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二种龙眼园节肢动物群落结构及其动态研究
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摘要
本文于2005年10月至2006年10月,在福州市郊对2种不同生境龙眼园节肢动物群落进行系统调查,研究了不同生境群落物种组成结构及多样性动态规律并分析了害虫和天敌的优势种;探讨了荔枝蒂蛀虫的自然消长种群动态以及其寄生性天敌的群落结构及动态规律。研究结果表明:
     调查发现龙眼园节肢动物有15目103科265种,其中昆虫13目87科198种,螨类2科2种,蜘蛛14科65种;在生态园中共查节肢动物392252只,包括了昆虫纲13目83科168种(类)391395只和蛛形纲2目16科60种(类)857只;而在化防园中共查节肢动物共计23070只,包括昆虫纲12目61科117种(类)22750只;蛛形纲2目12科28种(类)320只。从龙眼园节肢动物群落及其各亚群落的物种数和个体数量看,生态园均明显高于化防园。
     运用Berger-Parker优势度指数测定物种优势度并进行等级划分。在生态园中,优势种为龙眼角颊木虱Cornegepsylla sinica和缨单蜕蚧Thysanofiorinia leei;丰盛种为龙眼叶瘿蚊、啮虫和三角新小卷蛾Olethreutes leucaspis。在化防园中,优势种为龙眼角颊木虱Cornegepsylla sinica、烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci;丰盛种为荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis和荔枝尖细蛾Conopomorpha litchiella。
     群落结构的时间动态分析表明:生态园节肢动物物种丰富度和个体丰盛度均高于化防园。受到不同生境和农药控制下龙眼颊角木虱的自然消长动态的影响,生态园节肢动物群落多样性和均匀性指数低于化防园,而害虫亚群落多样性和均匀性指数低于化防园。生态园捕食性天敌亚群落和寄生性天敌亚群落多样性和均匀性指数高于化防园;生态园中性昆虫亚群落多样性和均匀性指数低于化防园。
     生态园和化防园节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落、捕食性天敌亚群落的相似系数比较小,范围在0.5~0.6之间。寄生性天敌亚群落和中性昆虫亚群落之间的相似程度比较高,分别为0.8462和0.8125。
     从2005年10月到2006年10月,生态园和化防园节肢动物群落及各亚群落物种丰富度的时间动态均呈现出相同的趋势:降~升~降~升。一般来说,生态园的物种丰富度均高于化防园。
     生态园和化防园节肢动物群落和害虫亚群落的个体丰盛度具有很大差异。生态园节肢动物个体丰盛度远远高于化防园,并且在4月份生态园节肢动物群落具有很大的变化,个体丰富度骤升,达到最高点(165583只)。生态园和化防园节肢动物群落及各亚群落多样性指数的变化趋势相似,均匀度指数时间动态同多样性指数的变化而具有相同的变化趋势。优势集中性指数的变化规律与均匀度指数、多样性指数相反。
     成熟期果部昆虫调查结果表明:果部昆虫群落总共有6目17科21种,其中生态园有6目16科20种,化防园有5目10科12种。生态园、化防园群落的个体丰盛度时间动态均呈逐渐增长的趋势。8月至9月,个体丰富度度存在差异,主要由于8月31日化学农药的使用,导致9月9日化防园果实昆虫群落个体丰富度和个体数量大大降低。
     不同生境果园荔枝蒂蛀虫的个体数量的时间动态基本一致,均呈增长趋势。而化防园荔枝蒂蛀虫的个体数量明显高于生态园。化防园化学农药的使用,对于荔枝蒂蛀虫的个体数量的变化没有明显的影响。化防园的虫果数量大于在生态园中的虫果数量。从整个调查周期看,生态园、化防园荔枝蒂蛀虫的虫果率分别是6.95%和33.11%。因此,在化防园荔枝蒂蛀虫的危害是十分严重的。通过对叶部荔枝蒂蛀虫的调查得知,从8月开始,田间蛹量急剧上升,到9月份达到最大值(70只蛹)。12月份仍旧发现有荔枝蒂蛀虫蛹。
     通过田间调查和室内实验发现,硕肛绒茧蜂Apanteles grandiculus Wilkinson对荔枝蒂蛀虫有显著控制作用,其次为中华微刺盲蝽Camtylomma chinensis、中华通草蛉Chrysoperla sinica。从5月份开始调查寄生天敌开始出现,6~9月寄生天敌的种群和数量均呈逐渐增长趋势,并在9月晚熟品种果实成熟时达到最高峰。经查明,硕肛绒茧蜂具有很长的持效期,且一直维持相当高的寄生率,是荔枝蒂蛀虫最重要的寄生性天敌。9~10月份小愈腹茧蜂、扁股小蜂对荔枝蒂蛀虫也具有很好的控制作用。
The investigation of arthropod community in two different habitats of longan orchards was conducted from October, 2005 to October, 2006 in Fuzhou, Fujian province. The structure and dynamics of arthropod community, and the dominant species of pests and natural enemies were studied by analyzing the collected data. The seasonal fluctuation of Conopomorpha sinensis and the community structure and dynamics of the parasitic enemies were also studied. The major results were concluded as follows.
     The investigation indicated that 15 orders, 103 families and 265 species were recorded from the two different Habitats of longan orchards, including 13 orders, 87 families and 198 species of insects, 14 families and 65 species of spiders, and 2 families and 2 species of mites. 392252 individuals were recorded from the eco-orchard, including 391395 insect individuals belonging to 13 orders, 83 families and 168 species, and 857 spider individuals belonging to 2 orders, 16 families and 60 species. In chemical control orchard, 23070 individuals were recorded, including 22750 insect individuals belonging to 12 orders, 61 families and 17 species, and 320 spider individuals belonging to 2 orders, 12 families and 28 species. Compared with chemical control orchard, the species and the individuals of arthropod community were obviously high in eco-orchard.
     Dominant rank of species was. analyzed by the dominance index of Berger-Parker. Cornegepsylla sinica and Thysanofiorinia leei were dominant species, and Longan leaf gall midge ,Atropidae sp. and Olethreutes leucaspis were abundant species in eco-orchard. In chemical control orchard, the dominant species were Cornegepsylla sinica and Bemisia tabaci, abundant species were Conopomorpha litchiella and Conopomorpha sinensis.
     The community structure and dynamics were studied. The investigation indicated that the species and the individuals of arthropod community in the eco-orchard were higher than those of chemical control orchard. Under the effect of seasonal fluctuation of Cornegepsylla sinica which was controlled by different habitats and chemical pesticide, the indexes of diversity and evenness for both arthropod community and pest sub-community in eco-orchard were lower than those of chemical control orchard. For both predatory enemy sub-communities and parasitic enemy sub-communities,the same results could also be obtained. However, they were opposite for neutral insect sub-communities.
     The similarity of arthropod community, pest sub-community, predatory enemy sub-communities and Parasitic enemy sub-communities was 0.5~0.6 between the eco-orchard and the chemical control orchard. For parasitic enemy sub-communities and neutral insect sub-communities, it was 0.8462 and 0.8125, respectively.
     From October 2005 to October 2006, the temporal dynamics of richness of arthropod community and various sub-communities appeared the same trend: Up~down~up~down. In general, the species richness of eco-orchard was higher than those of chemical control orchard. In the eco-orchard and the chemical control orchard, there was a prominent difference in individual abundance of arthropod community and pest sub-community. Individual abundance of arthropod community in the eco-orchard was higher than those of chemical control orchard, climbed sharply and reached the highest point of 165583 in April. The diversity index of arthropod community and various sub-communities was quite similar. The evenness index appeared the same tendency with the diversity index. However, the tendency was opposite for the dominant concentration index.
     From August 20 to September 20, insect investigation indicated that 6 orders, 17 families and 21 species were recorded from the fruit, including 6 orders, 16 families and 20 species from the eco-orchard and 5 orders, 10 families and 12 species from the chemical control orchard. During the period of September 9, species and individuals of insect are significantly decreased mainly due to the application of chemical pesticide.
     The individuals of Conopomorpha sinensis was gradually increased wih temporal dynamics changes at both the Eco-orchard and the chemical control orchard, and the richness of the chemical control orchard is higher than those of the Eco-orchard. The application of chemical pesticide appeared no obvious control effects on the seasonal fluctuation of Conopomorpha sinensis. The rate of damaged fruit in the chemical control orchard was higher than those in the Eco-orchard, 33.11% and 6.95%, respectively. It indicated that the harm of Conopomorpha sinensis was extremely serious. The investigation of Conopomorpha sinensis in leaves indicated that the pupa quantity kept on increasing, and up to its zenith of 70 pupae in September. Pupae were still found in December.
     According to the investigated data of population in laboratory and field, Apanteles grandiculus played a significant role in the control of Conopomorpha sinensis. followed by Camtylomma chinensis and Chrysopa sinica. The parasitic natural enemies started to appear in May, the population and the number of parasitic natural enemies kept on increasing, and reached the peak in September. Apanteles grandiculus was the dominant specie of parasitic enemy to control Conopomorpha sinensis. During the period of September and October. Phanerotoma minuta and Elasmus sp. provide a significant control effect against Conopomorpha sinensis Population.
引文
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