胶州湾扇贝养殖对环境的影响及其数值模型研究
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摘要
本文针对养殖水体富营养化这一环境热点问题,通过对胶州湾扇贝养殖海域的海上现场调查以及相关数值模型研究,对该海域扇贝养殖所产生的N、P污染物的分布规律、输运过程以及对环境的影响进行了研究。同时初步研究了降低养殖密度和贝藻综合生态养殖对养殖环境影响的改善作用。为胶州湾扇贝养殖环境容量的研究提供必要的科学基础。主要工作及结论如下:
(1)在对胶州湾西部扇贝养殖区及周围海区进行综合调查的基础上,分析了秋季胶州湾扇贝养殖区与非养殖区的环境状况,初步探讨了扇贝养殖在收获期对养殖区环境的影响。胶州湾养殖区表层水中COD和无机营养盐含量均高于非养殖区的值。养殖区底层水中溶解氧含量和表层沉积物中硫化物的含量均明显超标。调查还发现,在养殖区外也同时存在着高值区。因此,胶州湾扇贝养殖在收获期对环境的影响也是综合性的,养殖海域的环境同时受陆源、水动力状况及养殖活动的综合影响。
(2)应用美国普林斯顿海洋模型研究了胶州湾的水动力特征,为扇贝养殖N、P污染物的分布规律及其环境影响的研究提供动力场。计算结果表明,胶州湾的潮流以往复流为特征,涨、落潮最大流均发生在胶州湾口,流速分别为73cm·S~(-1)和79cm·s~(-1)左右,潮波系统具有明显的驻波性质。潮余流场受4个余流涡所支配。在对胶州湾三维潮流模拟的基础上,建立了一个三维水质模型,并对环胶州湾主要河口陆源所输入的N、P污染物的浓度分布进行了模拟。通过与实测的调查结果进行对比,验证了模式计算的合理性,为胶州湾扇贝养殖环境影响的研究提供了分析依据。
(3)基于对扇贝养殖的环境影响的分析,对扇贝筏式养殖的无机营养盐污染负荷的估算方法做了改进,把养殖海区沉积物垂直扩散再生的无机营养盐和养殖扇贝排泄所产生的无机营养盐之和作为扇贝筏式养殖的N、P污染负荷量。并根据此方法对胶州湾扇贝养殖的N、P污染负荷量进行了分析和估算,为胶州湾扇贝养殖所产生N、P无机营养盐的浓度分布的模拟提供源强项。
(4)应用建立的三维水质模式对胶州湾扇贝养殖的环境影响进行了模拟,
Aimed at the hot point of the eutrophication of culture water and according to the field surveys in the Jiaozhou Bay and the research on dynamic model, the distributions and variations of DIN and DIP, controlling mechanisms and the influences to environment are analyzed in this thesis, and the ecological regulation of the Co-culture of Shellfish and Seaweed to water environment is also preliminary discussed. This research would give some necessary scientific foundations for the research on the environmental capacity of scallop cultivation in Jiaozhou Bay and the main research works and conclusions are listed as follows:Based on the surveys of the cultivated water in Jiaozhou bay in Nov. 17, 2004, the horizontal distributions of environmental parameters are analyzed, and the impacts of scallop cultivation on water quality in harvest time are preliminary discussed. The concentrations of COD, NH4-N and PO4-P inside raft culture area are higher than outside in surface water in Jiaozhou Bay, but no obvious variations in nitrite between culture and non-culture area. The dissolved oxygen content in bottom water and sulfide content in sediment inside culture area are seriously higher than the marine aquaculture standard. The average values of ammonia, nitrite and phosphate are 0.0592 mg·l-1、 0.0295 mg·l-1 and 0.0173 mg·l-1 respectively. Therefore, the environmental effects of scallop cultivation are comprehensive in harvest time, but only exist nearby the cultivation area.Princenton Ocean Model is applied to Jiaozhou Bay in order to provide the physical parameters for the study on the distributions of DIN and DIP and environmental effects. The model results show that the character of tidal current in Jiaozhou Bay is go-back flow and that Yellow Sea water enters Jiaozhou Bay from the northeast at maximal speed of about 0.73 m·s-1 at the channel and leaves Jiaozhou Bay from the northeast at about 0.79 m·s-1. The residual current of Jiaozhou Bay is controlled by four residual eddies. Based on the three dimensional simulation of tidal
current. A three dimensional pollutant transportation and diffusion model is established and applied for simulating the distributions of DIN and DIP caused by the major rivers in Jiaozhou Bay. The simulated results agree well with the observed data in the field, implying that this water quality model is reasonable and can provide the analyzable foundations for the environmental effects of scallop cultivation in Jiaozhou Bay.Based on the analysis of environmental impacts of scallop cultivation, the estimation of DIN and DIP pollution loads in scallop cultivation is improved and calculated in Jiaozhou Bay. Then, the three dimensional pollutant transportation and diffusion model is used to simulate the distributions and variations of DIN and DIP caused by the scallop cultivation in Jiaozhou Bay. The results show that the values of DIN and DIP caused by the scallop cultivation are only 8% of that from the rivers in Jiaozhou Bay, but the concentrations of pollutants in culture areas are clearly higher than that of the central and the channel areas. So, the scallop cultivation can bring the serious environmental effects in local culture areas.In the final part of this work, two numerical experiments are conducted focusing on the improvements to environmental effects of scallop cultivation. The results show that when the culture density is the half of the former values, the distributions of DIN and DIP caused by the scallop cultivation in Jiaozhou Bay do not change clearly, but there are almost a drop in the concentrations by half. The reduction in the culture density is very effective in improvement to the eutrophication level of local culture water. If the kelp is introduced the scallop cultivation system, the content of DIN would decrease about 20%. Therefore, the kelp cultivation after the harvest of scallop can effective reduce the content of DIN.
(1)在对胶州湾西部扇贝养殖区及周围海区进行综合调查的基础上,分析了秋季胶州湾扇贝养殖区与非养殖区的环境状况,初步探讨了扇贝养殖在收获期对养殖区环境的影响。胶州湾养殖区表层水中COD和无机营养盐含量均高于非养殖区的值。养殖区底层水中溶解氧含量和表层沉积物中硫化物的含量均明显超标。调查还发现,在养殖区外也同时存在着高值区。因此,胶州湾扇贝养殖在收获期对环境的影响也是综合性的,养殖海域的环境同时受陆源、水动力状况及养殖活动的综合影响。
(2)应用美国普林斯顿海洋模型研究了胶州湾的水动力特征,为扇贝养殖N、P污染物的分布规律及其环境影响的研究提供动力场。计算结果表明,胶州湾的潮流以往复流为特征,涨、落潮最大流均发生在胶州湾口,流速分别为73cm·S~(-1)和79cm·s~(-1)左右,潮波系统具有明显的驻波性质。潮余流场受4个余流涡所支配。在对胶州湾三维潮流模拟的基础上,建立了一个三维水质模型,并对环胶州湾主要河口陆源所输入的N、P污染物的浓度分布进行了模拟。通过与实测的调查结果进行对比,验证了模式计算的合理性,为胶州湾扇贝养殖环境影响的研究提供了分析依据。
(3)基于对扇贝养殖的环境影响的分析,对扇贝筏式养殖的无机营养盐污染负荷的估算方法做了改进,把养殖海区沉积物垂直扩散再生的无机营养盐和养殖扇贝排泄所产生的无机营养盐之和作为扇贝筏式养殖的N、P污染负荷量。并根据此方法对胶州湾扇贝养殖的N、P污染负荷量进行了分析和估算,为胶州湾扇贝养殖所产生N、P无机营养盐的浓度分布的模拟提供源强项。
(4)应用建立的三维水质模式对胶州湾扇贝养殖的环境影响进行了模拟,
Aimed at the hot point of the eutrophication of culture water and according to the field surveys in the Jiaozhou Bay and the research on dynamic model, the distributions and variations of DIN and DIP, controlling mechanisms and the influences to environment are analyzed in this thesis, and the ecological regulation of the Co-culture of Shellfish and Seaweed to water environment is also preliminary discussed. This research would give some necessary scientific foundations for the research on the environmental capacity of scallop cultivation in Jiaozhou Bay and the main research works and conclusions are listed as follows:Based on the surveys of the cultivated water in Jiaozhou bay in Nov. 17, 2004, the horizontal distributions of environmental parameters are analyzed, and the impacts of scallop cultivation on water quality in harvest time are preliminary discussed. The concentrations of COD, NH4-N and PO4-P inside raft culture area are higher than outside in surface water in Jiaozhou Bay, but no obvious variations in nitrite between culture and non-culture area. The dissolved oxygen content in bottom water and sulfide content in sediment inside culture area are seriously higher than the marine aquaculture standard. The average values of ammonia, nitrite and phosphate are 0.0592 mg·l-1、 0.0295 mg·l-1 and 0.0173 mg·l-1 respectively. Therefore, the environmental effects of scallop cultivation are comprehensive in harvest time, but only exist nearby the cultivation area.Princenton Ocean Model is applied to Jiaozhou Bay in order to provide the physical parameters for the study on the distributions of DIN and DIP and environmental effects. The model results show that the character of tidal current in Jiaozhou Bay is go-back flow and that Yellow Sea water enters Jiaozhou Bay from the northeast at maximal speed of about 0.73 m·s-1 at the channel and leaves Jiaozhou Bay from the northeast at about 0.79 m·s-1. The residual current of Jiaozhou Bay is controlled by four residual eddies. Based on the three dimensional simulation of tidal
current. A three dimensional pollutant transportation and diffusion model is established and applied for simulating the distributions of DIN and DIP caused by the major rivers in Jiaozhou Bay. The simulated results agree well with the observed data in the field, implying that this water quality model is reasonable and can provide the analyzable foundations for the environmental effects of scallop cultivation in Jiaozhou Bay.Based on the analysis of environmental impacts of scallop cultivation, the estimation of DIN and DIP pollution loads in scallop cultivation is improved and calculated in Jiaozhou Bay. Then, the three dimensional pollutant transportation and diffusion model is used to simulate the distributions and variations of DIN and DIP caused by the scallop cultivation in Jiaozhou Bay. The results show that the values of DIN and DIP caused by the scallop cultivation are only 8% of that from the rivers in Jiaozhou Bay, but the concentrations of pollutants in culture areas are clearly higher than that of the central and the channel areas. So, the scallop cultivation can bring the serious environmental effects in local culture areas.In the final part of this work, two numerical experiments are conducted focusing on the improvements to environmental effects of scallop cultivation. The results show that when the culture density is the half of the former values, the distributions of DIN and DIP caused by the scallop cultivation in Jiaozhou Bay do not change clearly, but there are almost a drop in the concentrations by half. The reduction in the culture density is very effective in improvement to the eutrophication level of local culture water. If the kelp is introduced the scallop cultivation system, the content of DIN would decrease about 20%. Therefore, the kelp cultivation after the harvest of scallop can effective reduce the content of DIN.
引文
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