基于社会资本的产业集群知识溢出效应研究
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摘要
知识溢出作为一种非自愿性的知识流动，往往是企业创新的重要来源。一般而言，知识溢出往往面临着较多的壁垒。但是如果溢出方和接受方之间存在较为直接的接触和较为紧密的合作关系，就会提高知识溢出的频率和效率。在产业集群中，由于企业在地理上的邻接性和紧密的分工合作关系，形成了较为密切的社会关系网络。知识借助这样的关系网络在集群中溢出，在一定程度上减少了中间环节，缩短了溢出路径，知识可以较为有效地在不同的企业间流动。本文深入分析了分工合作网络如何影响知识的溢出及其具体的作用机制，进而对产业集群中的知识溢出有了更加清楚的认识，并结合产业集群的社会关系网络特点，从社会资本的角度研究产业集群中的知识溢出问题，具有较强的现实意义和理论意义。
本文着眼于产业集群中的关系网络，利用社会资本的有关理论，分析了产业集群中社会资本的特点和累积过程以及知识溢出的特点和基本途径。在此基础上，着重阐述了社会资本对知识溢出的作用。本文认为，产业集群中的社会关系网络是知识溢出的重要途径，创新性的知识可以在有着紧密合作关系的企业之间溢出。社会资本的累积，对于产业集群中的知识溢出有着正向的促进作用。其作用具体体现在：社会资本在获取信息和资源方面的优越性为知识溢出提供了便利，它通过拓宽信息和资源交流的渠道，使得知识可以通过多种途径溢出，通过减少流通环节，减少了知识在流动过程中的损耗和扭曲，提高了知识溢出的效率；社会资本的累积所产生的根植性和创设的本地化氛围以及社会关系网络中共同的规范和行为准则的建立，使得企业之间相互认同，提高了知识溢出的可能性，企业之间的信任关系降低了知识溢出的有形壁垒和无形壁垒；社会资本通过缩短企业间的技术距离，扩充企业的知识存量和提高企业的吸收能力，使得企业在技术上有着更强的相互认知力，提升了企业对溢出知识的判断、选取和吸收能力，从而促进知识在不同主体间的溢出。
The knowledge overflow took one kind of non-voluntary knowledge flows, often is the important origin of enterprise innovation. Generally speaking, the knowledge overflow is facing many barriers. But if the overflow side and the accept side have a more direct contact and close cooperation relations, can enhance the frequency and efficiency of knowledge overflow. Because the enterprises in industry cluster is close in geographical position and have close division of labor and cooperation relations, formed the comparatively close relationship network. Clusters' knowledge overflow with the aid of such relationship network, simplified the middle link and reduced the overflow way in the certain degree, so the knowledge may flow effectively during enterprises. Making a thorough analysis with how division of labor and cooperation network influence knowledge overflow and its concrete function mechanism may clearly realize the knowledge overflow in industry cluster. Therefore it is very significant in theory and practical to study the problem of industry cluster's knowledge overflow from social capital angle of view.
This article has analyzed the characteristic and accumulative process of social capital as well as the characteristic and essential way of knowledge overflow by using theory about social capital, focuses in the relationship network in industry cluster. In this foundation, emphatically elaborated the social capital's function to the knowledge overflow .In this article's viewpoint, the relationship network is the important way of knowledge overflow, the innovation knowledge can be overflowed during enterprises that have close cooperation relations. The social capital's function to the knowledge overflow specifically manifests in these aspects: Social capital's superiority in gaining information and resources has provided convenience for knowledge overflow, it causes the knowledge to be allowed overflow through many ways by opening up the exchange channel of information and resources, it also reduced the knowledge's loss and distortion in the mobile process by simplifying circulation link; the localized atmosphere which is established by social capital and the common standard and behavior which is established by relationship network enable enterprises to approve mutually, so increase the knowledge overflow possibility, between enterprises' trust relations reduced the visible and invisible barrier of knowledge overflow; finally, it increases enterprise's knowledge storage quantity and enhances enterprise's absorbancy by reducing enterprises' technical disparity, enables the enterprise to have the stronger mutual cognition strength in the technology and enhances the enterprises' ability of judgement and selection, thus promotes knowledge overflow in different member of industry cluster.
本文着眼于产业集群中的关系网络，利用社会资本的有关理论，分析了产业集群中社会资本的特点和累积过程以及知识溢出的特点和基本途径。在此基础上，着重阐述了社会资本对知识溢出的作用。本文认为，产业集群中的社会关系网络是知识溢出的重要途径，创新性的知识可以在有着紧密合作关系的企业之间溢出。社会资本的累积，对于产业集群中的知识溢出有着正向的促进作用。其作用具体体现在：社会资本在获取信息和资源方面的优越性为知识溢出提供了便利，它通过拓宽信息和资源交流的渠道，使得知识可以通过多种途径溢出，通过减少流通环节，减少了知识在流动过程中的损耗和扭曲，提高了知识溢出的效率；社会资本的累积所产生的根植性和创设的本地化氛围以及社会关系网络中共同的规范和行为准则的建立，使得企业之间相互认同，提高了知识溢出的可能性，企业之间的信任关系降低了知识溢出的有形壁垒和无形壁垒；社会资本通过缩短企业间的技术距离，扩充企业的知识存量和提高企业的吸收能力，使得企业在技术上有着更强的相互认知力，提升了企业对溢出知识的判断、选取和吸收能力，从而促进知识在不同主体间的溢出。
The knowledge overflow took one kind of non-voluntary knowledge flows, often is the important origin of enterprise innovation. Generally speaking, the knowledge overflow is facing many barriers. But if the overflow side and the accept side have a more direct contact and close cooperation relations, can enhance the frequency and efficiency of knowledge overflow. Because the enterprises in industry cluster is close in geographical position and have close division of labor and cooperation relations, formed the comparatively close relationship network. Clusters' knowledge overflow with the aid of such relationship network, simplified the middle link and reduced the overflow way in the certain degree, so the knowledge may flow effectively during enterprises. Making a thorough analysis with how division of labor and cooperation network influence knowledge overflow and its concrete function mechanism may clearly realize the knowledge overflow in industry cluster. Therefore it is very significant in theory and practical to study the problem of industry cluster's knowledge overflow from social capital angle of view.
This article has analyzed the characteristic and accumulative process of social capital as well as the characteristic and essential way of knowledge overflow by using theory about social capital, focuses in the relationship network in industry cluster. In this foundation, emphatically elaborated the social capital's function to the knowledge overflow .In this article's viewpoint, the relationship network is the important way of knowledge overflow, the innovation knowledge can be overflowed during enterprises that have close cooperation relations. The social capital's function to the knowledge overflow specifically manifests in these aspects: Social capital's superiority in gaining information and resources has provided convenience for knowledge overflow, it causes the knowledge to be allowed overflow through many ways by opening up the exchange channel of information and resources, it also reduced the knowledge's loss and distortion in the mobile process by simplifying circulation link; the localized atmosphere which is established by social capital and the common standard and behavior which is established by relationship network enable enterprises to approve mutually, so increase the knowledge overflow possibility, between enterprises' trust relations reduced the visible and invisible barrier of knowledge overflow; finally, it increases enterprise's knowledge storage quantity and enhances enterprise's absorbancy by reducing enterprises' technical disparity, enables the enterprise to have the stronger mutual cognition strength in the technology and enhances the enterprises' ability of judgement and selection, thus promotes knowledge overflow in different member of industry cluster.
引文
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[2] 魏江．产业集群—创新系统与技术学习[M]．北京：科学出版社．2003
[3] 王缉慈，等：创新空间—企业集群与区域发展[M]．北京：北京大学出版社．2001
[4] 仇保兴．小企业集群研究[M]．上海：复旦大学出版社．1999
[5] 迈克尔·波特．国家竞争优势[M]．中译本．华夏出版社．2002
[6] 迈克尔·波特．竞争优势[M]．华夏出版社．1997
[7] (美)S．科尔曼．社会理论的基础[M]．北京：社会科学文献出版社．2000
[8] 吴宣恭．企业集群的竞争优势及形成机理[J]．经济纵横．2002(11)
[9] 魏守华．产业集群的竞争优势探索．财经问题研究．2002
[10] 曾中禄．产业集群与区域经济发展．[J]．南开经济研究．1997(1)
[11] 陈剑锋，唐振鹏．国外产业集群研究综述[J]．外国经济与管理．2002(8)
[12] 庄晋财．企业集群地域根植性的理论演进及其政策含义[J]．财经问题研究．2003(10)
[13] 盖文启，朱华晟．产业的柔性集群及其区域竞争力[J]．经济理论与经济管理．2001(10)
[14] 向希尧，朱伟民．基于资源基础理论的产业集群竞争优势分析[J]．经济与管理．2005(11)
[15] 李惠斌，杨雪冬．社会资本与社会发展[M]．北京：社会科学文献出版社．2000
[16] 张其仔．社会资本论—社会资本与经济增长[M]．北京：社会科学文献出版社．2005
[17] 布尔迪厄．文化资本与社会冶金术[M]．包亚明译，上海：上海人民出版社．1997
[18] 巴伯．信任的逻辑与限度[M]．年斌等译．福州：福建人民出版社．1989
[19] (美)弗郎西斯．福山．信任—社会美德与创造经济繁荣[M]．海口：海南出版社．2001
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