专业主义与社会工作的“去社会化”——基于美国百年社会工作史的分析
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摘要
社会工作由志愿慈善事业发展演变而来,因而经常被看作是"不专业""不科学"的。于是,为了提高其专业化、科学化水平,社会工作在创立伊始就信奉专业主义的话语,积极引进和发展科学的理论及方法。然而,专业主义在推动社会工作科学化、专业化的同时,引发了"去社会化"的负面后果。具体而言,专业主义引领下的社会工作倒向了个案工作、个人治疗,抛弃了社会变革、社会正义的"社会"使命。在专业主义盛行的背景下,如何找回社会工作的"社会"本质,成为学界必须反思的重大议题。
Social work originates from voluntary and charitable activities,so it is always considered unprofessional and unscientific.Therefore,in order to improve its professional and scientific level,social work embraced the professionalism as soon as it was founded,it introduced and developed scientific theories and methods actively. However,professionalism caused the de-socialization of social work when it promoted the professional and scientific standard of social work.Specifically,the social work guided by professionalism was addicted to case work and individual therapy,abandoned "social" mission of social reform and social justice simultaneously.The reason is that scientific theories and techniques can be fully used in case work,which accords with the professionalism's "science"requirement.In addition,case work is helpful to improve the economic income and social prestige of social work,which can satisfy social workers' "interest"demand.Under the background of prevalence of professionalism,how to get back the "social" essence of social work has became a major issue that must be considered by professional world.
Social work originates from voluntary and charitable activities,so it is always considered unprofessional and unscientific.Therefore,in order to improve its professional and scientific level,social work embraced the professionalism as soon as it was founded,it introduced and developed scientific theories and methods actively. However,professionalism caused the de-socialization of social work when it promoted the professional and scientific standard of social work.Specifically,the social work guided by professionalism was addicted to case work and individual therapy,abandoned "social" mission of social reform and social justice simultaneously.The reason is that scientific theories and techniques can be fully used in case work,which accords with the professionalism's "science"requirement.In addition,case work is helpful to improve the economic income and social prestige of social work,which can satisfy social workers' "interest"demand.Under the background of prevalence of professionalism,how to get back the "social" essence of social work has became a major issue that must be considered by professional world.
引文
[1]庄秀美.社会工作名人与名著[M].台北:双叶出版社,2004.
[2]葛忠明.从专业化到专业主义:中国社会工作专业发展中的一个潜在问题[J].社会科学,2015(4):96-104.
[3]KIRK S A,REID W J.Science and Social Work:A Critical Appraisal[M].New York:Columbia University Press,2002.
[4]马克布·劳格.经济学方法论[M].黎明星,等,译.北京:北京大学出版社,1990:3-5.
[5]何雪松.社会工作的认识论之争:实证主义对社会建构主义[J].华东理工大学学报:社会科学版,2015(1):18-22.
[6]贺玉英,阮新邦.诠释取向的社会工作实践[M].香港:八方文化创作室,2004:6-9.
[7]格林伍德.专业的特质[C]//王思斌.中国社会工作研究(第九辑).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012:202-215.
[8]莫拉莱斯.社会工作:一体多面的专业[M].顾东辉,等,译.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2008:46.
[9]EHRENREICH J H.The Altruistic Imagination:A History of Social Work and Social Policy in The United States[M].Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1985.
[10]PARTON N.Social Theory,Social Change and Social Work[M].London:Routledge,1996:193.
[11]ABRAMOVITZ M.Social Work and Social Reform:An Arena of Struggle[J].Social Work,1998,43(6):512-526.
[12]WAGNER D.Collective Mobility and Fragmentation:AModel of Social Work History[J].The Journal of Sociology&Social Welfare,1986,13(3):657-700.
[13]大卫·瓦戈尔.社会服务的基变运动:理论架构[M]//林万亿,古允文.基变社会工作.台北:五南图书出版公司,1992:315-359.
[14]REISCH M,ANDREWS J.The Road Not Taken:A History of Radical Social Work in the United States[M].London:Brunner-Routledge,2002:157.
[15]KAM P K.Back to the“Social”of Social Work:Reviving the Social Work Profession's Contribution to the Promotion of Social Justice[J].International Social Work,2014,57(6):723-740.
[16]FRENCH D M.Patten,Simon Nelson(1952-1922)[M]//Robert Morris.Encyclopedia of Social Work.New York:National Association of Social Workers,1970:893.
[17]DANSO R.Migration Studies:Resuscitating the Casualty of the Professionalisation of Social Work[J].British Journal of Social Work,2016,46(6):1741-1758.
[18]FRANKLIN D L.Mary Richmond and Jane Addams:From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry[J].Social Service Review,1986,60(4):504-525.
[19]哈罗德·斯洛赛尔.专业主义[M]//林万亿,古允文.基变社会工作.台北:五南图书出版公司,1992:231-265.
[20]王思斌.社会工作概论:第二版[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014:12.
[21]JENNISSEN T,LUNDY C.One Hundred Years of Social Work:A History of the Profession in English Canada,1900-2000[M].Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2011:241.
[22]殷妙仲.专业、科学、本土化:中国社会工作十年的三个迷思[J].社会科学,2011(1):63-71.
[23]DONALDSON L P et al.Contemporary Social Work Licensure:Implications for Macro Social Work Practice and Education[J].Social Work,2014,59(1):52-61.
[24]SPECHT H,COURTNEY M E.Unfaithful Angels:How Social Work Has Abandoned its Mission[M].New York:Free Press,1995.
[25]郑广怀,向羽.社会工作回归“社会”的可能性[J].社会工作,2016(5):30-42.
[26]古学斌.社会工作教育与社会转型[J].思想战线,2011(4):44-45.
[27]李伟,杨超.能力建设与关系建构:社会工作的基本目标[J].重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):7-11.
(1)1915年,美国权威教育家弗莱克斯纳(Abraham Flexner)发表《社会工作是一个专业吗?》(Is Social Work a Profession?)的报告,提出了一个专业应具有的六个标准,并据此认为社会工作尚不属于一个专业。《弗莱克斯纳报告》给信心满满的社会工作者泼了一盆冷水,同时也进一步坚定了其对专业主义的信念。在后续的发展过程中,社会工作者依照弗莱克斯纳的专业判定标准,全力以赴推进专业化的建设。参见弗莱克斯纳.社会工作是一门专业吗?[C]//王思斌.中国社会工作研究(第十辑),胡杰容等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013:198-211。
(2)该组织诞生于1869年,它的目标是协调当时各自为政的各家慈善机构,继而减少救济资源浪费、提高慈善事业的效率。同时,该组织认为贫穷是由贫困者懒惰等个人原因所致,所以主张运用一对一的个案工作方法来解决贫民问题。
(1)该运动产生于1884年,其思想渊源是基督教社会主义(Christian socialism),目标是推动社会变革。与慈善组织会社不同,该运动反对将贫困归咎于个人,认为不合理的社会结构是贫困的根源所在,所以倡导社区工作、社会行动来推动社会环境的改善。
(1)后来改名为《社会工作》(Social Work)
(2)后来改名为《社会个案工作》(Social Casework)
[2]葛忠明.从专业化到专业主义:中国社会工作专业发展中的一个潜在问题[J].社会科学,2015(4):96-104.
[3]KIRK S A,REID W J.Science and Social Work:A Critical Appraisal[M].New York:Columbia University Press,2002.
[4]马克布·劳格.经济学方法论[M].黎明星,等,译.北京:北京大学出版社,1990:3-5.
[5]何雪松.社会工作的认识论之争:实证主义对社会建构主义[J].华东理工大学学报:社会科学版,2015(1):18-22.
[6]贺玉英,阮新邦.诠释取向的社会工作实践[M].香港:八方文化创作室,2004:6-9.
[7]格林伍德.专业的特质[C]//王思斌.中国社会工作研究(第九辑).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2012:202-215.
[8]莫拉莱斯.社会工作:一体多面的专业[M].顾东辉,等,译.上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2008:46.
[9]EHRENREICH J H.The Altruistic Imagination:A History of Social Work and Social Policy in The United States[M].Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1985.
[10]PARTON N.Social Theory,Social Change and Social Work[M].London:Routledge,1996:193.
[11]ABRAMOVITZ M.Social Work and Social Reform:An Arena of Struggle[J].Social Work,1998,43(6):512-526.
[12]WAGNER D.Collective Mobility and Fragmentation:AModel of Social Work History[J].The Journal of Sociology&Social Welfare,1986,13(3):657-700.
[13]大卫·瓦戈尔.社会服务的基变运动:理论架构[M]//林万亿,古允文.基变社会工作.台北:五南图书出版公司,1992:315-359.
[14]REISCH M,ANDREWS J.The Road Not Taken:A History of Radical Social Work in the United States[M].London:Brunner-Routledge,2002:157.
[15]KAM P K.Back to the“Social”of Social Work:Reviving the Social Work Profession's Contribution to the Promotion of Social Justice[J].International Social Work,2014,57(6):723-740.
[16]FRENCH D M.Patten,Simon Nelson(1952-1922)[M]//Robert Morris.Encyclopedia of Social Work.New York:National Association of Social Workers,1970:893.
[17]DANSO R.Migration Studies:Resuscitating the Casualty of the Professionalisation of Social Work[J].British Journal of Social Work,2016,46(6):1741-1758.
[18]FRANKLIN D L.Mary Richmond and Jane Addams:From Moral Certainty to Rational Inquiry[J].Social Service Review,1986,60(4):504-525.
[19]哈罗德·斯洛赛尔.专业主义[M]//林万亿,古允文.基变社会工作.台北:五南图书出版公司,1992:231-265.
[20]王思斌.社会工作概论:第二版[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2014:12.
[21]JENNISSEN T,LUNDY C.One Hundred Years of Social Work:A History of the Profession in English Canada,1900-2000[M].Waterloo:Wilfrid Laurier University Press,2011:241.
[22]殷妙仲.专业、科学、本土化:中国社会工作十年的三个迷思[J].社会科学,2011(1):63-71.
[23]DONALDSON L P et al.Contemporary Social Work Licensure:Implications for Macro Social Work Practice and Education[J].Social Work,2014,59(1):52-61.
[24]SPECHT H,COURTNEY M E.Unfaithful Angels:How Social Work Has Abandoned its Mission[M].New York:Free Press,1995.
[25]郑广怀,向羽.社会工作回归“社会”的可能性[J].社会工作,2016(5):30-42.
[26]古学斌.社会工作教育与社会转型[J].思想战线,2011(4):44-45.
[27]李伟,杨超.能力建设与关系建构:社会工作的基本目标[J].重庆工商大学学报(社会科学版),2016(5):7-11.
(1)1915年,美国权威教育家弗莱克斯纳(Abraham Flexner)发表《社会工作是一个专业吗?》(Is Social Work a Profession?)的报告,提出了一个专业应具有的六个标准,并据此认为社会工作尚不属于一个专业。《弗莱克斯纳报告》给信心满满的社会工作者泼了一盆冷水,同时也进一步坚定了其对专业主义的信念。在后续的发展过程中,社会工作者依照弗莱克斯纳的专业判定标准,全力以赴推进专业化的建设。参见弗莱克斯纳.社会工作是一门专业吗?[C]//王思斌.中国社会工作研究(第十辑),胡杰容等译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2013:198-211。
(2)该组织诞生于1869年,它的目标是协调当时各自为政的各家慈善机构,继而减少救济资源浪费、提高慈善事业的效率。同时,该组织认为贫穷是由贫困者懒惰等个人原因所致,所以主张运用一对一的个案工作方法来解决贫民问题。
(1)该运动产生于1884年,其思想渊源是基督教社会主义(Christian socialism),目标是推动社会变革。与慈善组织会社不同,该运动反对将贫困归咎于个人,认为不合理的社会结构是贫困的根源所在,所以倡导社区工作、社会行动来推动社会环境的改善。
(1)后来改名为《社会工作》(Social Work)
(2)后来改名为《社会个案工作》(Social Casework)
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