构建促进保护地社区资源使用与保护目标协调的社会情境分析工具——武夷山国家公园试点区实践
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摘要
结合"公共池塘资源"、"环境权利"和"社会-生态系统"意义认知理论,从话语分析入手研究社会-生态系统中,制度如何作用于社区行为而最终影响生态系统,并以提供政策建议为终点,形成一个针对保护地社区资源利用的社会情境分析工具。研究以武夷山国家公园体制试点区社区为对象,从社区主体认知和研究者外部观察的知识合作入手,首先分析社区资源禀赋和环境权利的实现。研究发现,影响资源权属和使用的关键制度包括宏观层面的土地政策,中观层面的保护地规划和管理,以及微观层面的乡规民约,凸显了法律与民间规范的共同作用。影响生态产品和服务获取以及福利转化等环境权利的关键因素是中观层面的正式制度,包括市场机制和信用体系,以及非正式制度,主要是长期形成并与时俱进的社区集体行动机制等。其次,分析影响社区权利可得性的协商机制。协商需要注意程序合法,重视社区环境自主权;在内容上尊重历史和传统,提供充分信息;在实施上有明确的成本-收益分析。这样才能推动社区认知与保护管理目标相一致,以制度变迁促进生态系统服务持续。研究表明,这一社会情境分析工具以国家公园体制试点为契机,可以帮助提出改善社区的资源禀赋和完善环境权利的专门政策,促进自然生态系统和社区福利双赢。
This study used the "common pool resources" theory, "environment entitlement" theory, and "socio-ecological framework" to analyze how the existing institutions affect ecosystem management by communities and eventually the status of the ecosystem. To prove targeted policies, we eventually developed a context diagnostic tool for community resource use in protected areas. This tool is being updated and experimented in the Wuyishan National Park Pilot through knowledge co-production realized by communities′ perception and researchers′ observation. The key factors affecting resource accessibility mainly include land policy at the macro scale, protected area planning and management at the meso scale, and village convenance at the micro scale, indicating the combined effect of legal force and folk norms. The key institutions affecting access to ecosystem services and well-being include mainly the formal institutions, such as market and credit systems at the meso scale, and informal institutions that are long-formed for maintaining development, mainly through some collective actions. The study also suggests that a negotiation procedure is necessary to motivate communities′ acceptance of new rules and participation in the construction of national park, during which the institutional changes are meant to sustain the ecosystem services. The negotiation thus aims to set management rules in a way that the(1) procedure is legitimate and fulfills the autonomy of the communities,(2) content respects the history and tradition, and is formed based on abundant available information, and(3) implementation of the agreement depends on clear cost-benefit analysis. In this way, the perception of ecosystem from communities may tend to converge with the goal of conservation. Therefore, the diagnostic tool can help prescribe targeted policies to improve ecosystem management during the experimental period in national parks, to reach a win-win goal for the integrity of ecosystem and human well-being through institutional change.
This study used the "common pool resources" theory, "environment entitlement" theory, and "socio-ecological framework" to analyze how the existing institutions affect ecosystem management by communities and eventually the status of the ecosystem. To prove targeted policies, we eventually developed a context diagnostic tool for community resource use in protected areas. This tool is being updated and experimented in the Wuyishan National Park Pilot through knowledge co-production realized by communities′ perception and researchers′ observation. The key factors affecting resource accessibility mainly include land policy at the macro scale, protected area planning and management at the meso scale, and village convenance at the micro scale, indicating the combined effect of legal force and folk norms. The key institutions affecting access to ecosystem services and well-being include mainly the formal institutions, such as market and credit systems at the meso scale, and informal institutions that are long-formed for maintaining development, mainly through some collective actions. The study also suggests that a negotiation procedure is necessary to motivate communities′ acceptance of new rules and participation in the construction of national park, during which the institutional changes are meant to sustain the ecosystem services. The negotiation thus aims to set management rules in a way that the(1) procedure is legitimate and fulfills the autonomy of the communities,(2) content respects the history and tradition, and is formed based on abundant available information, and(3) implementation of the agreement depends on clear cost-benefit analysis. In this way, the perception of ecosystem from communities may tend to converge with the goal of conservation. Therefore, the diagnostic tool can help prescribe targeted policies to improve ecosystem management during the experimental period in national parks, to reach a win-win goal for the integrity of ecosystem and human well-being through institutional change.
引文
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[2] Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu J G,Xu W H,Wang Q,Zhang L,Xiao Y,Rao E M,Jiang L,Lu F,Wang X K,Yang G B,Gong S H,Wu B F,Zeng Y,Yang W,Daily G C.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital.Science,2016,352(6292):1455-1459.
[3] 江波,Wong C P,陈媛媛,欧阳志云.湖泊湿地生态服务监测指标与监测方法.生态学杂志,2015,34(10):2956-2964.
[4] 刘旭,赵桂慎,邓永智,陈研,刘俊国,张振明,赵月芬,杨毅,魏炜,刘培斌.基于TM遥感技术的永定河生态系统服务价值评估模型及应用.水生态学杂志,2011,32(5):6-12.
[5] 于秀波,夏少霞,何洪林,鄢帮有,方豫.鄱阳湖流域主要生态系统服务综合监测评估方法.资源科学,2010,32(5):810-816.
[6] 周晨,丁晓辉,李国平,汪海洲.南水北调中线工程水源区生态补偿标准研究——以生态系统服务价值为视角.资源科学,2015,37(4):792-804.
[7] 赖敏,吴绍洪,尹云鹤,潘韬.三江源区基于生态系统服务价值的生态补偿额度.生态学报,2015,35(2):227-236.
[8] 王飞,高建恩,邵辉,张通,张元星,许秀泉,赵春红,王宏杰.基于GIS的黄土高原生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应及生态补偿.中国水土保持科学,2013,11(1):25-31.
[9] 戴君虎,王焕炯,王红丽,陈春阳.生态系统服务价值评估理论框架与生态补偿实践.地理科学进展,2012,31(7):963-969.
[10] 何思源,苏杨,罗慧男,王蕾.基于细化保护需求的保护地空间管制技术研究——以中国国家公园体制建设为目标.环境保护,2017,45(Z1):50-57.
[11] 吴蒙,车越,杨凯.基于生态系统服务价值的城市土地空间分区优化研究——以上海市宝山区为例.资源科学,2013,35(12):2390-2396.
[12] 肖燚,陈圣宾,张路,岳平,欧阳志云,刘贤词.基于生态系统服务的海南岛自然保护区体系规划.生态学报,2011,31(24):7357-7369.
[13] Fischer A,Eastwood A.Coproduction of ecosystem services as human-nature interactions—an analytical framework.Land Use Policy,2016,52(2016):41-50.
[14] De Groot R S,Alkemade R,Braat L,Hein L,Willemen L.Challenges in integrating the concept of ecosystem services and values in landscape planning,management and decision making.Ecological Complexity,2010,7(3):260-272.
[15] Maes J,Ego B,Willemen L,Liquete C,Vihervaara P,Sch?gner J P,Grizzetti B,Drakou EG,La Notte A,Zulian G,Bouraoui F,Paracchini M L,Braat L,Bidoglio G.Mapping ecosystem services for policy support and decision making in the European Union.Ecosystem Services,2012,1(1):31-39.
[16] Alcamo J,Bennett E M,Hassan R.Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:A Framework for Assessment,2003,Island Press,Washington,DC.
[17] Jiang W.Ecosystem services research in China:a critical review.Ecosystem Services,2017,26(PA):10-16.
[18] Wei H L,Fan W G,Wang X C,Lu N C,Dong X B,Zhao Y N,Ya X J,Zhao Y F.Integrating supply and social demand in ecosystem services assessment:a review.Ecosystem Services,2017,25(C):15-27.
[19] Ostrom E.Crossing the great divide:coproduction,synergy,and development.World Development,1996,24(6):1073-1087.
[20] Jasanoff S.States of Knowledge:the Co-production of Science and the Social Order.London:Routledge,2004.
[21] Bürgi M,Ali P,Chowdhury A,Heinimann A,Hett C,Kienast F,Mondal M K,Upreti B R,Verburg P H.Integrated landscape approach:closing the gap between theory and application.Sustainability,2017,9(8):1371.
[22] Wei Y P,郑航,Langford J,程国栋.论变化环境下流域管理的知识创新.地球科学进展,2012,27(1):52-59.
[23] Weichselgartner J,Kasperson R.Barriers in the science-policy-practice interface:Toward a knowledge-action-system in global environmental change research.Global Environmental Change,2010,20(2):266-277.
[24] 孙润,王双玲,吴林巧,安辉,覃世赢,刘有军,谭伟福.保护区与社区如何协调发展:以广西十万大山国家级自然保护区为例.生物多样性,2017,25(4):437-448.
[25] 吴丽媛,陈传明,侯雨峰.中国自然保护区社区农户生计的研究进展.世界科技研究与发展,2016,38(4):919-923.
[26] 刘静,苗鸿,郑华,欧阳志云,王效科,李晓光,江波.卧龙自然保护区与当地社区关系模式探讨.生态学报,2009,29(1):259-271.
[27] 钟林生,肖练练.中国国家公园体制试点建设路径选择与研究议题.资源科学,2017,39(1):1-10.
[28] Ostrom E.Governing the Commons:the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action,New York:Cambridge University Press,1990.
[29] Leach M,Mearns R,Scoones I.Environmental entitlements:dynamics and institutions in community-based natural resource management.World Development,1999,27(2):225-247.
[30] Van Wyk E,Breen C,Freimund W.Meanings and robustness:Propositions for enhancing benefit sharing in social-ecological systems.International Journal of the Commons,2014,8(2):576-594.
[31] 马蔓青,毛志睿.社区参与视角下的湿地生态保护研究——以云南省大山包国际重要湿地为例.安徽农业科学,2016,44(28):229-230.
[32] 王青瑶,马永双.自然遗产保护和开发中的社区参与机制研究.江西理工大学学报,2014,35(2):24-28.
[33] 刘伟,张逸君.社区环保项目路径探析——中国“协议保护”项目的示范意义.林业经济,2011(2):87-91.
[34] 何思源,苏杨.国家公园管理制度设计:基于细化保护需求的保护地空间管制技术路线.环境经济,2016(Z4):96-101.
[35] 刘静,苗鸿,欧阳志云,徐卫华,郑华.自然保护区社区管理效果分析.生物多样性,2008,16(4):389-398.
[36] 彭建,胡晓旭,赵明月,刘焱序,田璐.生态系统服务权衡研究进展:从认知到决策.地理学报,2017,72(6):960-973.
[37] 阿依努尔·艾尼,玉米提·哈力克,塔依尔江·艾山,Betz F,阿不都拉·阿不力孜,张秋爽.利益相关者对塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林生态系统服务的认知度分析.水土保持研究,2016,23(1):205-209.
[38] McFadden L,Priest S,Green C.Introducing institutional mapping:A guide for SPICOSA scientists,Spicosa Project Report.London:Flood Hazard Research Centre,Middlesex University,2010.
[39] Aligica P D.Institutional and Stakeholder Mapping:frameworks for policy analysis and Institutional Change.Public Organization Review,2006,6(1):79-90.
[40] Kepe T.Communities,entitlements and nature reserves:the case of the wild coast,South Africa.IDS Bulletin,1997,28(4):47-58.
[41] Chan K M A,Satterfield T,Goldstein J.Rethinking ecosystem services to better address and navigate cultural values.Ecological Economics,2012,74(2012):8-18.
[42] Tengberg A,Fredholm S,Eliasson I,Knez I,Saltzman K,Wetterberg O.Cultural ecosystem services provided by landscapes:assessment of heritage values and identity.Ecosystem Services,2012,2(C):14-26.
[43] King K,Church A.‘We don’t enjoy nature like that’:youth identity and lifestyle in the countryside.Journal of Rural Studies,2013,31(2013):67-76.
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