].南京农业大学学报,2009,4(9)：59.
[32]童馨乐,杨向阳,陈嫒.中国服务业集聚的经济效应分析：基于劳动生产率视角[J].产业经济研究,2009(6)：30.
[33]金荣学,许广月.现代服务业集聚效应与经济发展研究_基于中国省级面板数据的实证分析[J].财政研究,2009(11)：14-15.
[34]洪银兴.城市功能意义的城市化及其产业支持[J].经济学家,2003(2)：29-36.
[35]王朝阳,何德旭.英国金融服务业的集群式发展：经验及启示[J].世界经济,2008(3)：89-95.
[36]蒋三庚.现代服务业研究[M].北京：中国经济出版社,2007.
[37]范剑勇.产业集聚与地区间劳动生产率差异[J].经济研究,2006(11)：72-81.
[38]刘修岩.集聚经济与劳动生产率：基于中国城市面板数据的实证研究[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2009(7)：109.
[39]胡霞.集聚效应对中国城市服务业发展差异[J].财贸研究,2007(1)：44.
[40]张明倩.中国产业集聚现象统计模型及应用研究[M].北京：中国标准出版社,1997.
[41]张淑静.产业集群的识别、测度和绩效评价研究[D].武汉：华中科技大学西方经济学,2006.
[42]马风华,刘俊.我国服务业地区性集聚程度实证研究[J].经济管理,2006(23)：10.
[43]袁鹏.我国制造业劳动生产率地区差异的演变趋势与成因研究[D].南京：南京航空航天大学管理科学与工程,2008.
[44]陆学燕.服务业集聚对其劳动生产率影响的研究[D].南京：南京理工大学产业经济学,2009.
[45]赵祥.产业集聚效应与企业成长-基于广东省城市面板数据的实证研究[J].南方经济,2009(8)：27.
[46]张元智.产业集群中的知识学习与创新活动[J].西安交通大学学报,2004,3(24)：14.
[47]顾乃华.1992-2002年我国服务业增长效率的实证分析[J].财贸经济,2005(4)：86.
[48]刘修言.产业集聚与经济增长-一个文献综述[J].产业经济研究,2009(3)：71.
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