高分辨机载SAR成像算法及实时成像系统研究
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摘要
合成孔径雷达(SAR)是一种置于运动平台(如,飞机和卫星等)的成像雷达,诞生于20世纪50年代,是一种新型的雷达体制,具有全天时、全天候、远距离成像的特点,因此可以大大提高雷达的信息获取能力。它利用合成孔径原理和脉冲压缩技术,突破了实天线孔径对方位向分辨率的限制,实现了对远距离目标的二维高分辨率成像。在军事和民用领域有着重大的应用价值。本文中,通过运动补偿算法来处理宽场景高分辨SAR实测数据,取得高质量的SAR图像,实现精确度较高的成像,并针对高分辨弹载实时SAR成像系统对运算的精确性和高效性的特点,在信号处理中通过“乒乓”操作来快速地实现多普勒参数的估计,以满足对实时成像的运动补偿及方位聚焦精度的要求,并且在实测数据的处理中取得了满意结果。
具体安排如下:
第一章简介了合成孔径雷达(SAR)的发展历程及发展方向,以及简要介绍了机载SAR。
第二章介绍了SAR成像原理,并通过分析距离徙动在成像中的影响,介绍了常用的距离-多普勒(R-D)以及线调频变标(CS)成像算法。
第三章介绍了在实际情况中,由于SAR平台的不稳定,成像过程中所需要的运动补偿算法,并对多个子图像的拼接做了一定的研究。
第四章介绍了由ADSP-TS201S和FPGA构成的信号处理硬件平台上的高分辨SAR实时成像系统的多普勒参数的估计。
第五章对全文进行了总结与展望。
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a kind of imaging radar placed in moving platform such as airplane and satellite , was born in the 20th century, 50's, is a new type of radar system. Because SAR has the advantage that it is free of weather influence, and works in both day and night, it can greatly improve radar’s capability of collecting information. It employs the principle of synthetic aperture and pulse compression technology. Hence it makes the azimuth resolution limitations of the real single antenna aperture untenable, and is able to get the two-dimensional high-resolution imaging of long-range. So, SAR has a tremendous practical value in the military and civilian areas. In this thesis, the author discusses how to get the high quality and precise SAR image from the wide scene high-resolution SAR real measured data using the motion compensation algorithm. And by utilizing the advantage of the accuracy and efficiency of the high-resolution real-time SAR imaging system, the Doppler parameter estimation is implemented using the“ping-pong”operation in the signal processing, which meets the demands for real-time imaging of the motion compensation and azimuth focusing accuracy. Then the results of the simulation shows that the performance of the methods and algorithms mentioned above are satisfied.
Specific arrangements are as follows:
The first chapter reviews the development history of SAR, and introduces the airborne SAR briefly.
The second chapter firstly describes the theory of SAR imaging, according to analyzing influence of range cell migration for SAR imaging, and then discusses the common imaging algorithms, such as RDA and CSA.
The third chapter is concerned with motion compensation based on radar echoes in unstable flat during SAR imaging and analyses connection of SAR image.
The fourth chapter proposes a method of Doppler parameters estimation quickly based on a kind of signal processing platform which is composed of DSP named TS -201 and FPGA.
And in the last chapter, there are summary and prospect of this dissertation.
具体安排如下:
第一章简介了合成孔径雷达(SAR)的发展历程及发展方向,以及简要介绍了机载SAR。
第二章介绍了SAR成像原理,并通过分析距离徙动在成像中的影响,介绍了常用的距离-多普勒(R-D)以及线调频变标(CS)成像算法。
第三章介绍了在实际情况中,由于SAR平台的不稳定,成像过程中所需要的运动补偿算法,并对多个子图像的拼接做了一定的研究。
第四章介绍了由ADSP-TS201S和FPGA构成的信号处理硬件平台上的高分辨SAR实时成像系统的多普勒参数的估计。
第五章对全文进行了总结与展望。
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a kind of imaging radar placed in moving platform such as airplane and satellite , was born in the 20th century, 50's, is a new type of radar system. Because SAR has the advantage that it is free of weather influence, and works in both day and night, it can greatly improve radar’s capability of collecting information. It employs the principle of synthetic aperture and pulse compression technology. Hence it makes the azimuth resolution limitations of the real single antenna aperture untenable, and is able to get the two-dimensional high-resolution imaging of long-range. So, SAR has a tremendous practical value in the military and civilian areas. In this thesis, the author discusses how to get the high quality and precise SAR image from the wide scene high-resolution SAR real measured data using the motion compensation algorithm. And by utilizing the advantage of the accuracy and efficiency of the high-resolution real-time SAR imaging system, the Doppler parameter estimation is implemented using the“ping-pong”operation in the signal processing, which meets the demands for real-time imaging of the motion compensation and azimuth focusing accuracy. Then the results of the simulation shows that the performance of the methods and algorithms mentioned above are satisfied.
Specific arrangements are as follows:
The first chapter reviews the development history of SAR, and introduces the airborne SAR briefly.
The second chapter firstly describes the theory of SAR imaging, according to analyzing influence of range cell migration for SAR imaging, and then discusses the common imaging algorithms, such as RDA and CSA.
The third chapter is concerned with motion compensation based on radar echoes in unstable flat during SAR imaging and analyses connection of SAR image.
The fourth chapter proposes a method of Doppler parameters estimation quickly based on a kind of signal processing platform which is composed of DSP named TS -201 and FPGA.
And in the last chapter, there are summary and prospect of this dissertation.
引文
[1]丁鹭飞,耿富录.雷达原理(第三版).西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,2002.6
[2]刘永坦等著.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999
[3]张澄波.综合孔径雷达.北京:科学出版社,1989
[4]保铮,邢孟道,王彤.雷达成像技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2006.1
[5]袁孝康.星载合成孔径雷达导论.北京:国防工业出版社,2003
[6]向敬成,张明友.雷达系统分析.北京:电子工业出版社,2001.5
[7]张直中.机载和星载合成孔径雷达导论.北京:电子工业出版社, 2004
[8]郭华东,雷达对地观测理论与应用.北京:科学出版社,2000
[9]张直中.九十年代合成孔径雷达的发展简况.第七届全国雷达学术年会. 1999.11
[10]魏钟铨.合成孔径雷达卫星.北京:科学出版社,2001.
[11] John C. Curlander, etal. Synthetic Aperture Radar-System and Signal Processing. New York: John Wiley & Sons, INC.,1991
[12] Mehrdad Soumekh,Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing with Matlab Algorithms. New York: John Wiley & Sons, INC., 1999
[13] J. C. Curlander, R. H. McDonough. Synthetic Aperture Radar: Systems and Signal Processing. New York: John Wiley & Sons, INC., 1991。
[14]洪文,胡东辉等译,Ian G. Cumming, Frank H.Wong著.合成孔径雷达成像——算法与实现.北京:电子工业出版社,2007.10
[15]任璐.关于提高SAR图像质量的研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2005.1
[16] Johnson D H,Dudgon D E. Array Signal Processing: Concepts and Techniques. Upper Saddle River: PTR Prentice Hall, 1993
[17] Raney R K, Runge H, Bamler R,et al. Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling. IEEE Trans. On GRS[J]. Vol.32(4).1994.
[18] W. H. Hensley, A. W. Doerry, B. C. Walker. Lynx: A high-resolution synthetic aperture radar. SPIE Aerosense 1999, Vol. 3704.
[19]陈仁元,邓海涛,江凯等.机载高分辨SAR系统成像技术.遥感技术与应用,Vol. 20 No. 1,Feb. 2005。
[20]郑力文.斜视SAR成像算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2008.1
[21]李宝霞.机载高分辨SAR成像算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2008.1
[22] M. Y. Jin, C. Wu. A SAR Correlation Algorithm which Accommodates Large RangeMigration. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. GE-22, pp.592-595, 1984.
[23] A. M. Smith. A New Approach to Range-Doppler SAR Processing Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, pp. 235-251, 1991.
[24] J. L.Walker . Range-Doppler Imaging of Rotating Objects. IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems ,Vol. AES-16,No.1,January 1980,pp23-52.
[25] W. M. Brown and R.J.Fredericks. Range-Doppler Imaging with Motion through Resolution Cells. IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-5,No.1,May 1969,pp98-102.
[26] W.G.Carrara, R.S.Goodman, R.M.Majewski. Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms[M]. Boston:Artech House,1995.
[27]程玉平,保铮.一种改进的多普勒中心频率估计方法.西安电子科技大学学报,1999,26(1),44-48
[28]黄红星.合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像技术研究.武汉理工大学硕士论文,2003.2
[29]孙晓晖.机载高分辨SAR成像技术研究.国防科学技术大学硕士学位论文,2003.12。
[30]李立伟,贾洪江,Asif Raza等. chirp-scaling算法中运动补偿问题研究.北京航空航天大学学报, August 1999,Vol. 25 No14
[31]谢欣.高分辨率SAR成像及其多普勒参数估计的研究.上海交通大学硕士论文,2004
[32]阮敏,罗代升,陈默等. SAR成像系统中多普勒中心频率fD和模糊数m的估计.四川大学学报,2005,42(5),963-968
[33]朱国富,董臻,常文革等.用相位梯度法校正超宽带雷达系统的相位误差.国防科技大学学报,2001
[34] F.K.Li, D.N.Held, et al.. Doppler parameter estimation for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Trans. on GRS, 1985, 23(1):47-56.
[35] S.D.Madsen. Estimating the doppler centroid of SAR data. IEEE Trans. on AES, 1989, 25(2):134-140.
[36] Li, Xi, Liu Guosui, Jinlin Ni, "Autofocusing of ISAR Images Based on Entropy Minimization" IEEE Trans. AES, Vol.35, No.4, 1999, pp.1240-1251.R.Bamler. Doppler frequency estimation and the Cramer-Rao Bound. IEEE Trans. on GRS, 1991, 29(3):385-389.
[37] R.Bamler. Doppler frequency estimation and the Cramer-Rao Bound. IEEE Trans. on GRS, 1991, 29(3):385-389.
[38]曹福祥.机载合成孔径雷达运动补偿研究.西北工业大学博士论文,1997.1.
[39]邢孟道.基于实测数据的雷达成像方法研究.西安电子科技大学博士论文,2002.3
[40]黄源宝.机载合成孔径雷达成像算法及运动补偿的研究.西安电子科技大学博士论文,2005.4.
[41]李立伟.高分辨率机载合成孔径雷达中运动补偿问题的研究.北京航空航天大学博士论文,1998.1
[42]邢孟道,保铮.基于运动参数估计的SAR成像.电子学报,2001,29(12A): 1824-1828.
[43]邢孟道,保铮.基于运动参数估计的窄波束宽幅SAR成像方法.现代雷达,2004,26(2):37~41
[44] T.E.Scheuer, F.H.Wong. Comparsion of SAR processor based on a wave equation formulation. IGARSS’91, pp.635-639.
[45] Kirk,J. Motion compensation for synthetic aperture radar . IEEE Trans. Aerosp. electron. syst. , 11,338
[46]黄源宝,邢孟道,保铮.载机速度不稳对SAR成像的影响及补偿方法. CSAR-2003会议,2004,323~326
[47]周峰.机载合成孔径雷达基于数据的运动误差分析及补偿研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2005.1
[48]黄源宝,保铮,周峰.一种新的机载条带式SAR沿航向运动补偿方法.电子学报, 2005, Vol.33(3):459-462.
[49]李燕平,邢孟道,保铮.无人机载条带式SAR运动补偿及实时成像算法. CSAR2005,2005,pp98~101
[50]王虹现.机载合成孔径雷达成像算法及实时处理研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2004.1
[51]原慧臻.数字图像拼接算法的研究.大连理工大学硕士论文,2006.12
[2]刘永坦等著.雷达成像技术.哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1999
[3]张澄波.综合孔径雷达.北京:科学出版社,1989
[4]保铮,邢孟道,王彤.雷达成像技术.北京:电子工业出版社,2006.1
[5]袁孝康.星载合成孔径雷达导论.北京:国防工业出版社,2003
[6]向敬成,张明友.雷达系统分析.北京:电子工业出版社,2001.5
[7]张直中.机载和星载合成孔径雷达导论.北京:电子工业出版社, 2004
[8]郭华东,雷达对地观测理论与应用.北京:科学出版社,2000
[9]张直中.九十年代合成孔径雷达的发展简况.第七届全国雷达学术年会. 1999.11
[10]魏钟铨.合成孔径雷达卫星.北京:科学出版社,2001.
[11] John C. Curlander, etal. Synthetic Aperture Radar-System and Signal Processing. New York: John Wiley & Sons, INC.,1991
[12] Mehrdad Soumekh,Synthetic Aperture Radar Signal Processing with Matlab Algorithms. New York: John Wiley & Sons, INC., 1999
[13] J. C. Curlander, R. H. McDonough. Synthetic Aperture Radar: Systems and Signal Processing. New York: John Wiley & Sons, INC., 1991。
[14]洪文,胡东辉等译,Ian G. Cumming, Frank H.Wong著.合成孔径雷达成像——算法与实现.北京:电子工业出版社,2007.10
[15]任璐.关于提高SAR图像质量的研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2005.1
[16] Johnson D H,Dudgon D E. Array Signal Processing: Concepts and Techniques. Upper Saddle River: PTR Prentice Hall, 1993
[17] Raney R K, Runge H, Bamler R,et al. Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling. IEEE Trans. On GRS[J]. Vol.32(4).1994.
[18] W. H. Hensley, A. W. Doerry, B. C. Walker. Lynx: A high-resolution synthetic aperture radar. SPIE Aerosense 1999, Vol. 3704.
[19]陈仁元,邓海涛,江凯等.机载高分辨SAR系统成像技术.遥感技术与应用,Vol. 20 No. 1,Feb. 2005。
[20]郑力文.斜视SAR成像算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2008.1
[21]李宝霞.机载高分辨SAR成像算法研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2008.1
[22] M. Y. Jin, C. Wu. A SAR Correlation Algorithm which Accommodates Large RangeMigration. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, Vol. GE-22, pp.592-595, 1984.
[23] A. M. Smith. A New Approach to Range-Doppler SAR Processing Int. J. Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, pp. 235-251, 1991.
[24] J. L.Walker . Range-Doppler Imaging of Rotating Objects. IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems ,Vol. AES-16,No.1,January 1980,pp23-52.
[25] W. M. Brown and R.J.Fredericks. Range-Doppler Imaging with Motion through Resolution Cells. IEEE Transaction on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-5,No.1,May 1969,pp98-102.
[26] W.G.Carrara, R.S.Goodman, R.M.Majewski. Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar: Signal Processing Algorithms[M]. Boston:Artech House,1995.
[27]程玉平,保铮.一种改进的多普勒中心频率估计方法.西安电子科技大学学报,1999,26(1),44-48
[28]黄红星.合成孔径雷达(SAR)成像技术研究.武汉理工大学硕士论文,2003.2
[29]孙晓晖.机载高分辨SAR成像技术研究.国防科学技术大学硕士学位论文,2003.12。
[30]李立伟,贾洪江,Asif Raza等. chirp-scaling算法中运动补偿问题研究.北京航空航天大学学报, August 1999,Vol. 25 No14
[31]谢欣.高分辨率SAR成像及其多普勒参数估计的研究.上海交通大学硕士论文,2004
[32]阮敏,罗代升,陈默等. SAR成像系统中多普勒中心频率fD和模糊数m的估计.四川大学学报,2005,42(5),963-968
[33]朱国富,董臻,常文革等.用相位梯度法校正超宽带雷达系统的相位误差.国防科技大学学报,2001
[34] F.K.Li, D.N.Held, et al.. Doppler parameter estimation for spaceborne synthetic aperture radar. IEEE Trans. on GRS, 1985, 23(1):47-56.
[35] S.D.Madsen. Estimating the doppler centroid of SAR data. IEEE Trans. on AES, 1989, 25(2):134-140.
[36] Li, Xi, Liu Guosui, Jinlin Ni, "Autofocusing of ISAR Images Based on Entropy Minimization" IEEE Trans. AES, Vol.35, No.4, 1999, pp.1240-1251.R.Bamler. Doppler frequency estimation and the Cramer-Rao Bound. IEEE Trans. on GRS, 1991, 29(3):385-389.
[37] R.Bamler. Doppler frequency estimation and the Cramer-Rao Bound. IEEE Trans. on GRS, 1991, 29(3):385-389.
[38]曹福祥.机载合成孔径雷达运动补偿研究.西北工业大学博士论文,1997.1.
[39]邢孟道.基于实测数据的雷达成像方法研究.西安电子科技大学博士论文,2002.3
[40]黄源宝.机载合成孔径雷达成像算法及运动补偿的研究.西安电子科技大学博士论文,2005.4.
[41]李立伟.高分辨率机载合成孔径雷达中运动补偿问题的研究.北京航空航天大学博士论文,1998.1
[42]邢孟道,保铮.基于运动参数估计的SAR成像.电子学报,2001,29(12A): 1824-1828.
[43]邢孟道,保铮.基于运动参数估计的窄波束宽幅SAR成像方法.现代雷达,2004,26(2):37~41
[44] T.E.Scheuer, F.H.Wong. Comparsion of SAR processor based on a wave equation formulation. IGARSS’91, pp.635-639.
[45] Kirk,J. Motion compensation for synthetic aperture radar . IEEE Trans. Aerosp. electron. syst. , 11,338
[46]黄源宝,邢孟道,保铮.载机速度不稳对SAR成像的影响及补偿方法. CSAR-2003会议,2004,323~326
[47]周峰.机载合成孔径雷达基于数据的运动误差分析及补偿研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2005.1
[48]黄源宝,保铮,周峰.一种新的机载条带式SAR沿航向运动补偿方法.电子学报, 2005, Vol.33(3):459-462.
[49]李燕平,邢孟道,保铮.无人机载条带式SAR运动补偿及实时成像算法. CSAR2005,2005,pp98~101
[50]王虹现.机载合成孔径雷达成像算法及实时处理研究.西安电子科技大学硕士论文,2004.1
[51]原慧臻.数字图像拼接算法的研究.大连理工大学硕士论文,2006.12
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