京津冀地区地下水污染防治现状、问题及科技发展对策
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摘要
地下水作为京津冀地区重要的战略水资源和饮用水源,其超采问题和环境质量恶化趋势一直未能得到有效遏制,严重危及该区域饮用水安全与可持续发展.为加快我国生态文明建设,落实《水污染防治行动计划》等国家重点战略,围绕改善京津冀地区地下水环境质量现状目标,分析了京津冀地区地下水环境存在的四点主要问题:(1)地下水污染严重,缺乏科学的风险管控与污染防治策略;(2)地下水污染源点多面广,污染监管体系亟待完善;(3)地下水污染分类治理技术集成创新与工程示范亟待开展;(4)地下水超采问题突出,迫切需要研发地下水安全回补技术.在此基础上,系统地梳理了京津冀地区已有的地下水环境管理基础,并提出"十三五"期间京津冀地区地下水污染防治的4个研究方向:(1)开展地下水污染特征识别与系统防治研究,完善京津冀地区地下水污染防治顶层设计;(2)突破地下水污染精确识别与优化监测技术,提升京津冀地区地下水环境监管能力;(3)研发技术经济最优的源头阻控与污染修复成套技术,提升污染场地地下水修复治理能力;(4)开展回补区适宜性与环境风险评估,建立协同高效的安全回补技术体系.研究成果可为提升京津冀地区的地下水环境质量管理水平、保障京津冀地区饮用水安全提供技术与管理支撑.
As an important strategic water resource and drinking water source in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,groundwater has not been effectively curbed in its over-exploitation problem and environmental quality deterioration,which seriously endangers the sustainable development and the safety of drinking water of the region. In order to accelerate the construction of ecological civilization and implement important national strategies such as the ‘Water Pollution Prevention Action Plan',focusing on improving the quality of groundwater environment in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,the four main problems of groundwater environment in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region were analyzed:( 1) Groundwater is seriously polluted, and lacks scientific risk management and pollution control strategies;(2) Groundwater pollution sources are wide-ranging,pollution supervision system needs to be improved;(3) Integrated innovation and engineering demonstration of groundwater pollution classification and treatment need to be carried out;( 4) The problem of groundwater over-exploitation is serious,and there is an urgent need to develop groundwater safety replenishment technology. The existing groundwater environmental management foundations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region were systematically sorted out,and four research directions and objectives of groundwater pollution prevention and control in the ‘13thFive-Year Plan'were proposed:( 1) Carry out research on groundwater pollution characteristic identification and systematic prevention,and improve the top-level design of groundwater pollution prevention and control;( 2) Develop breakthrough technologies for accurate identification and monitoring of groundwater pollution and improve the groundwater environmental monitoring capability in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region;( 3) Research and develop sourcecontrol and pollution repair technologies to improve the groundwater remediation capacity of contaminated sites;( 4) Carry out replenishment suitability and environmental risk assessment of the replenishment area,and establish a coordinated and efficient technology system for safe replenishment. The research results can provide technical and management support for improving the groundwater environmental quality management level and ensuring drinking water safety in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region.
As an important strategic water resource and drinking water source in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,groundwater has not been effectively curbed in its over-exploitation problem and environmental quality deterioration,which seriously endangers the sustainable development and the safety of drinking water of the region. In order to accelerate the construction of ecological civilization and implement important national strategies such as the ‘Water Pollution Prevention Action Plan',focusing on improving the quality of groundwater environment in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region,the four main problems of groundwater environment in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region were analyzed:( 1) Groundwater is seriously polluted, and lacks scientific risk management and pollution control strategies;(2) Groundwater pollution sources are wide-ranging,pollution supervision system needs to be improved;(3) Integrated innovation and engineering demonstration of groundwater pollution classification and treatment need to be carried out;( 4) The problem of groundwater over-exploitation is serious,and there is an urgent need to develop groundwater safety replenishment technology. The existing groundwater environmental management foundations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region were systematically sorted out,and four research directions and objectives of groundwater pollution prevention and control in the ‘13thFive-Year Plan'were proposed:( 1) Carry out research on groundwater pollution characteristic identification and systematic prevention,and improve the top-level design of groundwater pollution prevention and control;( 2) Develop breakthrough technologies for accurate identification and monitoring of groundwater pollution and improve the groundwater environmental monitoring capability in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region;( 3) Research and develop sourcecontrol and pollution repair technologies to improve the groundwater remediation capacity of contaminated sites;( 4) Carry out replenishment suitability and environmental risk assessment of the replenishment area,and establish a coordinated and efficient technology system for safe replenishment. The research results can provide technical and management support for improving the groundwater environmental quality management level and ensuring drinking water safety in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region.
引文
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[5]环境保护部,国土资源部,住房和城乡建设部,等.华北平原地下水污染防治工作方案[R].北京:环境保护部,2013:7-11.
[6]万长园,王明玉,王慧芳,等.华北平原典型剖面地下水三氮污染时空分布特征[J].地球与环境,2014,42(4):472-479.WAN Changyuan,WANG Mingyu,WANG Huifang,et al. Temporal and spatial distributions of Nitrogen contamination in groundwater along the typical cross-sections of the North China Plain[J]. Earth and Environment,2014,42(4):472-479.
[7]生态环境部.2017年中国生态环境状况公报[R].北京:生态环境部,2018:11-30.
[8]王焰新.地下水污染与防治[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2007.
[9]黄昌福.关于加大地下水保护与污染防治力度的若干建议[J].能源与环境,2015(6):37-38.
[10]井柳新,刘伟江,王东,等.中国地下水环境监测网的建设和管理[J].环境监控与预警,2013,5(2):1-4.JING Liuxin,LIU Weijiang,WANG Dong,et al. The construction and management of groundwater environmental monitoring network in China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Forewarning,2013,5(2):1-4.
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[12]张兆吉.以土壤和地下水治理推动京津冀一体化发展[N].北京:中国环境报,2014-09-30(2).
[13]张兆吉,费宇红,郭春艳,等.华北平原区域地下水污染评价[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2012,42(5):1456-1461.ZHANG Zhaoji,FEI Yuhong,GUO Chunyan,et al. Regional groundwater contamination assessment in the North China Plain[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2012,42(5):1456-1461.
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[15]陈飞,侯杰,于丽丽,等.全国地下水超采治理分析[J].水利规划与设计,2016(11):3-7.
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[19]尹雅芳,刘德深,李晶,等.中国地下水污染防治的研究进展[J].环境科学与管理,2011,36(6):27-30.YIN Yafang,LIU Deshen,LI Jing,et al. Research progress of groundwater pollution prevention in China[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2011,36(6):27-30.
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[21]刘增超,何连生,董军,等.简易垃圾填埋场地下水污染风险评价[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(7):833-839.LIU Zengchao,HE Liansheng,DONG Jun,et al.Risk assessment of groundwater pollution for simple waste landfill[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(7):833-839.
[22]王晓红,张新钰,林健.有机污染场地地下水风险评价指标体系构建的探讨[J].地球与环境,2012,40(1):126-132.WANG Xiaohong,ZHANG Xinyu,LIN Jian. Investigation on the establishment of index system for groundwater risk assessment at the organically contaminated site[J]. Earth and Environment,2012,40(1):126-132.
[23]邰托娅,王金生,王业耀,等.我国地下水污染风险评价方法研究进展[J].北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2012,48(6):648-653.TAI Tuoya,WANG Jinsheng,WANG Yeyao,et al. Groundwater pollution risk assessments in China[J]. Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science),2012,48(6):648-653.
[24]王曼丽,何江涛,崔亚丰,等.基于折减系数的地下水污染风险评价方法探究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(12):4510-4519.WANG Manli,HE Jiangtao,CUI Yafeng,et al. Study on groundwater contamination risk assessment method based on reduced coefficient[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(12):4510-4519.
[25]王璇,于宏旭,熊惠磊,等.华北平原地下水污染特征识别及防控模式探讨[J].环境与可持续发展,2016,41(3):30-34.WANG Xuan,YU Hongxu,XIONG Huilei,et al. Current groundwater contamination and prevention and control modes in North China Plain[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2016,41(3):30-34.
[26]孟素花.华北平原地下水脆弱性及污染防治区划研究[D].北京:中国地质科学院,2011.
[27]赵微,林健,郭高轩,等.北京市地下水环境分层监测和专项监控网的建立[J].南水北调与水利科技,2012,10(2):83-87.ZHAO Wei,LIN Jian,GUO Gaoxuan,et al.Development of layered monitoring and specialized inspection system of groundwater environment in Beijing[J]. South-to-North Water Diversion and Water Science&Technology,2012,10(2):83-87.
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