论行政垄断的行政法及反垄断法规制
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摘要
行政垄断问题近年来一直都是备受学者们关注的问题,但长期的关注并没有对行政垄断的禁止提出实质性的建议。本文即在此基础上,分析了法律如何规制行政垄断。
本文的基本的思路是,从行政垄断的性质分析入手,认为其核心是行政权力的滥用行为,和对市场竞争的排斥、限制或妨碍行为。行政权力的滥用需要以行政法进行规制,而对其破坏竞争的效果则应以反垄断法予以禁止。因此,必须将这两个部门法的作用结合起来,这是对行政垄断行为进行法律规制的根本立足点。而围绕着这一思路,文章从三个部分进行了论述。
第一部分分析学术界的研究现状,简要地介绍了目前学术界对行政垄断的研究成果,着重论述了行政垄断的性质是滥用行政权力限制竞争的行为,并用经济学的方法分析了行政垄断的危害,概括分析了主要依托行政法和反垄断法来规制这一问题的必要性和可能性。
第二部分以《行政许可法》为核心,具体分析了行政垄断的行政法规制。在此部分,首先探明行政许可权的滥用是行政垄断的主要根源,然后探讨了行政许可权的性质。《行政许可法》明确了行政许可权的主体、适用范围以及实施程序等,在很大程度上控制行政许可权的滥用,从而可以相当程度地消除行政垄断。
第三部分则分析了行政垄断的反垄断法规制。这部分的主要观点是,在实施行政垄断行为时,其行为人实际上具有市场主体的属性,因此,传统的反垄断法能够对行政垄断进行规制,其基本方法,是将行政垄断行为人定位为具有市场支配地位的主体,因而应适用反垄断法上规制滥用支配地位的规则。
This thesis analyzes the character of administrative monopoly, which is the abuse of the executive power and the restriction of competition, and its legal regulation should be based on the function of administrative law and anti-monopoly law. The administrative law regulates the abuse of the executive power, and the anti-monopoly law regulates the behaviors that distort competition. This article consisits of three parts.Chapter 1 summarizes the present research on administrative monopoly, and discusses the character of administrative monopoly is the abuse of administrative power in market to distort competition, and analyzes the harmfulness of administrative monopoly from economic prospect, then suggests the necessity and the possibility that regulate this problem on the basis of the combination of administrative law and the anti-monopoly law.Chapter 2 is about how to deal with administrative monopoly in Administrative Permission Law. The misuse of administrative permission power is the main source of administrative monopoly, therefore this law can play an important role to control the origin of administrative monopoly by the clear definition of the spheres, subjects, procedures of the performance of administrative permission power.Chapter 3 is about how to deal with administrative monopoly by anti-monopoly law. The administrative agencies should be regarded as market participants when they abuse their administrative power in market relationship to obtain economic interests, and this power gives them a dominant position which is often abused together with enterprises. So anti-monopoly law is also a basic part of the legal mechanism to control administrative monopoly.
本文的基本的思路是,从行政垄断的性质分析入手,认为其核心是行政权力的滥用行为,和对市场竞争的排斥、限制或妨碍行为。行政权力的滥用需要以行政法进行规制,而对其破坏竞争的效果则应以反垄断法予以禁止。因此,必须将这两个部门法的作用结合起来,这是对行政垄断行为进行法律规制的根本立足点。而围绕着这一思路,文章从三个部分进行了论述。
第一部分分析学术界的研究现状,简要地介绍了目前学术界对行政垄断的研究成果,着重论述了行政垄断的性质是滥用行政权力限制竞争的行为,并用经济学的方法分析了行政垄断的危害,概括分析了主要依托行政法和反垄断法来规制这一问题的必要性和可能性。
第二部分以《行政许可法》为核心,具体分析了行政垄断的行政法规制。在此部分,首先探明行政许可权的滥用是行政垄断的主要根源,然后探讨了行政许可权的性质。《行政许可法》明确了行政许可权的主体、适用范围以及实施程序等,在很大程度上控制行政许可权的滥用,从而可以相当程度地消除行政垄断。
第三部分则分析了行政垄断的反垄断法规制。这部分的主要观点是,在实施行政垄断行为时,其行为人实际上具有市场主体的属性,因此,传统的反垄断法能够对行政垄断进行规制,其基本方法,是将行政垄断行为人定位为具有市场支配地位的主体,因而应适用反垄断法上规制滥用支配地位的规则。
This thesis analyzes the character of administrative monopoly, which is the abuse of the executive power and the restriction of competition, and its legal regulation should be based on the function of administrative law and anti-monopoly law. The administrative law regulates the abuse of the executive power, and the anti-monopoly law regulates the behaviors that distort competition. This article consisits of three parts.Chapter 1 summarizes the present research on administrative monopoly, and discusses the character of administrative monopoly is the abuse of administrative power in market to distort competition, and analyzes the harmfulness of administrative monopoly from economic prospect, then suggests the necessity and the possibility that regulate this problem on the basis of the combination of administrative law and the anti-monopoly law.Chapter 2 is about how to deal with administrative monopoly in Administrative Permission Law. The misuse of administrative permission power is the main source of administrative monopoly, therefore this law can play an important role to control the origin of administrative monopoly by the clear definition of the spheres, subjects, procedures of the performance of administrative permission power.Chapter 3 is about how to deal with administrative monopoly by anti-monopoly law. The administrative agencies should be regarded as market participants when they abuse their administrative power in market relationship to obtain economic interests, and this power gives them a dominant position which is often abused together with enterprises. So anti-monopoly law is also a basic part of the legal mechanism to control administrative monopoly.
引文
[1] 漆多俊.经济法基础理论.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2000
[2] 理查德·A·波斯纳著(孙秋宁译).反托拉斯法。北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002
[3] 种明钊.竞争法.北京:法律出版社,1997
[4] (美)E·博登海默著(邓正来译).法理学——法律哲学与法律方法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
[5] 许光耀.欧共体竞争法研究.北京:法律出版社,2002
[6] 张文显.法理学.北京:北京大学出版社,1999
[7] 李昌麒.经济法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
[8] 曹士兵.反垄断法研究.北京:法律出版社,1996
[9] 孔祥俊.反垄断法原理.北京:中国法制出版社,2001
[10] 沈敏荣.法律的不确定性——反垄断法规则分析.北京:法律出版社,2001
[11] 吴宏伟.竞争法有关问题研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000
[12] 王晓哗.反垄断法与市场经济.北京:法律出版社,1998
[13] 陈秀山.现代竞争理论与竞争政策.北京:商务印书馆,1997
[14] 文学国.滥用与规制——反垄断法对企业滥用支配地位的规制.北京:法律出版社,2003
[15] 杨解君.行政许可研究.北京:人民出版社,2001
[16] 罗尔夫斯特搏著(苏颖霞,陈少康译).德国经济行政法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
[17] 罗豪才.行政法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1996
[18] 杨建顺.日本行政法通论.北京:中国法制出版社,1998
[19] 姜明安.行政法与行政诉讼法.北京:北京大学出版社,1999
[20] 张正钊,韩大元.中外许可证制度的理论与实务.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1994
[21] 应松年,杨解军主编.行政许可法的理论与制度解读.北京:北京大学出版社,2004
[22] 张正钊,韩大元.比较行政法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998
[23] 斯蒂格利次著(梁小明,黄险峰译).经济学(上).北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002
[24] 游钰,毛大春,林婉婷.反垄断法研究综述.经济法论丛第6卷.北京:中国方正出版社,2002
[25] 漆多俊.中国反垄断立法问题研究.法学评论,1997-04-13
[26] 孙业群.我国反垄断立法中的几个问题.法学天地,1999-05-23
[27] 张淑芳.行政垄断的成因分析及法律对策.法学研究,1999-04-101
[28] 王晓晔.我国反垄断立法的框架.法学研究,1996-04-23
[29] 张步洪.论行政许可的范围.行政法学研究,1997-02-34
[30] 张鸣胜.反垄断的法律思考.学海,2002-04-18
[31] 方世荣.行政许可的涵义、性质及公正性问题探讨.法律科学,1998-02-181
[32] 郭道晖.对行政许可是“赋权”行为的质疑——关于享有与行使权利的一点法理思考.法学,1997-11-16
[33] 吴振国.美、德、日三国反垄断法比较.中国法学,1994-1-25
[34] 刘大洪.我国反垄断立法的新视野.中国法学,1998-1-78
[35] 邵建东.论市场支配地位及其滥用.南京大学法律评论,1999-3-45
[36] 薛克鹏.行政垄断不应由反垄断法调整.山西师大学报(社科版),2001-2-11
[37] 王暘.论反垄断法一般理论及其基本制度.中国法学,1997-4-35
[38] 姜彦君.中外行政性垄断与反垄断立法比较研究.经济法学、劳动法学,2002-10-16
[39] Edited by Thomas M. Jorde and David J. Teece. Antitrust, Innovation, and Competitivess. Oxford University Press, 1992
[40] D. G Coyder EC Competition Law, Third Editiort Clarendon Press, 1998
[41] Mark Furse. Competition Law of the UK & EC. Blackstone Press Limited, 1999
[42] Richard A Posner. Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective. 1976
[43] Bellamy & Child.Common Market Law of Competition. London: Maxwell & Sweet, 1993
[44] William Otis Morris. Revocation of Professional Licenses by Governmental Agencises. the Michie company, 1984
[45] Ernest.Gellhom and William. E. Kovacic. Antitrust Law and Economics in a Nutshell. Fourth edition by west Publishing Co. 1994
[2] 理查德·A·波斯纳著(孙秋宁译).反托拉斯法。北京:中国政法大学出版社,2002
[3] 种明钊.竞争法.北京:法律出版社,1997
[4] (美)E·博登海默著(邓正来译).法理学——法律哲学与法律方法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
[5] 许光耀.欧共体竞争法研究.北京:法律出版社,2002
[6] 张文显.法理学.北京:北京大学出版社,1999
[7] 李昌麒.经济法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
[8] 曹士兵.反垄断法研究.北京:法律出版社,1996
[9] 孔祥俊.反垄断法原理.北京:中国法制出版社,2001
[10] 沈敏荣.法律的不确定性——反垄断法规则分析.北京:法律出版社,2001
[11] 吴宏伟.竞争法有关问题研究.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000
[12] 王晓哗.反垄断法与市场经济.北京:法律出版社,1998
[13] 陈秀山.现代竞争理论与竞争政策.北京:商务印书馆,1997
[14] 文学国.滥用与规制——反垄断法对企业滥用支配地位的规制.北京:法律出版社,2003
[15] 杨解君.行政许可研究.北京:人民出版社,2001
[16] 罗尔夫斯特搏著(苏颖霞,陈少康译).德国经济行政法.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999
[17] 罗豪才.行政法学.北京:中国政法大学出版社,1996
[18] 杨建顺.日本行政法通论.北京:中国法制出版社,1998
[19] 姜明安.行政法与行政诉讼法.北京:北京大学出版社,1999
[20] 张正钊,韩大元.中外许可证制度的理论与实务.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1994
[21] 应松年,杨解军主编.行政许可法的理论与制度解读.北京:北京大学出版社,2004
[22] 张正钊,韩大元.比较行政法.北京:中国人民大学出版社,1998
[23] 斯蒂格利次著(梁小明,黄险峰译).经济学(上).北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002
[24] 游钰,毛大春,林婉婷.反垄断法研究综述.经济法论丛第6卷.北京:中国方正出版社,2002
[25] 漆多俊.中国反垄断立法问题研究.法学评论,1997-04-13
[26] 孙业群.我国反垄断立法中的几个问题.法学天地,1999-05-23
[27] 张淑芳.行政垄断的成因分析及法律对策.法学研究,1999-04-101
[28] 王晓晔.我国反垄断立法的框架.法学研究,1996-04-23
[29] 张步洪.论行政许可的范围.行政法学研究,1997-02-34
[30] 张鸣胜.反垄断的法律思考.学海,2002-04-18
[31] 方世荣.行政许可的涵义、性质及公正性问题探讨.法律科学,1998-02-181
[32] 郭道晖.对行政许可是“赋权”行为的质疑——关于享有与行使权利的一点法理思考.法学,1997-11-16
[33] 吴振国.美、德、日三国反垄断法比较.中国法学,1994-1-25
[34] 刘大洪.我国反垄断立法的新视野.中国法学,1998-1-78
[35] 邵建东.论市场支配地位及其滥用.南京大学法律评论,1999-3-45
[36] 薛克鹏.行政垄断不应由反垄断法调整.山西师大学报(社科版),2001-2-11
[37] 王暘.论反垄断法一般理论及其基本制度.中国法学,1997-4-35
[38] 姜彦君.中外行政性垄断与反垄断立法比较研究.经济法学、劳动法学,2002-10-16
[39] Edited by Thomas M. Jorde and David J. Teece. Antitrust, Innovation, and Competitivess. Oxford University Press, 1992
[40] D. G Coyder EC Competition Law, Third Editiort Clarendon Press, 1998
[41] Mark Furse. Competition Law of the UK & EC. Blackstone Press Limited, 1999
[42] Richard A Posner. Antitrust Law: An Economic Perspective. 1976
[43] Bellamy & Child.Common Market Law of Competition. London: Maxwell & Sweet, 1993
[44] William Otis Morris. Revocation of Professional Licenses by Governmental Agencises. the Michie company, 1984
[45] Ernest.Gellhom and William. E. Kovacic. Antitrust Law and Economics in a Nutshell. Fourth edition by west Publishing Co. 1994
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