碎石桩在地基处理中的应用研究
摘要
碎石桩复合地基在地基处理中运用越来越广泛。本文介绍了常见的一些地基处理方法的运用原理及适用范围,介绍了碎石桩复合地基的分类与其工程特性,论述了碎石桩复合地基抗液化加固机理及其承载力计算原理。文章最后以清水湾、水岸花园12#楼工程采用碎石桩复合地基进行地基处理为例,阐述了碎石桩复合地基的设计、施工及检测;评价了碎石桩在实际工程中提高承载力、消除液化的双重功效;重点论述了沉管挤密碎石桩在处理可液化土层施工时应注意的问题。旨在为今后类似工程的设计与施工工作提供一点借鉴意义。
When the natural foundation can't meet the requirement of engineering construction, we must adopt some measures, one of which is to reinforce the foundation. There are many methods of foundation treatment in common use. According to the principle of reinforcement, they can be divided into the compaction method, displacement, composite foundation, adding tendons and grouting etc.. Each kind of methods has different principle of reinforcement and field of application.
Gravel columns pile foundation, a complex foundation of incompact material pile, has such engineering characters as reducing subsidence, increasing bearing capacity, reforming drainage and improving shearing strength. It also has pile effect, buffer effect, drainage and decreasing pressure effect, packing dense body effect and reinforcement bar effect. The five effects above make gravel columns pile foundation have much potential and more flexible in the fields of increasing foundation bearing
capacity, amending transformation, decreasing latent subsidence and uneven subsidence owing to burden impact, reforming liquefaction ability. The author generally introduces the reinforce mechanism of liquefaction resisting of gravel columns pile complex foundation and depict compaction, drainage, decompression and decouple of gravel pile in details. It also specifies the destroy mode of gravel. Based on the destroy mode, the author analyses bearing capacity calculation of single pile and complex pile foundation. It suggests adopt the formula recommending by Technical code of ground treatment of building (JGJ79-2002) or modifying equation on the basis of Brauns theory for calculation. Taking 12# building engineering in Clear Water Gulf and the River Shore Garden as examples, it represents the design, construction and monitoring of gravel columns pile foundation, evaluates the double effect of improving bearing capacity and erasing liquefaction in practical engineering. The main point is to discuss the problems be paid attention to in treating the liquefy soil layer by construction of sinking tube pack gravel columns pile. Though theory analysis and practical engineering , we conclude the
following points: 1.To reinforce the liquefaction layer foundation by using the treatment method of sinking tube pack gravel columns pile, it can get to the expected achievement of erasing liquefaction and subsidence and increasing bearing capacity of foundation. It’s regarded as a feasible and economic method. 2. By using the gravel columns pile to handle the liquefaction foundation, lowering the liquid index number is valid. Generally, the gravel columns pile in order to raise the bearing capacity of the weak soil, can attain eliminating or reducing the liquefaction at the same time. 3.The gravel columns pile is classified as crowded soil pile. In order to prevent the chaos and un-formation of piles, we suggested construct piles from exterior to inside and twist to the center. This is different from traditional construction of crowded soil pile. 4.To use the gravel columns pile for reinforcement of foundation, the effect lies on the amount of gravel columns, namely the filling coefficient must satisfy the design requirement. In actual engineering, we should combine with the project condition and determine the construction
technology by testing. To guarantee the construction quality, the filling coefficient should be satisfied. 5.To reinforce the potential liquefaction soil, it has to adopt the repeated and reversal pile driving to make the filling coefficient satisfied and insure the quality of projection.
When the natural foundation can't meet the requirement of engineering construction, we must adopt some measures, one of which is to reinforce the foundation. There are many methods of foundation treatment in common use. According to the principle of reinforcement, they can be divided into the compaction method, displacement, composite foundation, adding tendons and grouting etc.. Each kind of methods has different principle of reinforcement and field of application.
Gravel columns pile foundation, a complex foundation of incompact material pile, has such engineering characters as reducing subsidence, increasing bearing capacity, reforming drainage and improving shearing strength. It also has pile effect, buffer effect, drainage and decreasing pressure effect, packing dense body effect and reinforcement bar effect. The five effects above make gravel columns pile foundation have much potential and more flexible in the fields of increasing foundation bearing
capacity, amending transformation, decreasing latent subsidence and uneven subsidence owing to burden impact, reforming liquefaction ability. The author generally introduces the reinforce mechanism of liquefaction resisting of gravel columns pile complex foundation and depict compaction, drainage, decompression and decouple of gravel pile in details. It also specifies the destroy mode of gravel. Based on the destroy mode, the author analyses bearing capacity calculation of single pile and complex pile foundation. It suggests adopt the formula recommending by Technical code of ground treatment of building (JGJ79-2002) or modifying equation on the basis of Brauns theory for calculation. Taking 12# building engineering in Clear Water Gulf and the River Shore Garden as examples, it represents the design, construction and monitoring of gravel columns pile foundation, evaluates the double effect of improving bearing capacity and erasing liquefaction in practical engineering. The main point is to discuss the problems be paid attention to in treating the liquefy soil layer by construction of sinking tube pack gravel columns pile. Though theory analysis and practical engineering , we conclude the
following points: 1.To reinforce the liquefaction layer foundation by using the treatment method of sinking tube pack gravel columns pile, it can get to the expected achievement of erasing liquefaction and subsidence and increasing bearing capacity of foundation. It’s regarded as a feasible and economic method. 2. By using the gravel columns pile to handle the liquefaction foundation, lowering the liquid index number is valid. Generally, the gravel columns pile in order to raise the bearing capacity of the weak soil, can attain eliminating or reducing the liquefaction at the same time. 3.The gravel columns pile is classified as crowded soil pile. In order to prevent the chaos and un-formation of piles, we suggested construct piles from exterior to inside and twist to the center. This is different from traditional construction of crowded soil pile. 4.To use the gravel columns pile for reinforcement of foundation, the effect lies on the amount of gravel columns, namely the filling coefficient must satisfy the design requirement. In actual engineering, we should combine with the project condition and determine the construction
technology by testing. To guarantee the construction quality, the filling coefficient should be satisfied. 5.To reinforce the potential liquefaction soil, it has to adopt the repeated and reversal pile driving to make the filling coefficient satisfied and insure the quality of projection.
引文
1、Hughes J M O&Withers N J.Reinforcing of soft cohesive soils with stone columns. Ground Engineering,1974,7(3):42~49
2、Barksdale R D &Bachus R C.Design and construction of stone column.Vol.I,Report NO SCEGIT-83-10 FHWA,School of Civil Engineering ,Geotechnical institute of Technology,1983:25~34
3、Juran I et al.Soil improvement methods of reinforcing foundation soils.Volumes 6,Stone column,1988:9~16
4、Greenwood D A.Discussion on vibro flotation compaction in non-cohesive soils.Ground Treatment by Deep compaction,ICE,London,1976:17~45
5、Bell F G.Foundation Engineering in Difficult Ground.1981
6、Thorburn S.Building structures supported by stabilized ground.Ground Treatment by Deep compaction,ICE,London,1976
7、黄强主编,《注册岩土工程师专业考试复习教程》中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2002,304
8、阎明礼,张东刚编著,《碎石桩复合地基技术及工程实践》[M]. 中国水利水电出版社,北京,2001,11,50,82~92,153~154
9、中华人民共和国国标编写组,《建筑地基处理技术规范》(JGJ79-2002)[S].北京,中国建筑工业出版社,2002,40~44
10、地基处理手册编写委员会,《地基处理手册》(第二版),中国建筑工业出版社,北京,1999
11、U.S.National Research Council. Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes [M].National Academy press,Washington D.C. 1985
12、Ishinhara,K,Kawase.Y.,Nakajima,M.Liquefaction characteristic of sand deposits at an oil tank site during the 1978 Miyagiken~oki Earthquake[J].Soils and Foundations,1980,20(2):97~111
13、Mitchell,J.K.,Baxter,C.D.P.and Munson ,T.C.Performance of improved ground during earthquakes[A].Soil Improvement ofr Earthquake Hazard Mitigation,ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.49[C],1995,1~36
14、Baes,J.I.and Martin,G.R Quantitative evaluation of stone column technique for earthquake liquefaction mitigation[A].10th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],1991,1477~1483
15、Madhav,M.R.,Arlekar,J.N.Dilation of granular piles in mitigating liquefaction of sand deposits[A].12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],2000,No.1035
16、郑建国,碎石桩复合地基液化判别方法的探讨[J],工程勘察,1999,2:5～7
17、邱钰,黄卫,刘松玉,干振碎石桩处理高速公路液化地基效果分析[J].公路交通科技,2000,17(4):19～21
18、林本海,谢定义,.复合地基的液化检验理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999
19、黄茂松,吴世明,振动加固饱和粉砂地基的动孔压测试与分析[J].浙江大学学报(自然科学版),1991,25(6):651～657
20、王余庆,孙建生等,挤密桩法在加固可液化地基中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,1989,11(2):18～25
21、刘松玉,方磊,胡雪辉,干振碎石桩加固液化地基试验研究[J].工程地质学报,2000,8(4):488～492
22、邵俐,方磊,刘松玉,沉管干振碎石桩对土层的挤密效应[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2001,31(3):36～39
23、邱钰,刘松玉,黄卫,沉管干振碎石桩对土层振动效应的试验研究[J].中国公路学报,2001,14(4):33～36
24、何广讷,振冲碎石桩复合地基[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001
25、南京水利科学研究院,软基加固新技术—振动水冲法[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1986
26、Tokimatsu,K.and Yoshimi,Y.Effects of vertical drains of the bearing capacity of saturated and during earthquakes.Proceedings of International Conference of Engineering for Protection from Natural Disasters,Bangkok,1980,643~655
27、Sasaki,Y.&Taniguchi,E.Shaking table tests on gravel drains to prevent liquefaction of sand deposits[J].Soils and Foundations,1982,22(3):1~14
28、王士风,王余庆,用砾石排水桩防止砂基液化的效果[A].地基与工业建筑抗震[C].北京:地震出版社,1984
29、Seed,H.B.&Booker,J.R.Stabilization of Potentially Liquefiable Sand Deposits Using Gravel Drains[J].Journal of the geotechnical engineering Division,ASCE,1977,102(GT7):757~768
30、[24]徐志英,砂井内设置砾石排水桩抗地震液化的分析与计算[J].勘察科学技术,1985,(1):1～7
31、[25]徐志英,用砾石排水桩抗地震液化的砂基孔压计算[J].地震工程与工程振动,1992,12(4):88～92
32、Seed,H.B.,Martin,P.P.,and Lysmer,J.The Generation and Dissipation of Pore Water Pressures during Soil Liquefaction[R].Report No.EERC75~26,Earthquake engineering Research Center,University of California,Berkeley,Calif.,Aug.,1975
33、Vernon R.S.,etc.Ground improvement,ground reinforcement,ground treatment,developments 1987~1997.proceeding of sessions sponsored by the Committee on Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics of the Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers in conjunction with Geo-Logan’97,Logan,Utah,1997:74~91
34、陈国兴,胡庆兴,刘雪珠,关于砂土液化判别的若干意见[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(1):141-151
35、中华人民共和国建设部,建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001,20-23
36、郑建国,碎石桩复合地基液化判别方法的探讨[J].工程勘察,1999,(2):5-8
37、张剑峰,华镇难,镇江500KV 长江大跨越北岸塔基抗液化处理[J].岩土工程学报,1990,12(4):79-88
38、何广讷,振冲碎石桩复合地基液化势的判别[A].辽宁工程结构[C].沈阳:东北大学出版社,2000.79-86
39、刘松玉,高速公路液化地基及桥梁抗液化研究总报告[R].南京:东南大学出版社,1999.47-66
40、Priebe H.Abschatzung des Setzungsverhaltens eines durch Stopfverdichtung verbesserten Baugrundes.Die Bautechnik , Mai ,1976:160~162
41、Goughaun R R&Bayuk AA.Anaylysis of stone column-soil matrix interaction under vertical load.International Conference on soil Reinforcement,1979:271~277
42、Balaam N P&Booker J R.Analysis of rigid rafts supported by granular piles.int J of Numerical and Analytical Method in Geomechanics,1981,5:379~403
43、Balaam N P&Poulos H G.The behavior of foundations supported by clay stabilized by stone column.Proc.of 8th ECSMFE,Helsinki,1983,1:198~204
44、Madbav M R.Recent developments in the use and analysis of granular piles.Symposium on Recent Developments in Ground Improvement Techniques,Bangkok,1982:605:609
45、Brauns J.Die Anfangstraglast von Schottersaulen im bindigen Untergrud.Die Bautechnik,1978,8:263~367
46、陈龙珠,对Brauns 振冲碎石桩承载力公式的补充.地基处理,1991,2(2):41~42
47、Ranjan G.Ground treated with granular Piles and its response under load. Indian Geotechnical Journal,1989,19(1):87~95
48、Ranjan G.Skirted granular Piles installation techniques and utility.Conf on deep foundations practice,Singapore,1990
49、盛崇文,软土地基用碎石桩加固后的极限承载力计算.水利水运科学研究,1980(2):2~9
50、倪士坎,土工织物袋装碎石桩加固软土地基的研究:[硕士论文].杭州:浙江大学,1987
51、杨炯,土工织物袋装碎石桩性状分析:[硕士论文].杭州:浙江大学,1988
52、蒋军,挤密碎石桩复合地基性状分析:[硕士论文].杭州:浙江大学,1996
53、Wong H Y.Field instrumentation of vibro flotation foundation.Symposium of Field instrumentation in Geotechnical Engineering,London,1973
54、孟广训,沈定贤,模型碎石桩应力的测定及其分析.全国地基处理学术讨论会论文,上海,1986
55、张定,碎石桩复合地基的沉降计算.岩土工程学报,1986,8(5):73~77
56、河北中色华冠岩土工程勘察有限公司,《岩土工程勘察报告》,2004
57、刘端锋,复打式沉管碎石桩加固软弱地基[J],岩土工程界,第四卷,第12 期
2、Barksdale R D &Bachus R C.Design and construction of stone column.Vol.I,Report NO SCEGIT-83-10 FHWA,School of Civil Engineering ,Geotechnical institute of Technology,1983:25~34
3、Juran I et al.Soil improvement methods of reinforcing foundation soils.Volumes 6,Stone column,1988:9~16
4、Greenwood D A.Discussion on vibro flotation compaction in non-cohesive soils.Ground Treatment by Deep compaction,ICE,London,1976:17~45
5、Bell F G.Foundation Engineering in Difficult Ground.1981
6、Thorburn S.Building structures supported by stabilized ground.Ground Treatment by Deep compaction,ICE,London,1976
7、黄强主编,《注册岩土工程师专业考试复习教程》中国建筑工业出版社,北京,2002,304
8、阎明礼,张东刚编著,《碎石桩复合地基技术及工程实践》[M]. 中国水利水电出版社,北京,2001,11,50,82~92,153~154
9、中华人民共和国国标编写组,《建筑地基处理技术规范》(JGJ79-2002)[S].北京,中国建筑工业出版社,2002,40~44
10、地基处理手册编写委员会,《地基处理手册》(第二版),中国建筑工业出版社,北京,1999
11、U.S.National Research Council. Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes [M].National Academy press,Washington D.C. 1985
12、Ishinhara,K,Kawase.Y.,Nakajima,M.Liquefaction characteristic of sand deposits at an oil tank site during the 1978 Miyagiken~oki Earthquake[J].Soils and Foundations,1980,20(2):97~111
13、Mitchell,J.K.,Baxter,C.D.P.and Munson ,T.C.Performance of improved ground during earthquakes[A].Soil Improvement ofr Earthquake Hazard Mitigation,ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No.49[C],1995,1~36
14、Baes,J.I.and Martin,G.R Quantitative evaluation of stone column technique for earthquake liquefaction mitigation[A].10th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],1991,1477~1483
15、Madhav,M.R.,Arlekar,J.N.Dilation of granular piles in mitigating liquefaction of sand deposits[A].12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C],2000,No.1035
16、郑建国,碎石桩复合地基液化判别方法的探讨[J],工程勘察,1999,2:5～7
17、邱钰,黄卫,刘松玉,干振碎石桩处理高速公路液化地基效果分析[J].公路交通科技,2000,17(4):19～21
18、林本海,谢定义,.复合地基的液化检验理论及其应用[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999
19、黄茂松,吴世明,振动加固饱和粉砂地基的动孔压测试与分析[J].浙江大学学报(自然科学版),1991,25(6):651～657
20、王余庆,孙建生等,挤密桩法在加固可液化地基中的应用[J].岩土工程学报,1989,11(2):18～25
21、刘松玉,方磊,胡雪辉,干振碎石桩加固液化地基试验研究[J].工程地质学报,2000,8(4):488～492
22、邵俐,方磊,刘松玉,沉管干振碎石桩对土层的挤密效应[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2001,31(3):36～39
23、邱钰,刘松玉,黄卫,沉管干振碎石桩对土层振动效应的试验研究[J].中国公路学报,2001,14(4):33～36
24、何广讷,振冲碎石桩复合地基[M].北京:人民交通出版社,2001
25、南京水利科学研究院,软基加固新技术—振动水冲法[M].北京:水利水电出版社,1986
26、Tokimatsu,K.and Yoshimi,Y.Effects of vertical drains of the bearing capacity of saturated and during earthquakes.Proceedings of International Conference of Engineering for Protection from Natural Disasters,Bangkok,1980,643~655
27、Sasaki,Y.&Taniguchi,E.Shaking table tests on gravel drains to prevent liquefaction of sand deposits[J].Soils and Foundations,1982,22(3):1~14
28、王士风,王余庆,用砾石排水桩防止砂基液化的效果[A].地基与工业建筑抗震[C].北京:地震出版社,1984
29、Seed,H.B.&Booker,J.R.Stabilization of Potentially Liquefiable Sand Deposits Using Gravel Drains[J].Journal of the geotechnical engineering Division,ASCE,1977,102(GT7):757~768
30、[24]徐志英,砂井内设置砾石排水桩抗地震液化的分析与计算[J].勘察科学技术,1985,(1):1～7
31、[25]徐志英,用砾石排水桩抗地震液化的砂基孔压计算[J].地震工程与工程振动,1992,12(4):88～92
32、Seed,H.B.,Martin,P.P.,and Lysmer,J.The Generation and Dissipation of Pore Water Pressures during Soil Liquefaction[R].Report No.EERC75~26,Earthquake engineering Research Center,University of California,Berkeley,Calif.,Aug.,1975
33、Vernon R.S.,etc.Ground improvement,ground reinforcement,ground treatment,developments 1987~1997.proceeding of sessions sponsored by the Committee on Soil Improvement and Geosynthetics of the Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers in conjunction with Geo-Logan’97,Logan,Utah,1997:74~91
34、陈国兴,胡庆兴,刘雪珠,关于砂土液化判别的若干意见[J].地震工程与工程振动,2002,22(1):141-151
35、中华人民共和国建设部,建筑抗震设计规范(GB50011-2001)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001,20-23
36、郑建国,碎石桩复合地基液化判别方法的探讨[J].工程勘察,1999,(2):5-8
37、张剑峰,华镇难,镇江500KV 长江大跨越北岸塔基抗液化处理[J].岩土工程学报,1990,12(4):79-88
38、何广讷,振冲碎石桩复合地基液化势的判别[A].辽宁工程结构[C].沈阳:东北大学出版社,2000.79-86
39、刘松玉,高速公路液化地基及桥梁抗液化研究总报告[R].南京:东南大学出版社,1999.47-66
40、Priebe H.Abschatzung des Setzungsverhaltens eines durch Stopfverdichtung verbesserten Baugrundes.Die Bautechnik , Mai ,1976:160~162
41、Goughaun R R&Bayuk AA.Anaylysis of stone column-soil matrix interaction under vertical load.International Conference on soil Reinforcement,1979:271~277
42、Balaam N P&Booker J R.Analysis of rigid rafts supported by granular piles.int J of Numerical and Analytical Method in Geomechanics,1981,5:379~403
43、Balaam N P&Poulos H G.The behavior of foundations supported by clay stabilized by stone column.Proc.of 8th ECSMFE,Helsinki,1983,1:198~204
44、Madbav M R.Recent developments in the use and analysis of granular piles.Symposium on Recent Developments in Ground Improvement Techniques,Bangkok,1982:605:609
45、Brauns J.Die Anfangstraglast von Schottersaulen im bindigen Untergrud.Die Bautechnik,1978,8:263~367
46、陈龙珠,对Brauns 振冲碎石桩承载力公式的补充.地基处理,1991,2(2):41~42
47、Ranjan G.Ground treated with granular Piles and its response under load. Indian Geotechnical Journal,1989,19(1):87~95
48、Ranjan G.Skirted granular Piles installation techniques and utility.Conf on deep foundations practice,Singapore,1990
49、盛崇文,软土地基用碎石桩加固后的极限承载力计算.水利水运科学研究,1980(2):2~9
50、倪士坎,土工织物袋装碎石桩加固软土地基的研究:[硕士论文].杭州:浙江大学,1987
51、杨炯,土工织物袋装碎石桩性状分析:[硕士论文].杭州:浙江大学,1988
52、蒋军,挤密碎石桩复合地基性状分析:[硕士论文].杭州:浙江大学,1996
53、Wong H Y.Field instrumentation of vibro flotation foundation.Symposium of Field instrumentation in Geotechnical Engineering,London,1973
54、孟广训,沈定贤,模型碎石桩应力的测定及其分析.全国地基处理学术讨论会论文,上海,1986
55、张定,碎石桩复合地基的沉降计算.岩土工程学报,1986,8(5):73~77
56、河北中色华冠岩土工程勘察有限公司,《岩土工程勘察报告》,2004
57、刘端锋,复打式沉管碎石桩加固软弱地基[J],岩土工程界,第四卷,第12 期
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