不同农业措施下东太湖水稻土N、P养分年流失比较
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摘要
本文选取了太湖东岸地区黄泥土上13年的长期不同施肥处理某试验田进行了土壤全磷、树脂磷和水溶性磷的分析测定,通过质量平衡定理估算了黄泥土水稻土上不同处理下一年磷素的流失量,并在相邻的青紫泥水稻土地区选取了试验地点,观测不同农业措施下(包括施肥和种植的差异)氮磷的流失,并通过计算径流和侧渗流失得到一年内的氮磷流失量,同时根据不同施肥处理下产量和环境负荷的差异,评价了不同施肥措施下农田氮磷污染负荷与经济产量效益的差异,为寻找环境效应和经济效益的最佳切入点提供依据。本文的主要结论如下:
在黄泥土水稻土上试验结果表明,年施磷量介于0-53kg/(hm~2·a),土壤全磷介于0.3-0.5g·kg~(-1)。根据土壤磷素的质量平衡,计算表明该水稻土存在的磷素流失量介于2-8kg/(hm~2·a),单施化肥下的流失量最大,为配施有机肥处理的2-4倍;水溶性磷的比率在0.2%-0.4%间,且不同施肥实践对其的影响不明显。但单施化肥有使亚表层树脂磷和水溶性含量提高的倾向。长期施用化肥配施大量鲜猪粪使树脂磷含量提高20-40mg/kg,但与长期施用化肥配施秸秆的处理一样没有发生在有机质增加下的磷活化而提高磷流失。坚持和推广配施适量有机肥,避免长期单施化肥,可以防止水稻土磷的强烈水流失。
在青紫泥水稻土上的试验结果表明,几种处理冬春季节,氮磷的流失量分别只有1 kg/hm~2和0.03kg/hm~2左右,冬季前施入农田的大量氮磷未出现明显的流失。而开春之后追施的尿素以及增多的降雨对氮素流失影响较大,施肥处理中氮素流失表现出了对春季施肥的明显响应。而磷素的流失则较为平稳,呈现出背景流失的规律。
水稻种植初期大量施肥后,施肥处理下稻田田面水和径流水中全氮全磷的含量分别达到了33mg/kg-18mg/kg和1.2mg/kg-0.4mg/kg,氮磷流失主要以径流的方式流失,氮流失主要以水溶性的氮为主,磷流失则以颗粒态磷为主,控制氮素要针对水溶性的铵氮,磷素则主要需控制颗粒态磷。常规种植下,水稻单季氮磷的面源污染分别达到了38.8kg/hm~2和0.95kg/hm~2,养分呈现出随机性降雨事件型的流失规律,其中梅雨时期几次大雨产生的氮磷径流流失占到了整个水稻生长季节的1/3-1/2,是对农田非点源污染贡献最大的阶段,施肥期与降雨高频期的重叠加剧了非点源对水环境的污染,所以梅雨时期应成为主要的控制阶段。水稻季节的氮磷流失远大于(20-30倍)冬春油菜季节,全年的非点源污染负荷主要集中在水稻生长季节。
土壤原土检测磷均为初期土壤高于后期,并呈稳定下降的趋势,初期土壤中磷素流失的风险和潜能均较大。水稻生长期间土壤分级后各粒级间磷素的含量变幅较原土
Study on the nitrogen and phosphorus loss on the Huangnitu Paddy soil and Qingzini Paddy soil region, west to Taihu Lake in rape and rice season, was conducted, the experiment revealed the way and the main factors of N and P loss. Comparison on N and P loss and agricultural economic profits provided a better approach to balance agricultural goal, environment and economical profits. Main results of the thesis are summarized as follows:In the experiment pot of a Huangnitu, into which a scheme of longterm fertilization treatments has been put for 13 years, analysis of mobile forms of phosphorus was attached. Total P content vaired in arrange of 0.3-0.5g·kg~-1 under a range of total P fertilizer input of 0-53 kg/(hm~2·a). As estimated from the total P pool values by mass balance principle, the soil had been subject to water loss of 2-8 kg P ha~-1, with that under chemical fertilizers only being the biggest. The ratio of soluble P to the total was in a range of 0.2%-0.4%, without significant influence by the different fertilization schemes. While chemical fertilizer plus pig slurry manure applications had remarkably enhanced the resin-P pool by 20-40 mg·kg~-1 P mobilization was not observed due to combined application of chemical fertilizers and straw amendments despite of the increase of the SOM. Therefore, P water loss might have been active under continuous chemical fertilization alone in agriculture of this region. To reduce the present prominent non-point source pollution of N and P in this region, it is suggested that chemical fertilizers be applied in combination with an appropriate amount of manure or straw return.In the experiment pot of Huangnitu, N loss and P loss were about lkg/hm2 and 0.03kg/hm2 respectively under three treatments in winter and spring. Surface runoff water did not happen until early spring. Land was subjected to little loss of N and P in winter, mainly due to low content of soil water, depite of much of fertilizer and precipitation being added in fields. The first pronounced loss of N comes out in early spring, significantly corresponded for the added fertilizer in the middle March. The concentration of P was low and lightly variable in the runoff water. In the rice season, much of fertilizer and manure were added into fields in June, shortly after when the contents of total N and P in surface and runoff water attained to 33-18mg/kg and 1.2-0.4mg/kg respectively. Runoff was the
prominent way of loss of N and P, and which were mainly composed with dissolved N and particle P. The dissolved N derived from fertilization and particle P should be the most crucial items to be controlled. The rice field was subjected to the loss of 38.8kg N /hm2and 0.95kg P/hm2 and about 33%-50% of the total loss comes out of during the rainy period after fertilization. More attention should be paid to the period in June when the rice fields received much of precipitation and fertilizer. The loss of N and P in rice season, which is dominantly up to the incidental precipitation in early summer, is approximately 20-30 times than that of N and P in rape season.In rice season, the two kinds of soil test phosphorus in initial stages are of evidently high level, when there is much of risk and potential of P loss from the soil, and then descend. There is a larger deviation of soil test phosphorus in soil fractions than that of in original soil. Soil test phosphorus in >250um particles shows a keener response for the former fertilization than in the other two fractions. After 40 days, contents of soil test phosphorus were stable. In initial stages, soil test phosphorus in fractions between the two treatments was significantly different, and then not of difference. Initial loss of P was mainly influenced by the fertilization, while later loss of P mainly affected by the soil.Content of 20-250um particle shows high stability in rice season while content of <20um particle is high in June under continuous submergence which aggravates the loss of P with the coeffect of the former fertilization. Content of >250um particle sharply
在黄泥土水稻土上试验结果表明,年施磷量介于0-53kg/(hm~2·a),土壤全磷介于0.3-0.5g·kg~(-1)。根据土壤磷素的质量平衡,计算表明该水稻土存在的磷素流失量介于2-8kg/(hm~2·a),单施化肥下的流失量最大,为配施有机肥处理的2-4倍;水溶性磷的比率在0.2%-0.4%间,且不同施肥实践对其的影响不明显。但单施化肥有使亚表层树脂磷和水溶性含量提高的倾向。长期施用化肥配施大量鲜猪粪使树脂磷含量提高20-40mg/kg,但与长期施用化肥配施秸秆的处理一样没有发生在有机质增加下的磷活化而提高磷流失。坚持和推广配施适量有机肥,避免长期单施化肥,可以防止水稻土磷的强烈水流失。
在青紫泥水稻土上的试验结果表明,几种处理冬春季节,氮磷的流失量分别只有1 kg/hm~2和0.03kg/hm~2左右,冬季前施入农田的大量氮磷未出现明显的流失。而开春之后追施的尿素以及增多的降雨对氮素流失影响较大,施肥处理中氮素流失表现出了对春季施肥的明显响应。而磷素的流失则较为平稳,呈现出背景流失的规律。
水稻种植初期大量施肥后,施肥处理下稻田田面水和径流水中全氮全磷的含量分别达到了33mg/kg-18mg/kg和1.2mg/kg-0.4mg/kg,氮磷流失主要以径流的方式流失,氮流失主要以水溶性的氮为主,磷流失则以颗粒态磷为主,控制氮素要针对水溶性的铵氮,磷素则主要需控制颗粒态磷。常规种植下,水稻单季氮磷的面源污染分别达到了38.8kg/hm~2和0.95kg/hm~2,养分呈现出随机性降雨事件型的流失规律,其中梅雨时期几次大雨产生的氮磷径流流失占到了整个水稻生长季节的1/3-1/2,是对农田非点源污染贡献最大的阶段,施肥期与降雨高频期的重叠加剧了非点源对水环境的污染,所以梅雨时期应成为主要的控制阶段。水稻季节的氮磷流失远大于(20-30倍)冬春油菜季节,全年的非点源污染负荷主要集中在水稻生长季节。
土壤原土检测磷均为初期土壤高于后期,并呈稳定下降的趋势,初期土壤中磷素流失的风险和潜能均较大。水稻生长期间土壤分级后各粒级间磷素的含量变幅较原土
Study on the nitrogen and phosphorus loss on the Huangnitu Paddy soil and Qingzini Paddy soil region, west to Taihu Lake in rape and rice season, was conducted, the experiment revealed the way and the main factors of N and P loss. Comparison on N and P loss and agricultural economic profits provided a better approach to balance agricultural goal, environment and economical profits. Main results of the thesis are summarized as follows:In the experiment pot of a Huangnitu, into which a scheme of longterm fertilization treatments has been put for 13 years, analysis of mobile forms of phosphorus was attached. Total P content vaired in arrange of 0.3-0.5g·kg~-1 under a range of total P fertilizer input of 0-53 kg/(hm~2·a). As estimated from the total P pool values by mass balance principle, the soil had been subject to water loss of 2-8 kg P ha~-1, with that under chemical fertilizers only being the biggest. The ratio of soluble P to the total was in a range of 0.2%-0.4%, without significant influence by the different fertilization schemes. While chemical fertilizer plus pig slurry manure applications had remarkably enhanced the resin-P pool by 20-40 mg·kg~-1 P mobilization was not observed due to combined application of chemical fertilizers and straw amendments despite of the increase of the SOM. Therefore, P water loss might have been active under continuous chemical fertilization alone in agriculture of this region. To reduce the present prominent non-point source pollution of N and P in this region, it is suggested that chemical fertilizers be applied in combination with an appropriate amount of manure or straw return.In the experiment pot of Huangnitu, N loss and P loss were about lkg/hm2 and 0.03kg/hm2 respectively under three treatments in winter and spring. Surface runoff water did not happen until early spring. Land was subjected to little loss of N and P in winter, mainly due to low content of soil water, depite of much of fertilizer and precipitation being added in fields. The first pronounced loss of N comes out in early spring, significantly corresponded for the added fertilizer in the middle March. The concentration of P was low and lightly variable in the runoff water. In the rice season, much of fertilizer and manure were added into fields in June, shortly after when the contents of total N and P in surface and runoff water attained to 33-18mg/kg and 1.2-0.4mg/kg respectively. Runoff was the
prominent way of loss of N and P, and which were mainly composed with dissolved N and particle P. The dissolved N derived from fertilization and particle P should be the most crucial items to be controlled. The rice field was subjected to the loss of 38.8kg N /hm2and 0.95kg P/hm2 and about 33%-50% of the total loss comes out of during the rainy period after fertilization. More attention should be paid to the period in June when the rice fields received much of precipitation and fertilizer. The loss of N and P in rice season, which is dominantly up to the incidental precipitation in early summer, is approximately 20-30 times than that of N and P in rape season.In rice season, the two kinds of soil test phosphorus in initial stages are of evidently high level, when there is much of risk and potential of P loss from the soil, and then descend. There is a larger deviation of soil test phosphorus in soil fractions than that of in original soil. Soil test phosphorus in >250um particles shows a keener response for the former fertilization than in the other two fractions. After 40 days, contents of soil test phosphorus were stable. In initial stages, soil test phosphorus in fractions between the two treatments was significantly different, and then not of difference. Initial loss of P was mainly influenced by the fertilization, while later loss of P mainly affected by the soil.Content of 20-250um particle shows high stability in rice season while content of <20um particle is high in June under continuous submergence which aggravates the loss of P with the coeffect of the former fertilization. Content of >250um particle sharply
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