员工的时间管理、工作—家庭冲突和主观幸福感的关系研究
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摘要
随着社会的发展,生活节奏日益加快,怎样对时间进行有效的管理、提高时间的利用效率成为一个不可避免的问题。经过三十多年的发展,国外对时间管理的研究在理论和实践上都取得了丰硕的成果,而国内学者对时间管理的探讨基本停留在学生群体中,对于员工群体的时间管理研究才刚刚起步。另外国外的时间管理理论是否有跨文化的一致性以及国内的适合学生群体的时间管理倾向问卷是否适合员工群体还有待验证。
本研究以员工为被试,采取访谈、问卷调查,结合黄希庭编制的青少年时间管理倾向问卷对适合员工的时间管理问卷进行探索,并选取了两个与时间管理有关的效果变量:工作—家庭冲突和幸福感,作为本研究的内容进行探讨。本研究分为两个步骤:第一步,编制适合员工的时间管理量表。通过对黄希庭的青少年时间管理倾向量表进行修订,对修订后回收的292份有效问卷进行探索性因素分析,逐一删除多重负荷和负荷过低的项目,抽取了四个因素,最终确定了17个项目的时间管理问卷。第二步,将自己编制的时间管理问卷、工作—家庭冲突问卷、幸福感指数问卷共构成一个包括46个项目的研究工具,进行正式施测。发放问卷600份,回收有效问卷432份,对数据进行验证性因素分析和信效度分析,结果表明问卷具有较好的信度和效度。运用结构方程模型分析后发现时间管理对主观幸福感有正向预测作用;工作—家庭冲突对主观幸福感也存在负向预测作用;在时间管理对幸福感的影响过程中,工作—家庭冲突起中介作用。使用相关和回归分析,结果表明人口学变量和组织变量对于时间管理、工作家庭冲突、幸福感有影响。
本研究仍存在一定的局限,主要体现在以下几个方面:同一方法偏差、变量之间可能存在互为因果的关系及未控制其他影响幸福感的变量。未来的研究可以通过不同途径获得数据、用纵向研究以及纳入更多影响变量等方式来对此作进一步改善。
With the development of society, rhythm of life accelerate day by day, how to carry on effective management, utilization efficiency to raise time is becoming an unavoidable problem, with more than 30 years of development ,in the foreign countries has made a big achievement on the research of time management at the theory and practice .but the domestic scholar's discussion on the time management is still basically in the group of student, while the study to the employee is just started, besides, wethear the time management theory at abroad has cross-cultural consistency and wehter the Questionnaire of the time management ,which suit the student ,also suits the employee is still to be verified.This research is based on employee, adopting the method of interview, the questionnaire survey to research, linking up with the questionnaire of Adolescence Time Management Disposition Inventory by Huang Xiting. and select two variables related to the time management: The work-family interference and the subjective well-being. Which is to be discussed as the contents of this research. This study is carried on by two steps: The first one is to draw up a table of the time management which suits the employee, after revising the Time Management Disposition Inventory by Huang Xiting, make exploratory factor analysis of 292 effective questionnaire recycled, delete the multiple load one by one, extracted four factors, determined 17 projects time management questionnaire. The second step, carry on the course officially including 46 projects research tools ,which with the combination of the questionnaire of time management, work -family interference, Index of Well-being .Provide 600 questionnaires, recycle 432 effective questionnaires, carry on an factor analysis ,reliability and validity , finally it is proved that it does have a good reliability and validity .after analyzing with structural equation modeling, we find that time management has the reverse forecast to subjective well-being;The working family interference also. In the process that time management influencing to the subjective well-being, the work - family interference play a part in the middle. Using the analysis of correlation and the regression, indicate that the demography variable and the organization variable have effect on the time management, work-family interference and subjective well-being.
This research has some certain limitations, which are primarily manifested in the follow aspects: A relationship of cause and effect, and a variable that does not control other senses of subjective well-being could be contained between the common method biasis or variables. In the future work, data can be obtained through different approaches. The limitations can be further improved by means of longitudinal research in addition to embracing more influential variables.
本研究以员工为被试,采取访谈、问卷调查,结合黄希庭编制的青少年时间管理倾向问卷对适合员工的时间管理问卷进行探索,并选取了两个与时间管理有关的效果变量:工作—家庭冲突和幸福感,作为本研究的内容进行探讨。本研究分为两个步骤:第一步,编制适合员工的时间管理量表。通过对黄希庭的青少年时间管理倾向量表进行修订,对修订后回收的292份有效问卷进行探索性因素分析,逐一删除多重负荷和负荷过低的项目,抽取了四个因素,最终确定了17个项目的时间管理问卷。第二步,将自己编制的时间管理问卷、工作—家庭冲突问卷、幸福感指数问卷共构成一个包括46个项目的研究工具,进行正式施测。发放问卷600份,回收有效问卷432份,对数据进行验证性因素分析和信效度分析,结果表明问卷具有较好的信度和效度。运用结构方程模型分析后发现时间管理对主观幸福感有正向预测作用;工作—家庭冲突对主观幸福感也存在负向预测作用;在时间管理对幸福感的影响过程中,工作—家庭冲突起中介作用。使用相关和回归分析,结果表明人口学变量和组织变量对于时间管理、工作家庭冲突、幸福感有影响。
本研究仍存在一定的局限,主要体现在以下几个方面:同一方法偏差、变量之间可能存在互为因果的关系及未控制其他影响幸福感的变量。未来的研究可以通过不同途径获得数据、用纵向研究以及纳入更多影响变量等方式来对此作进一步改善。
With the development of society, rhythm of life accelerate day by day, how to carry on effective management, utilization efficiency to raise time is becoming an unavoidable problem, with more than 30 years of development ,in the foreign countries has made a big achievement on the research of time management at the theory and practice .but the domestic scholar's discussion on the time management is still basically in the group of student, while the study to the employee is just started, besides, wethear the time management theory at abroad has cross-cultural consistency and wehter the Questionnaire of the time management ,which suit the student ,also suits the employee is still to be verified.This research is based on employee, adopting the method of interview, the questionnaire survey to research, linking up with the questionnaire of Adolescence Time Management Disposition Inventory by Huang Xiting. and select two variables related to the time management: The work-family interference and the subjective well-being. Which is to be discussed as the contents of this research. This study is carried on by two steps: The first one is to draw up a table of the time management which suits the employee, after revising the Time Management Disposition Inventory by Huang Xiting, make exploratory factor analysis of 292 effective questionnaire recycled, delete the multiple load one by one, extracted four factors, determined 17 projects time management questionnaire. The second step, carry on the course officially including 46 projects research tools ,which with the combination of the questionnaire of time management, work -family interference, Index of Well-being .Provide 600 questionnaires, recycle 432 effective questionnaires, carry on an factor analysis ,reliability and validity , finally it is proved that it does have a good reliability and validity .after analyzing with structural equation modeling, we find that time management has the reverse forecast to subjective well-being;The working family interference also. In the process that time management influencing to the subjective well-being, the work - family interference play a part in the middle. Using the analysis of correlation and the regression, indicate that the demography variable and the organization variable have effect on the time management, work-family interference and subjective well-being.
This research has some certain limitations, which are primarily manifested in the follow aspects: A relationship of cause and effect, and a variable that does not control other senses of subjective well-being could be contained between the common method biasis or variables. In the future work, data can be obtained through different approaches. The limitations can be further improved by means of longitudinal research in addition to embracing more influential variables.
引文
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2.陈兴华、凌文辁、方俐洛:工作—家庭冲突及其平衡策略.外国经济与管理,26(4):16—19
3.段建华(1996):总体幸福感在我国大学生中的试用结果与分析.中国临床心里学杂志,1:56
4.郭志刚(1999):社会统计分析方法:SPSS软件:应用[M]北京:中国人民大学出版社
5.黄希庭,张志杰(2001):论个人的时间管理倾向。心理科学,24(5)516—636
6.黄希庭,张志杰(2001):青少年时间管理倾向量表的编制.心理学报,33(4):338-343
7.李晔(2003):工作—家庭冲突的影响因素研究.人类工效学,9(4):14—17
8.刘仁刚、龚耀先:纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表的试用.中国临床心里学杂志,1999,2:107
9.陆佳芳、时勘(2002):工作家庭冲突的初步研究.应用心理学,8(2):56—601
10.陆林,石伟(2006):管理人员时间管理倾向与自我价值感关系的研究.心理科学,29(1)61—63
11.彼得·德鲁克著(1999):变动中的管理界.上海:上海译文出版社.109—110
12.秦启文,张志杰(2002):时间管理倾向与心理健康关系的研究.心理科学,25(3):349—360
13.舒晓兵,廖建桥:国企管理人员工作压力源与工作满意度实证研究.工业工程管里,2003,8(2).
14.吴谅谅,冯颖,范巍(2003):职业女性工作家庭冲突的压力源研究.应用心理学,9(1):43—46
15.邢占军(2002):中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的编制.香港社会科学学报,23:151—189
16.邢占军(2003):中国城市居民主观幸福感量表简本的编制.中国行为医学科学杂志,(6):703—705.
17.邢占军(2004):城市居民的主观幸福感影响因素.新东方,(11):19-24
18.邢占军(2005):沿海某省城市居民主观幸福感纵向研究.心理科学,28(5):1072-1076
19.邢占军,王宪昭,焦丽萍等(2002):几种常用自陈主观幸福感量表在我国城市居民中的试用报告.健康心理学杂志,10(5):325—326
20.姚春生等(1995):中国老年大学学员主管幸福感及有关因素分析。中国心里卫生杂志,9:256—257
21.张永红(2003):大学生心理控制源和时间管理倾向的相关研究.心理科学,26(3):567-568
22.张志杰,黄希庭,崔丽弦(2004):大学生时间管理倾向与学习满意度:递增效度的分析. 西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),30(4):42-45
23.张志杰,黄希庭,风四海,邓麟(2001):青少年时间管理倾向相关因素的研究.心理科学,24(6):649—653
24.钟慧(2003):大学生时间管理倾向与成就动机的相关研究.心理科学:26(4):747—749.
25.周浩,龙立荣(2004):共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法.心理科学进展,12(6):942-950.
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32. Britton, B. K., & Glynn, S. M. (1989). Mental management and creativity;A cognitive model of time management for intellectual productivity. In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity, (pp. 429-440). New York;Plenum Press.
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2.陈兴华、凌文辁、方俐洛:工作—家庭冲突及其平衡策略.外国经济与管理,26(4):16—19
3.段建华(1996):总体幸福感在我国大学生中的试用结果与分析.中国临床心里学杂志,1:56
4.郭志刚(1999):社会统计分析方法:SPSS软件:应用[M]北京:中国人民大学出版社
5.黄希庭,张志杰(2001):论个人的时间管理倾向。心理科学,24(5)516—636
6.黄希庭,张志杰(2001):青少年时间管理倾向量表的编制.心理学报,33(4):338-343
7.李晔(2003):工作—家庭冲突的影响因素研究.人类工效学,9(4):14—17
8.刘仁刚、龚耀先:纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表的试用.中国临床心里学杂志,1999,2:107
9.陆佳芳、时勘(2002):工作家庭冲突的初步研究.应用心理学,8(2):56—601
10.陆林,石伟(2006):管理人员时间管理倾向与自我价值感关系的研究.心理科学,29(1)61—63
11.彼得·德鲁克著(1999):变动中的管理界.上海:上海译文出版社.109—110
12.秦启文,张志杰(2002):时间管理倾向与心理健康关系的研究.心理科学,25(3):349—360
13.舒晓兵,廖建桥:国企管理人员工作压力源与工作满意度实证研究.工业工程管里,2003,8(2).
14.吴谅谅,冯颖,范巍(2003):职业女性工作家庭冲突的压力源研究.应用心理学,9(1):43—46
15.邢占军(2002):中国城市居民主观幸福感量表的编制.香港社会科学学报,23:151—189
16.邢占军(2003):中国城市居民主观幸福感量表简本的编制.中国行为医学科学杂志,(6):703—705.
17.邢占军(2004):城市居民的主观幸福感影响因素.新东方,(11):19-24
18.邢占军(2005):沿海某省城市居民主观幸福感纵向研究.心理科学,28(5):1072-1076
19.邢占军,王宪昭,焦丽萍等(2002):几种常用自陈主观幸福感量表在我国城市居民中的试用报告.健康心理学杂志,10(5):325—326
20.姚春生等(1995):中国老年大学学员主管幸福感及有关因素分析。中国心里卫生杂志,9:256—257
21.张永红(2003):大学生心理控制源和时间管理倾向的相关研究.心理科学,26(3):567-568
22.张志杰,黄希庭,崔丽弦(2004):大学生时间管理倾向与学习满意度:递增效度的分析. 西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),30(4):42-45
23.张志杰,黄希庭,风四海,邓麟(2001):青少年时间管理倾向相关因素的研究.心理科学,24(6):649—653
24.钟慧(2003):大学生时间管理倾向与成就动机的相关研究.心理科学:26(4):747—749.
25.周浩,龙立荣(2004):共同方法偏差的统计检验与控制方法.心理科学进展,12(6):942-950.
26. Adams, G.A., King, L.A., &King.D.W.(1996). Relationships of job and family involvement, family social support, and work-family conflict with job and life satisfaction. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81,411-420.
27. Adams, G. A., & Jex, S. M. (1999). Relationships between time management, control, work-family conflict, and strain. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 1, 72-77.
28. Bacharach, S.B., Bamberger, P., &Conley,s. (1991). Work-home conflict among nurses and engineers;Mediating the impact of role stress an burnout and satisfaction at work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12;39-53.
29. Berkowitz, E. N., & Ginter, J. L. (1978). Time management in sales managers. Industrial Marketing Management, 7, 250-256.
30. Bond, M., & Feather, M. (1988). Some correlates of structure and purpose in the use of time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 321-329.
31. Britton, B. K., & Tesser, A. (1991). Effects of time management practices on college grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 405-410.
32. Britton, B. K., & Glynn, S. M. (1989). Mental management and creativity;A cognitive model of time management for intellectual productivity. In J. A. Glover, R. R. Ronning, & C. R. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of creativity, (pp. 429-440). New York;Plenum Press.
33. Burke, R.J(1998)Some antecedents and consequences of work-family conflict Journal of Social Behavior and Personalitu, 3,287-302
34. Calabresi, R., & Cohen, J. (1968). Personality and time attitudes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 73, 431-439.
35. Campell,A., Converse.P.e., &.Rogers, W.L.(1976). The quality of American life;Perceptions. evaluations and satisfactions. New Youk;Russell Sage Foundation
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