平原区产汇流模拟
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摘要
平原河网地区因其地位的重要性、洪涝灾害的频发性及其损失的严重性，使得平原河网地区的产汇流模拟受到越来越多人的关注；因为平原地区产流规律的特殊性，实测资料缺乏，计算结果难以直接检验等，这些理论、技术上的困难使得平原河网地区的产汇流模拟成为水文模拟中的难点。本文将平原河网地区分为水面、水田、旱地和城镇四种下垫面，不同的下垫面按照不同的机制产流。
本文在前人所做的平原河网地区产汇流模拟机制研究的基础上，对旱地的产流机制进行了新的探索，旨在克服新安江三层蒸发模型与潜水蒸发概念不符的缺点，将平原河网地区的产汇流模拟与地下水位建立了联系，以地下水位是否符合实测值检验模型产流计算的合理性；并对水田渗漏和灌溉渗漏的去处提出了新的想法。以太湖流域的嘉兴和欤城为例，分别计算了同时具有实测的降雨、蒸发和仅具有实测的降雨、需要移用蒸发资料的情况下单点的产流；并将本文所述方法和以前采用的平原区产汇流计算方法在相同计算条件下得到的净雨深进行了对比。
The runoff yield and concentration simulation of river net region in the plain was paid more and more attention because of the positional importance, the frequent flood and waterlog disasters, the serious loss etc. The runoff yield and concentration simulation of river net region in the plain had became the difficulty of the hydrological simulation because of some theoretic and technical difficulties that the law of the runoff yield in the plain is especial, measuring data is lacked, the computational result is difficult to examine directly etc. This paper classifieds the underlying surfaces of the plain area into four kinds that water surface, paddy field, arid land, cities and construction used land.
On the basis of that anterior persons have had done about the research of runoff yield and concentration simulation mechanism of river net region in the plain, aiming to conquer the disadvantage that Xin Anjiang three layers evaporation was inconsistent with the concept of dive evaporation, this paper had searched after the runoff yield mechanism for arid land, connected the runoff yield and concentration simulation of river net region in the plain with water table, tested the rationality of the model computational result by the criterion whether computational water level tallied with measuring data, and putted forward new idea about leakage of the paddy field and the irrigation. Taking Jia Xing and Yu Cheng of Tai Lake basin for example, this paper had calculated respectively two states runoff yield for single site that have measuring rainfall and evaporation data at the same time and only have measuring rainfall data, need transplant evaporation data; contrasted computational runoff under the same computational condition by the method depicted in this paper with that of formerly adoptive method.
本文在前人所做的平原河网地区产汇流模拟机制研究的基础上，对旱地的产流机制进行了新的探索，旨在克服新安江三层蒸发模型与潜水蒸发概念不符的缺点，将平原河网地区的产汇流模拟与地下水位建立了联系，以地下水位是否符合实测值检验模型产流计算的合理性；并对水田渗漏和灌溉渗漏的去处提出了新的想法。以太湖流域的嘉兴和欤城为例，分别计算了同时具有实测的降雨、蒸发和仅具有实测的降雨、需要移用蒸发资料的情况下单点的产流；并将本文所述方法和以前采用的平原区产汇流计算方法在相同计算条件下得到的净雨深进行了对比。
The runoff yield and concentration simulation of river net region in the plain was paid more and more attention because of the positional importance, the frequent flood and waterlog disasters, the serious loss etc. The runoff yield and concentration simulation of river net region in the plain had became the difficulty of the hydrological simulation because of some theoretic and technical difficulties that the law of the runoff yield in the plain is especial, measuring data is lacked, the computational result is difficult to examine directly etc. This paper classifieds the underlying surfaces of the plain area into four kinds that water surface, paddy field, arid land, cities and construction used land.
On the basis of that anterior persons have had done about the research of runoff yield and concentration simulation mechanism of river net region in the plain, aiming to conquer the disadvantage that Xin Anjiang three layers evaporation was inconsistent with the concept of dive evaporation, this paper had searched after the runoff yield mechanism for arid land, connected the runoff yield and concentration simulation of river net region in the plain with water table, tested the rationality of the model computational result by the criterion whether computational water level tallied with measuring data, and putted forward new idea about leakage of the paddy field and the irrigation. Taking Jia Xing and Yu Cheng of Tai Lake basin for example, this paper had calculated respectively two states runoff yield for single site that have measuring rainfall and evaporation data at the same time and only have measuring rainfall data, need transplant evaporation data; contrasted computational runoff under the same computational condition by the method depicted in this paper with that of formerly adoptive method.
引文
[1] 李光炽．流域洪水演进模型及其参数反问题研究[D]．南京：河海大学，2001．
[2] 陈沂．对平原地区降雨径流模型问题的探讨[J]．海河水利，1987，(05)
[3] 万洪涛，万庆，周成虎．流域水文模型研究的进展[J]．地球信息科学，2000，(4)：46-50
[4] 陆建华，刘金清．流域产、汇流研究的进展及展望[J]．北京水利，1995，(4)：3-6．
[5] 黄新会，王占礼，牛振华．水文过程及模型研究主要进展[J]．水土保持研究，2004，11(4)：105-108
[6] Horton R E. The role of infiltration in the hydrological cycle[J]. Trans. A. m. Geophys. Union, 1933,14: 446-460.
[7] Philip J R. An infiltration equation with physical significance [J]. Soil Sci. 1954, 77: 153-157.
[8] Richards L A, Gardner W R, Ogata G. Physical processes deter2mining water losses from soil[J]. Soil Sci. Soc. A m. Proc., 1956, 20: 310-314.
[9] McCarthy G T. The unit hydrograph and flood routing[Z]. Proc.Conf. North Atlantic Division, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1938.
[10] Linsley R K, Crawford N H. Computation of a synthetic stream2flow record on a digital computer[J]. Hydrol. Sci. B ull., 1960,51:526-538.
[11] Johanson R C, Imhoff J C, Davis H H, et al. Userps mannual forthe Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) [R]. Envi ronmental Protection Agency Report FPA-600, 1980. 9-80.
[12] Sugawara M. An analysis of runoff structure about several Japanese rivers[J]. Japanese J. Geophys, 1961, 2: 10-17.
[13] 陈仁升，康尔泗，杨建平，张济世．水文模型研究综述[J]．中国沙漠，2003，23(3)：221-229．
[14] Dawdy D R, OpDonnell T. Mathematical models of catchment behavior[J]. J. Hyd. Div. Proc. ASCE, 1965, 91: 123.
[15] Marco Franchini, Michele Pacciani. Comparative analysis of several conceptual rainfall-runoff models[J]. J. Hydrol., 1991, 122:161-219.
[16] Freeze R A, Harlan R L. Blue print for a physically2based digital simulated hydrologic response model[J]. J. Hydrol., 1969, 9: 237-258.
[17] Beven K J, Kirky M J. A physically-based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology [J]. Hydro. Sci. Bull., 1979,24(1): 43-69.
[18] Kutchment L S. A two2dimensional rainfall-runoff model: identi-fication of parameters and possible use for hydrological forecasts[A]. Hydrological Forecasting [C]. ISHS Publication 129,1980. 215-219.
[19] Jonch2Clausen T. Systeme Hydrologique Eurppeen: a short de-scription[A]. Danish Hydraulics Institute. SHE Reportl[C], Horsholm, Denmark, 1979.
[20] Beven KJ, Warren R, Zaoui J. SHE: towards a methodology for physically2based distributed forecasting in hydrology [A]. Hydrological Forecasting[C]. IAHS Publication 129. 1980. 133-137.
[21] DeCoursey D G. ARS small watershed model [J]. A m. Soc. A2 gric. Eng. Paper., 1982,2094.
[22] Morris E M. Forecasting flood flows in grassy and forested basins using a deterministic distributed mathematical model[A]. Hydrological Forecasting[C]. IAHS Publication 129,1980. 247-255.
[23] 刘凤莲，陈植华．流域水文模型发展展望[J]．地质灾害与环境保护，2005，16(1)：71-74
[24] Zhang Wanchang, Katsuro Ogawa, Ye Besheng, et al. A monthly sream flow model for estimating the potential changes of river runoff on the projected global warming [J]. ydrological Processes, 2000,14: 1851-1868.
[25] Marks S W, Lance W V, Dennis P L. A distributed hydrology vegetation model for complex terrain [J]. Water Resources Res., 1994,30 (6): 1665-1679.
[26] Jean2Pierre V, Sylvain H, And Denis I. A distributed hydrological model adapted to the automatic calibration ofparameters[J]. J. of Hydrology, 1986, 87: 1-8.
[27] Putty M R Y, Prasad R. Understanding runoff processes using a watershed model—a case study in the Western Ghats in South India [J]. J. of Hydrology, 2000, 228: 215-227.
[28] Kuo21in Hsu, Hoshin Vijai Gupta, Soroosh Sorooshian. Artificial neural network modeling of the rainfall-runoff process [J]. Water Resources Res., 1994,31 (10): 2517-2530.
[29] Hornik K, Stinchcombe M, White H. Multilayer feedforward net works are universal approximation[J]. Neural Networks, 1989, 2(5): 359-366.
[30] Gautam M R, Watanabe K, Saegusa H. Runoff analysis in humid forest catchment with artificial neural network [J]. J. of Hydro,. 2000,235,117-136.
[31] 陈仁升，康尔泗，张济世．基于小波变换和GRNN神经网络的黑河出山径流模型[J]．中国沙漠，2001，21(增刊)：12-16．
[32] 蓝永超，康尔泗，徐中民等．B2P神经网络在径流长期预测中的应用[J]．中国沙漠，2001，21(1)：97-100．
[33] 杨裕英．黄淮海平原地区“三水”转化水文模型[J]．水文，1988，(05)：11—16
[34] 李光炽，王船海．内涝型流域洪灾洪水模拟[J]．成都科技大学学报，1995(1)：87—95．
[35] 梁瑞驹，程文辉，蔡文祥，马燮铫．太湖流域水文数学模型[J]．湖泊科学，1993，5(2)：99—106．
[36] 沈言贤，钱毅，徐小林．平原水网区产汇流模式探讨[J]．水文，1996，(3)：16—21
[37] 高建峰，于玲．五道沟地区“三水”转化水文模型[J]．地下水，1996(4)：168—171．
[38] 王腊春，彭鹏，周寅康，都金康．湿润地区平原圩区产流机制研究[J]．南京大学学报，199，33(1)：156—160
[39] 赵永军，杨珏，程文辉．太湖流域产汇流模拟[J]．河海大学学报，1998(2)：110—113．
[40] 邓孺孺，陈晓翔，胡细凤，何执兼．遥感和GIS支持下的平原河网区暴雨 产流模型研究[J]．水文，1999，(3)：19—24
[41] 王发信，宋家常．五道沟水文模型[J]．水利水电技术，2001(10)：60—63．
[42] 陈明．第二松花江干流四水转化模型研究及应用[J]．东北水利水电，2001，19(208)：3—5
[43] 王才，唐继业．辽宁中部平原区“三水”转化水文模型[J]．水文，2001，21(4)：18—22
[44] 张德同，付艳红．白城平原区“四水”转化产流模型的探讨[J]．东北水利水电，2004，22(240)：6、9
[45] 程文辉，王船海，朱琰．太湖流域模型[M]．南京：河海大学出版社，2006
[46] 赵永军，杨珏，程文辉．太湖流域产汇流模拟[J]．河海大学学报，1998(2)：110—113．
[47] 芮孝芳．水文学原理[M]．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2004
[48] 赵人俊．流域水文模型．新安江模型与陕北模型[M]．北京：水利电力出版社，1984
[49] 王晓红．潜水蒸发及作物的地下水利用量估算方法的研究[D]．武汉：武汉大学，2004．
[50] 毛锐，高俊峰．太湖地区湖泊水面蒸发[M]．北京：科学技术文献出版社，1993
[51] 唐海行，苏逸深，张和平．潜水蒸发的实验研究及其发验公式的改进[J]．水利学报，1989，(10)：37—44
[2] 陈沂．对平原地区降雨径流模型问题的探讨[J]．海河水利，1987，(05)
[3] 万洪涛，万庆，周成虎．流域水文模型研究的进展[J]．地球信息科学，2000，(4)：46-50
[4] 陆建华，刘金清．流域产、汇流研究的进展及展望[J]．北京水利，1995，(4)：3-6．
[5] 黄新会，王占礼，牛振华．水文过程及模型研究主要进展[J]．水土保持研究，2004，11(4)：105-108
[6] Horton R E. The role of infiltration in the hydrological cycle[J]. Trans. A. m. Geophys. Union, 1933,14: 446-460.
[7] Philip J R. An infiltration equation with physical significance [J]. Soil Sci. 1954, 77: 153-157.
[8] Richards L A, Gardner W R, Ogata G. Physical processes deter2mining water losses from soil[J]. Soil Sci. Soc. A m. Proc., 1956, 20: 310-314.
[9] McCarthy G T. The unit hydrograph and flood routing[Z]. Proc.Conf. North Atlantic Division, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1938.
[10] Linsley R K, Crawford N H. Computation of a synthetic stream2flow record on a digital computer[J]. Hydrol. Sci. B ull., 1960,51:526-538.
[11] Johanson R C, Imhoff J C, Davis H H, et al. Userps mannual forthe Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) [R]. Envi ronmental Protection Agency Report FPA-600, 1980. 9-80.
[12] Sugawara M. An analysis of runoff structure about several Japanese rivers[J]. Japanese J. Geophys, 1961, 2: 10-17.
[13] 陈仁升，康尔泗，杨建平，张济世．水文模型研究综述[J]．中国沙漠，2003，23(3)：221-229．
[14] Dawdy D R, OpDonnell T. Mathematical models of catchment behavior[J]. J. Hyd. Div. Proc. ASCE, 1965, 91: 123.
[15] Marco Franchini, Michele Pacciani. Comparative analysis of several conceptual rainfall-runoff models[J]. J. Hydrol., 1991, 122:161-219.
[16] Freeze R A, Harlan R L. Blue print for a physically2based digital simulated hydrologic response model[J]. J. Hydrol., 1969, 9: 237-258.
[17] Beven K J, Kirky M J. A physically-based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology [J]. Hydro. Sci. Bull., 1979,24(1): 43-69.
[18] Kutchment L S. A two2dimensional rainfall-runoff model: identi-fication of parameters and possible use for hydrological forecasts[A]. Hydrological Forecasting [C]. ISHS Publication 129,1980. 215-219.
[19] Jonch2Clausen T. Systeme Hydrologique Eurppeen: a short de-scription[A]. Danish Hydraulics Institute. SHE Reportl[C], Horsholm, Denmark, 1979.
[20] Beven KJ, Warren R, Zaoui J. SHE: towards a methodology for physically2based distributed forecasting in hydrology [A]. Hydrological Forecasting[C]. IAHS Publication 129. 1980. 133-137.
[21] DeCoursey D G. ARS small watershed model [J]. A m. Soc. A2 gric. Eng. Paper., 1982,2094.
[22] Morris E M. Forecasting flood flows in grassy and forested basins using a deterministic distributed mathematical model[A]. Hydrological Forecasting[C]. IAHS Publication 129,1980. 247-255.
[23] 刘凤莲，陈植华．流域水文模型发展展望[J]．地质灾害与环境保护，2005，16(1)：71-74
[24] Zhang Wanchang, Katsuro Ogawa, Ye Besheng, et al. A monthly sream flow model for estimating the potential changes of river runoff on the projected global warming [J]. ydrological Processes, 2000,14: 1851-1868.
[25] Marks S W, Lance W V, Dennis P L. A distributed hydrology vegetation model for complex terrain [J]. Water Resources Res., 1994,30 (6): 1665-1679.
[26] Jean2Pierre V, Sylvain H, And Denis I. A distributed hydrological model adapted to the automatic calibration ofparameters[J]. J. of Hydrology, 1986, 87: 1-8.
[27] Putty M R Y, Prasad R. Understanding runoff processes using a watershed model—a case study in the Western Ghats in South India [J]. J. of Hydrology, 2000, 228: 215-227.
[28] Kuo21in Hsu, Hoshin Vijai Gupta, Soroosh Sorooshian. Artificial neural network modeling of the rainfall-runoff process [J]. Water Resources Res., 1994,31 (10): 2517-2530.
[29] Hornik K, Stinchcombe M, White H. Multilayer feedforward net works are universal approximation[J]. Neural Networks, 1989, 2(5): 359-366.
[30] Gautam M R, Watanabe K, Saegusa H. Runoff analysis in humid forest catchment with artificial neural network [J]. J. of Hydro,. 2000,235,117-136.
[31] 陈仁升，康尔泗，张济世．基于小波变换和GRNN神经网络的黑河出山径流模型[J]．中国沙漠，2001，21(增刊)：12-16．
[32] 蓝永超，康尔泗，徐中民等．B2P神经网络在径流长期预测中的应用[J]．中国沙漠，2001，21(1)：97-100．
[33] 杨裕英．黄淮海平原地区“三水”转化水文模型[J]．水文，1988，(05)：11—16
[34] 李光炽，王船海．内涝型流域洪灾洪水模拟[J]．成都科技大学学报，1995(1)：87—95．
[35] 梁瑞驹，程文辉，蔡文祥，马燮铫．太湖流域水文数学模型[J]．湖泊科学，1993，5(2)：99—106．
[36] 沈言贤，钱毅，徐小林．平原水网区产汇流模式探讨[J]．水文，1996，(3)：16—21
[37] 高建峰，于玲．五道沟地区“三水”转化水文模型[J]．地下水，1996(4)：168—171．
[38] 王腊春，彭鹏，周寅康，都金康．湿润地区平原圩区产流机制研究[J]．南京大学学报，199，33(1)：156—160
[39] 赵永军，杨珏，程文辉．太湖流域产汇流模拟[J]．河海大学学报，1998(2)：110—113．
[40] 邓孺孺，陈晓翔，胡细凤，何执兼．遥感和GIS支持下的平原河网区暴雨 产流模型研究[J]．水文，1999，(3)：19—24
[41] 王发信，宋家常．五道沟水文模型[J]．水利水电技术，2001(10)：60—63．
[42] 陈明．第二松花江干流四水转化模型研究及应用[J]．东北水利水电，2001，19(208)：3—5
[43] 王才，唐继业．辽宁中部平原区“三水”转化水文模型[J]．水文，2001，21(4)：18—22
[44] 张德同，付艳红．白城平原区“四水”转化产流模型的探讨[J]．东北水利水电，2004，22(240)：6、9
[45] 程文辉，王船海，朱琰．太湖流域模型[M]．南京：河海大学出版社，2006
[46] 赵永军，杨珏，程文辉．太湖流域产汇流模拟[J]．河海大学学报，1998(2)：110—113．
[47] 芮孝芳．水文学原理[M]．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2004
[48] 赵人俊．流域水文模型．新安江模型与陕北模型[M]．北京：水利电力出版社，1984
[49] 王晓红．潜水蒸发及作物的地下水利用量估算方法的研究[D]．武汉：武汉大学，2004．
[50] 毛锐，高俊峰．太湖地区湖泊水面蒸发[M]．北京：科学技术文献出版社，1993
[51] 唐海行，苏逸深，张和平．潜水蒸发的实验研究及其发验公式的改进[J]．水利学报，1989，(10)：37—44
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