杭嘉湖平原稻田不同施氮水平下氮素利用效率及环境效应研究
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摘要
水稻是浙江省杭嘉湖地区主栽作物之一。近几年,随着测土配方施肥等技术的推广和应用,单位耕地面积化肥施用量有所降低,但农民为了追求高产过量施用氮肥的现象仍普遍存在。氮肥的大量施用带来了诸多弊端,如氮肥利用率降低,施肥经济效益下降,农田土壤氮素流失加剧了水体的富营养化过程,氮素向地下渗漏造成地下水硝酸盐污染等,对生态环境造成威胁。研究以经济效益和环境效益综合评估为基础的推荐施肥技术体系,对于提高肥料利用效率、减少肥料损失,降低施肥对环境的负面影响具有十分重要的意义。为此,本研究选择位于杭嘉湖平原的农业部杭州水稻土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站(海宁杨渡镇)的滨海淡涂泥田土壤,以杂交粳稻浙优12为材料,进行大田定位试验,采用~(15)N同位素示踪等方法研究不同施氮水平对水稻生长和养分吸收、氮在土壤中的迁移与转化及氮素利用效率的影响,筛选以水稻产量、施肥经济效益与环境效应综合评估为基础的最佳氮肥推荐用量,评价不同施氮水平的环境生态效应,以期为该地区科学施肥提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:
1、杂交粳稻浙优12水稻株高、分蘖数及水稻植株含氮率随着施氮量增加而增加,杂交粳稻浙优12在杭嘉湖地区移栽后第35天分蘖数达到最高,当土壤中的铵态氮浓度低于15mg·kg~(-1)时分蘖受到抑制。在0~210kg·hm~(-2)施氮量内,水稻干物质积累量随施氮量增加而增加,施氮量超过210kg·hm~(-2)时水稻干物质出现下降趋势。施氮量在0~270kgN·hm~(-2)之间,水稻各生育期氮、磷、钾积累量均随着施氮量增加而增加,拔节期至抽穗期水稻植株吸氮量最大。在施氮量150kgN·hm~(-2)条件下增施有机肥促进水稻对氮磷钾的吸收。水稻产量与水稻全生育期氮、磷、钾的积累量具有显著正相关关系,以水稻产量与氮素积累量相关系数最大。
2、施氮量在0~330kgN·hm~(-2)之间,随着施氮量增加,水稻吸收单位面积养分生产的稻谷产量(养分内部利用率)降低,增施有机肥能提高养分内部利用率。氮素生理利用率(PNUE)和氮素吸收利用率(NRE)以210kgN·hm~(-2)的施氮水平最高,分别比无氮肥区提高了34.1g·g~(-1)和58.6%。当施氮量高于210kgN·hm~(-2)时,氮肥生理利用率和氮素吸收利用率随施氮量的增加而降低。同时利用~(15)N同位素示踪法证实,施氮量为150kgN·hm~(-2)下结合适量施用有机肥,有助于提高水稻的氮肥生理利用效率和氮肥吸收利用率,从而可以减少氮肥用量和降低环境污染。
3、施氮量在0~210kgN·hm~(-2)之间,杂交粳稻浙优12水稻产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,210kgN·hm~(-2)增产率最高,比无氮肥处理增产54.4%(2008年)和54.91%(2009年),施氮量增加主要是提高水稻的每穗粒数和有效穗数,对提高水稻千粒重和结实率的影响较小。在施化学氮肥0~150kgN·hm~(-2)范围内,增施有机肥对于增产起到了重要作用。应用环境经济学的Coase原理,根据2008~2009两年的大田试验结果,综合分析施氮量对水稻边际产量和氮素边际损失量的影响,提出杂交粳稻浙优12在杭嘉湖平原淡涂泥土壤最佳经济施氮量为219.9~234.8kg·hm~(-2),相应的水稻产量为9116.7～9796.4kg·hm~(-2);兼顾水稻产量、环境效益的合理施氮量为217.3~240.1kg·hm~(-2),相应的生态适宜产量为9119.8～9801.9kg·hm~(-2)。
4、水稻移栽后28天内,不同时期测得的稻田田面水中的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N浓度随施氮量的增加而增加,其高峰值的出现与施肥时间有关;耕作层土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N浓度的变化规律与田面水中基本一致。稻田径流水中的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N浓度均随着施氮量的增加而增加,与稻田田面水及耕层土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N浓度变化具有高度一致性,表明过量施氮对水环境污染存在很大的风险。土壤渗漏水中NH_4~+-N及NO_3~--N浓度较径流水中相应的氮素浓度低,其浓度变化与氮素用量有关,但其随施氮量变化的幅度较小,不及径流水中明显。施氮量大于270kgN·hm-2时稻田渗漏水中NH_4~+-N浓度已超过地下水质量标准的IV级(铵态氮为0.5mg·L-1)规定范围。氨挥发速率具有随施氮量的增加而增加的趋势,基肥后的氨挥发速率最快,累计氨挥发总量最高,与稻田田面水及耕作层土壤中NH_4~+-N浓度变化有很大的一致性。但各施氮处理间累计氨挥发总量差异不明显。
Rice is one of the main cultivated crops in Hangjiahu plain of Zhejiang Province. In the past few years, the amount of fertilizer used in unit land area decreased with the promotion and application of formula fertilization by soil testing.But the farmers in pursuit of high-yield excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer remains widespread. Large number of nitrogen fertilizer brought about many disadvantages, such as reduced nitrogen use efficiency, declined fertilizer economic value, intensified the process of eutrophication, resulted in nitrate pollution to ground-water and posed a threat to ecological environment. The study of recommended fertilization system based on comprehensive assessment has significance on improving fertilizer use efficiency, reducing the negative effects of fertilization on environment. This study is located in Hangjiahu Plain in Hangzhou, the Ministry of Agriculture focus on the ecological environment of rice field soil scientific monitoring station (Haining Yangdu Town) in the coastal mud field light coating of soil. The purpose of this research is, chosing hybrid rice Zheyou 12 as materials for field localization test, using ~(15)N isotope tracer studies and other methods of nitrogen application, to study rice growth and nutrient uptake, nitrogen migration and transformation in the soil and nitrogen use efficiency, filter optimal amount of nitrogen fertilizer recommendation based on rice yield, economic and environmental effects of fertilizer integrated assessment, evaluate ecological effects under different N levels, and provide scientific basis for scientific fertilization to Hangjiahu plain region . The major findings are as follows:
1、The plant height, tiller number and nitrogen rate of hybrid rice Zheyou 12 increased with the rise of nitrogen, the number of tillers reached largest level after transplanting 35 days in Hangjiahu plain, the tillering was inhibited when ammonium concentrations in soil less than 15mg·kg~(-1.) The dry matter accumulation increased with the nitrogen applied level increasing at the range of 0~210kg·hm~(-2) nitrogen and trend to decline when nitrogen applied amoumt over 210kg·hm~(-2.) Nitrogen applied level under the range of 0~270kgN·hm~(-2),the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased with the rise of nitrogen, rice nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation decreased with increased nitrogen, nitrogen uptake reached largest in jointing to heading positive correlation between rice grain yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation in whole growth. And the correlation coefficient was significant maximum about grain yield and nitrogen accumulation between rice grain yield and N accumulation.
2、When nitrogen fertilizer appilied level between 0~330kgN·hm~(-2), rice production output by absorption of per unit weight nutrients (internal nutrient use efficiency) is decreased within nitrogen increased, internal nutrient use efficiency is increase with the organic manure. The highest nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NRE) is in 210kg·hm-2 of nitrogen treatment, which compared with nitrogen-free zone were increased 34.1g·g~(-1) and 58.6%. When the nitrogen fertilizer more than 210kgN·hm~(-2), the nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency decreases with the amount of nitrogen increases. This also confirmed by using ~(15)N isotope tracer method. Combined with appropriate organic fertilizer in 150kgN·hm~(-2) treatment will improve rice nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NRE), and reduce nitrogen consumption and environmental pollution.
3、When nitrogen fertilizer applied level between 0~210kgN·hm~(-2), the yield of hybridization rice of Zheyou 12 increases with nitrogen fertilizer increasing. The highest yield rate is 210kgN·hm~(-2) treatment, which increased 54.4% (2008) and 54.91% (2009) compared with nitrogen-free zone. Nitrogen fertilizer increased is mainly to improve the number of rice grains per panicle and panicles of rice grain, and has little effect in improving the weight of 1000-seed and seed rate. When chemical nitrogen fertilizer application at the range of 0~150kgN·hm~(-2), increasing organic manure applied level played an important role for improving rice production. Application of Coase principles from environmental economics, according to 2008 and 2009 two years’field test results, comprehensive analysis of nitrogen application rate on the marginal production and marginal loss of nitrogen, proposed the hybridization rice of Zheyou 12 in Hangjiahu plain desalting mud polder’s economic nitrogen is 219.9~234.8kg·hm~(-2), corresponding rice yield is 9116.7~9796.4kg·hm~(-2), concern both rice production and environmental benefits of a reasonable amount of nitrogen is 217.3~240.1kg·hm~(-2), the corresponding ecological suitable for production of 9119.8~ 9801.9kg·hm~(-2.)
4、In the 28 days after transplanting, NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N concentrations in paddy field surface water increased with the raise of nitrogen applied in different periods,and the appear of peak value was related to fertilization time.The change of NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N concentration in farming layer soil was consistent with surface water. NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N concentration in runoff water increased with nitrogen applied increasing, and has a great consistency between the concentration in surface water and farming layer soil. It means excessive nitrogen applied has great risk on water pollution. NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N concentration in soil seepage water is lower than corresponding nitrogen concentration in runoff water, the concentration change was relate to nitrogen concentrantion,but the change is slighter than runoff water. NH_4~+-N concentration in soil seepage water was beyond the ground water quality standards (ammonium nitrogen was 0.5mg·L-1) when nitrogen applied level was over 270kgN·hm-2. Ammonia volatilization rate increased with the nitrogen applied level increasing, reached fastest level after the base fertiliaer applied, and the cumulative ammonia volatilization loss come to largest at the same time, has a great consistency to NH_4~+-N concentration change in surface water and farming layer soil.The cumulative ammonia volatilization has no significant difference among different nitrogen applied treatments.
1、杂交粳稻浙优12水稻株高、分蘖数及水稻植株含氮率随着施氮量增加而增加,杂交粳稻浙优12在杭嘉湖地区移栽后第35天分蘖数达到最高,当土壤中的铵态氮浓度低于15mg·kg~(-1)时分蘖受到抑制。在0~210kg·hm~(-2)施氮量内,水稻干物质积累量随施氮量增加而增加,施氮量超过210kg·hm~(-2)时水稻干物质出现下降趋势。施氮量在0~270kgN·hm~(-2)之间,水稻各生育期氮、磷、钾积累量均随着施氮量增加而增加,拔节期至抽穗期水稻植株吸氮量最大。在施氮量150kgN·hm~(-2)条件下增施有机肥促进水稻对氮磷钾的吸收。水稻产量与水稻全生育期氮、磷、钾的积累量具有显著正相关关系,以水稻产量与氮素积累量相关系数最大。
2、施氮量在0~330kgN·hm~(-2)之间,随着施氮量增加,水稻吸收单位面积养分生产的稻谷产量(养分内部利用率)降低,增施有机肥能提高养分内部利用率。氮素生理利用率(PNUE)和氮素吸收利用率(NRE)以210kgN·hm~(-2)的施氮水平最高,分别比无氮肥区提高了34.1g·g~(-1)和58.6%。当施氮量高于210kgN·hm~(-2)时,氮肥生理利用率和氮素吸收利用率随施氮量的增加而降低。同时利用~(15)N同位素示踪法证实,施氮量为150kgN·hm~(-2)下结合适量施用有机肥,有助于提高水稻的氮肥生理利用效率和氮肥吸收利用率,从而可以减少氮肥用量和降低环境污染。
3、施氮量在0~210kgN·hm~(-2)之间,杂交粳稻浙优12水稻产量随着施氮量的增加而增加,210kgN·hm~(-2)增产率最高,比无氮肥处理增产54.4%(2008年)和54.91%(2009年),施氮量增加主要是提高水稻的每穗粒数和有效穗数,对提高水稻千粒重和结实率的影响较小。在施化学氮肥0~150kgN·hm~(-2)范围内,增施有机肥对于增产起到了重要作用。应用环境经济学的Coase原理,根据2008~2009两年的大田试验结果,综合分析施氮量对水稻边际产量和氮素边际损失量的影响,提出杂交粳稻浙优12在杭嘉湖平原淡涂泥土壤最佳经济施氮量为219.9~234.8kg·hm~(-2),相应的水稻产量为9116.7～9796.4kg·hm~(-2);兼顾水稻产量、环境效益的合理施氮量为217.3~240.1kg·hm~(-2),相应的生态适宜产量为9119.8～9801.9kg·hm~(-2)。
4、水稻移栽后28天内,不同时期测得的稻田田面水中的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N浓度随施氮量的增加而增加,其高峰值的出现与施肥时间有关;耕作层土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N浓度的变化规律与田面水中基本一致。稻田径流水中的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N浓度均随着施氮量的增加而增加,与稻田田面水及耕层土壤中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N浓度变化具有高度一致性,表明过量施氮对水环境污染存在很大的风险。土壤渗漏水中NH_4~+-N及NO_3~--N浓度较径流水中相应的氮素浓度低,其浓度变化与氮素用量有关,但其随施氮量变化的幅度较小,不及径流水中明显。施氮量大于270kgN·hm-2时稻田渗漏水中NH_4~+-N浓度已超过地下水质量标准的IV级(铵态氮为0.5mg·L-1)规定范围。氨挥发速率具有随施氮量的增加而增加的趋势,基肥后的氨挥发速率最快,累计氨挥发总量最高,与稻田田面水及耕作层土壤中NH_4~+-N浓度变化有很大的一致性。但各施氮处理间累计氨挥发总量差异不明显。
Rice is one of the main cultivated crops in Hangjiahu plain of Zhejiang Province. In the past few years, the amount of fertilizer used in unit land area decreased with the promotion and application of formula fertilization by soil testing.But the farmers in pursuit of high-yield excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer remains widespread. Large number of nitrogen fertilizer brought about many disadvantages, such as reduced nitrogen use efficiency, declined fertilizer economic value, intensified the process of eutrophication, resulted in nitrate pollution to ground-water and posed a threat to ecological environment. The study of recommended fertilization system based on comprehensive assessment has significance on improving fertilizer use efficiency, reducing the negative effects of fertilization on environment. This study is located in Hangjiahu Plain in Hangzhou, the Ministry of Agriculture focus on the ecological environment of rice field soil scientific monitoring station (Haining Yangdu Town) in the coastal mud field light coating of soil. The purpose of this research is, chosing hybrid rice Zheyou 12 as materials for field localization test, using ~(15)N isotope tracer studies and other methods of nitrogen application, to study rice growth and nutrient uptake, nitrogen migration and transformation in the soil and nitrogen use efficiency, filter optimal amount of nitrogen fertilizer recommendation based on rice yield, economic and environmental effects of fertilizer integrated assessment, evaluate ecological effects under different N levels, and provide scientific basis for scientific fertilization to Hangjiahu plain region . The major findings are as follows:
1、The plant height, tiller number and nitrogen rate of hybrid rice Zheyou 12 increased with the rise of nitrogen, the number of tillers reached largest level after transplanting 35 days in Hangjiahu plain, the tillering was inhibited when ammonium concentrations in soil less than 15mg·kg~(-1.) The dry matter accumulation increased with the nitrogen applied level increasing at the range of 0~210kg·hm~(-2) nitrogen and trend to decline when nitrogen applied amoumt over 210kg·hm~(-2.) Nitrogen applied level under the range of 0~270kgN·hm~(-2),the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased with the rise of nitrogen, rice nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation decreased with increased nitrogen, nitrogen uptake reached largest in jointing to heading positive correlation between rice grain yield and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium accumulation in whole growth. And the correlation coefficient was significant maximum about grain yield and nitrogen accumulation between rice grain yield and N accumulation.
2、When nitrogen fertilizer appilied level between 0~330kgN·hm~(-2), rice production output by absorption of per unit weight nutrients (internal nutrient use efficiency) is decreased within nitrogen increased, internal nutrient use efficiency is increase with the organic manure. The highest nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NRE) is in 210kg·hm-2 of nitrogen treatment, which compared with nitrogen-free zone were increased 34.1g·g~(-1) and 58.6%. When the nitrogen fertilizer more than 210kgN·hm~(-2), the nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen uptake efficiency decreases with the amount of nitrogen increases. This also confirmed by using ~(15)N isotope tracer method. Combined with appropriate organic fertilizer in 150kgN·hm~(-2) treatment will improve rice nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) and nitrogen uptake efficiency (NRE), and reduce nitrogen consumption and environmental pollution.
3、When nitrogen fertilizer applied level between 0~210kgN·hm~(-2), the yield of hybridization rice of Zheyou 12 increases with nitrogen fertilizer increasing. The highest yield rate is 210kgN·hm~(-2) treatment, which increased 54.4% (2008) and 54.91% (2009) compared with nitrogen-free zone. Nitrogen fertilizer increased is mainly to improve the number of rice grains per panicle and panicles of rice grain, and has little effect in improving the weight of 1000-seed and seed rate. When chemical nitrogen fertilizer application at the range of 0~150kgN·hm~(-2), increasing organic manure applied level played an important role for improving rice production. Application of Coase principles from environmental economics, according to 2008 and 2009 two years’field test results, comprehensive analysis of nitrogen application rate on the marginal production and marginal loss of nitrogen, proposed the hybridization rice of Zheyou 12 in Hangjiahu plain desalting mud polder’s economic nitrogen is 219.9~234.8kg·hm~(-2), corresponding rice yield is 9116.7~9796.4kg·hm~(-2), concern both rice production and environmental benefits of a reasonable amount of nitrogen is 217.3~240.1kg·hm~(-2), the corresponding ecological suitable for production of 9119.8~ 9801.9kg·hm~(-2.)
4、In the 28 days after transplanting, NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N concentrations in paddy field surface water increased with the raise of nitrogen applied in different periods,and the appear of peak value was related to fertilization time.The change of NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N concentration in farming layer soil was consistent with surface water. NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N concentration in runoff water increased with nitrogen applied increasing, and has a great consistency between the concentration in surface water and farming layer soil. It means excessive nitrogen applied has great risk on water pollution. NH_4~+-N and NO_3~--N concentration in soil seepage water is lower than corresponding nitrogen concentration in runoff water, the concentration change was relate to nitrogen concentrantion,but the change is slighter than runoff water. NH_4~+-N concentration in soil seepage water was beyond the ground water quality standards (ammonium nitrogen was 0.5mg·L-1) when nitrogen applied level was over 270kgN·hm-2. Ammonia volatilization rate increased with the nitrogen applied level increasing, reached fastest level after the base fertiliaer applied, and the cumulative ammonia volatilization loss come to largest at the same time, has a great consistency to NH_4~+-N concentration change in surface water and farming layer soil.The cumulative ammonia volatilization has no significant difference among different nitrogen applied treatments.
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