2000—2015年宁夏草地净初级生产力时空特征及其气候响应
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摘要
草地是宁夏陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,估算其净初级生产力(NPP)对宁夏草地可持续利用与管理至关重要。采用MODIS数据和CASA模型对2000—2015年间宁夏草地生态系统NPP进行了估算,通过一元线性回归趋势分析、Hurst指数等方法研究草地NPP的时空变化规律及未来演变趋势,并分析草地NPP与气象因子的相关性。结果表明:(1)基于CASA模型的宁夏草地NPP模拟精度高,其估算值与实测多年草地NPP均值具有良好的线性关系(R=0.93,P<0.01),与MOD17产品的草地NPP空间分布基本一致。(2)近16 a宁夏草地年均NPP为148.28 g C m~(-2)a~(-1),且存在波动上升的趋势,其线性增长率为3.84 g C m~(-2)a~(-1)(P<0.01)。(3)宁夏草地NPP整体处于上升趋势,草地NPP增长的草地面积达98%,且其增率自南向北递减;宁夏草地NPP的Hurst指数在0.27—0.81之间,均值为0.53,大部分草地的NPP变化趋势具有较强同向持续性。(4)在年时间尺度上,宁夏草地NPP主要受降水量的影响,与气温的相关性较弱;在月时间尺度上,生长季草地NPP与月总降水量的相关性高,且不存在时间滞后响应现象,而与月均温的响应则存在1个月的时间滞后性,宁夏大面积分布的干草原与荒漠草原NPP对气温响应滞后是导致这一现象发生的主要原因。
Net primary productivity(NPP) is an important indicator of terrestrial ecosystems and accurately estimating NPP is fundamental in terrestrial carbon cycle research. Ningxia Province is dominated by grassland and the estimation of grassland NPP can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable use of grassland resources and the improvement of grasslandmanagement. In this study,the grassland ecosystem NPP in Ningxia Province was estimated using a Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) data from 2000 to 2015. To study the spatiotemporal characteristics and future evolution trend of grassland NPP,the correlation between the grassland NPP and meteorological factors was analyzed using a simple linear regression model and the Hurst index. The results showed that the CASA model accurately simulated the grassland NPP in Ningxia Province. The correlation coefficient between estimated NPP by the CASA model and measured NPP was 0. 93(P < 0. 01),and the spatial characteristics of the estimated NPP image were similar to that of the NPP image of MOD17. In the whole province,the average annual grassland NPP estimated by the CASA model was 148.28 g C m~(-2)a~(-1)during 2000—2015. Meanwhile,the average annual grassland NPP increased with fluctuations during the past 16 years and the linear growth rate was 3.84 g C m~(-2)a~(-1)(P<0.01). Regarding the spatial variation of grassland NPP in Ningxia Province,the NPP in 98% of the grassland increased during the past 16 years and this increasing rate decreased from South to North. The Hurst index of grassland NPP in the past 16 years ranged from 0.27 to 0.81 and the mean value was 0.53,which indicated the grassland NPP will maintain the same trend of change in the future. At an annual scale,the average grassland NPP in Ningxia Province was mainly affected by annual precipitation,and had a weak correlation with the average annual temperature. At a monthly scale,there was also a weak relationship between the grassland NPP and temperature in the growing season; however,the monthly total precipitation exerted an important influence on the grassland NPP accumulation. Furthermore,there was a one-month time lag in the monthly NPP response to mean temperature,but this phenomenon did not exist between the monthly NPP and total precipitation. The main reason for this phenomenon was possibly the hysteresis response to temperature in the steppe and desert grasslands,which were the main types of grassland in Ningxia Province.
Net primary productivity(NPP) is an important indicator of terrestrial ecosystems and accurately estimating NPP is fundamental in terrestrial carbon cycle research. Ningxia Province is dominated by grassland and the estimation of grassland NPP can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable use of grassland resources and the improvement of grasslandmanagement. In this study,the grassland ecosystem NPP in Ningxia Province was estimated using a Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA) model and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) data from 2000 to 2015. To study the spatiotemporal characteristics and future evolution trend of grassland NPP,the correlation between the grassland NPP and meteorological factors was analyzed using a simple linear regression model and the Hurst index. The results showed that the CASA model accurately simulated the grassland NPP in Ningxia Province. The correlation coefficient between estimated NPP by the CASA model and measured NPP was 0. 93(P < 0. 01),and the spatial characteristics of the estimated NPP image were similar to that of the NPP image of MOD17. In the whole province,the average annual grassland NPP estimated by the CASA model was 148.28 g C m~(-2)a~(-1)during 2000—2015. Meanwhile,the average annual grassland NPP increased with fluctuations during the past 16 years and the linear growth rate was 3.84 g C m~(-2)a~(-1)(P<0.01). Regarding the spatial variation of grassland NPP in Ningxia Province,the NPP in 98% of the grassland increased during the past 16 years and this increasing rate decreased from South to North. The Hurst index of grassland NPP in the past 16 years ranged from 0.27 to 0.81 and the mean value was 0.53,which indicated the grassland NPP will maintain the same trend of change in the future. At an annual scale,the average grassland NPP in Ningxia Province was mainly affected by annual precipitation,and had a weak correlation with the average annual temperature. At a monthly scale,there was also a weak relationship between the grassland NPP and temperature in the growing season; however,the monthly total precipitation exerted an important influence on the grassland NPP accumulation. Furthermore,there was a one-month time lag in the monthly NPP response to mean temperature,but this phenomenon did not exist between the monthly NPP and total precipitation. The main reason for this phenomenon was possibly the hysteresis response to temperature in the steppe and desert grasslands,which were the main types of grassland in Ningxia Province.
引文
[1]方精云,柯金虎,唐志尧,陈安平.生物生产力的“4P”概念、估算及其相互关系.植物生态学报,2001,25(4):414-419.
[2]孙成明,孙政国,刘涛,王力坚,陈瑛瑛,郭斗斗,田婷,李建龙.基于MODIS的中国草地NPP综合估算模型.生态学报,2015,35(4):1079-1085.
[3]刘刚,孙睿,肖志强,崔天翔. 2001-2014年中国植被净初级生产力时空变化及其与气象因素的关系.生态学报,2017,37(15):4936-4945.
[4] Monteith J L. Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology,1972,9(3):747-766.
[5] Potter C S,Randerson J T,Field C B,Matson P A,Vitousek P M,Mooney H A,Klooster S A. Terrestrial ecosystem production:A process model based on global satellite and surface data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1993,7(4):811-841.
[6]朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力.植物生态学报,2001,25(5):603-608.
[7]朱文泉,潘耀忠,张锦水.中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算.植物生态学报,2007,31(3):413-424.
[8]高清竹,万运帆,李玉娥,林而达,杨凯,江村旺扎,王宝山,李文福.基于CASA模型的藏北地区草地植被净第一性生产力及其时空格局.应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2526-2532.
[9]杨勇,李兰花,王保林,宋向阳,刘爱军,王明玖.基于改进的CASA模型模拟锡林郭勒草原植被净初级生产力.生态学杂志,2015,34(8):2344-2352.
[10]杨红飞,刚成诚,穆少杰,章超斌,周伟,李建龙.近10年新疆草地生态系统净初级生产力及其时空格局变化研究.草业学报,2014,23(3):39-50.
[11]李猛,何永涛,张林波,孙建,石培礼,张宪洲.三江源草地ANPP变化特征及其与气候因子和载畜量的关系.中国草地学报,2017,39(3):49-56.
[12] Zhao M S,Running S W,Nemani R R. Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)terrestrial primary production to the accuracy of meteorological reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111(G1):G01002.
[13] Zhao M S,Heinsch F A,Nemani R R,Running S W. Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set.Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,95(2):164-176.
[14]王芳,汪左,张运. 2000-2015年安徽省植被净初级生产力时空分布特征及其驱动因素.生态学报,2018,38(8):2754-2767.
[15]王强,张廷斌,易桂花,陈田田,别小娟,何奕萱.横断山区2004-2014年植被NPP时空变化及其驱动因子.生态学报,2017,37(9):3084-3095.
[16]侯光良,陈沈斌,刘允芬.宁夏天然草场产量与气候因子关系及人工草地产量估算.自然资源学报,1989,4(1):54-59.
[17]苏占胜,陈晓光,黄峰,杨淑萍.宁夏农牧交错区(盐池)草地生产力对气候变化的响应.中国沙漠,2007,27(3):430-435.
[18]张玉进,仇保铭.宁夏中部干旱带沙质荒漠化草场草地生产力动态监测.草业科学,2005,22(1):18-21.
[19]伏兵哲,兰剑,李小伟.宁夏天然草地气象因子与草地初级生产力关系研究.草地学报,2012,20(3):407-412.
[20]周伟,牟凤云,刚成诚,官冬杰,何锦峰,李建龙. 1982-2010年中国草地净初级生产力时空动态及其与气候因子的关系.生态学报,2017,37(13):4335-4345.
[21] Field C B,Randerson J T,Malmstr9em C M. Global net primary production:combining ecology and remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment,1995,51(1):74-88.
[22] Los S O,Justice C O,Tucker C J. A global 1°by 1°NDVI data set for climate studies derived from the GIMMS continental NDVI data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1994,15(17):3493-3518.
[23]张翀,任志远.黄土高原地区植被覆盖变化的时空差异及未来趋势.资源科学,2011,33(11):2143-2149.
[24]张美玲,蒋文兰,陈全功,柳小妮.基于CSCS改进CASA模型的中国草地净初级生产力模拟.中国沙漠,2014,34(4):1150-1160.
[25]朴世龙,方精云,贺金生,肖玉.中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局.植物生态学报,2004,28(4):491-498.
[26]赵传燕,程国栋,邹松兵,张永忠,韩惠.西北地区自然植被净第一性生产力的空间分布.兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2009,45(1):42-49,55-55.
[27]李刚,辛晓平,王道龙,石瑞香.改进CASA模型在内蒙古草地生产力估算中的应用.生态学杂志,2007,26(12):2100-2106.
[28]郑中,祁元,潘小多,葛劲松,聂学敏.基于WRF模式数据和CASA模型的青海湖流域草地NPP估算研究.冰川冻土,2013,35(2):465-474.
[29]李美君,杜庆,张克斌,刘小丹.北方农牧交错带草地植被数量波动特征——以宁夏盐池县为例.东北林业大学学报,2016,44(1):48-51.
[30]李柏延,任志远.银川盆地净初级生产力估算和趋势分析.中国农业科学,2016,49(7):1303-1314.
[31]杜灵通,宋乃平,王磊,候静,胡悦.近30a气候变暖对宁夏植被的影响.自然资源学报,2015,30(12):2095-2106.
[32]黄小燕,李耀辉,冯建英,王劲松,王芝兰,王圣杰,张宇.中国西北地区降水量及极端干旱气候变化特征.生态学报,2015,35(5):1359-1370.
[33] Chen Y N,Li Z,Fan Y T,Wang H J,Deng H J. Progress and prospects of climate change impacts on hydrology in the arid region of northwest China. Environmental Research,2015,139:11-19.
[34]施新民,黄峰,陈晓光,尚永生,伍一萍,郑鹏辉.气候变化对宁夏草地生态系统的影响分析.干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(2):65-69.
[35]穆少杰,李建龙,杨红飞,刚成诚,陈奕兆.内蒙古草地生态系统近10年NPP时空变化及其与气候的关系.草业学报,2013,22(3):6-15.
[36]史晓亮,杨志勇,王馨爽,高军,胡艳.黄土高原植被净初级生产力的时空变化及其与气候因子的关系.中国农业气象,2016,37(4):445-453.
[37]焦翠翠,于贵瑞,何念鹏,马安娜,葛剑平,胡中民.欧亚大陆草原地上生物量的空间格局及其与环境因子的关系.地理学报,2016,71(5):781-796.
[38]孙羽,张涛,田长彦,李晓林,冯固.增加降水对荒漠短命植物当年牧草生长及群落结构的影响.生态学报,2009,29(4):1859-1868.
[39]宋乃平,杜灵通,王磊.盐池县2000—2012年植被变化及其驱动力.生态学报,2015,35(22):7377-7386.
[2]孙成明,孙政国,刘涛,王力坚,陈瑛瑛,郭斗斗,田婷,李建龙.基于MODIS的中国草地NPP综合估算模型.生态学报,2015,35(4):1079-1085.
[3]刘刚,孙睿,肖志强,崔天翔. 2001-2014年中国植被净初级生产力时空变化及其与气象因素的关系.生态学报,2017,37(15):4936-4945.
[4] Monteith J L. Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems. Journal of Applied Ecology,1972,9(3):747-766.
[5] Potter C S,Randerson J T,Field C B,Matson P A,Vitousek P M,Mooney H A,Klooster S A. Terrestrial ecosystem production:A process model based on global satellite and surface data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1993,7(4):811-841.
[6]朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力.植物生态学报,2001,25(5):603-608.
[7]朱文泉,潘耀忠,张锦水.中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算.植物生态学报,2007,31(3):413-424.
[8]高清竹,万运帆,李玉娥,林而达,杨凯,江村旺扎,王宝山,李文福.基于CASA模型的藏北地区草地植被净第一性生产力及其时空格局.应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2526-2532.
[9]杨勇,李兰花,王保林,宋向阳,刘爱军,王明玖.基于改进的CASA模型模拟锡林郭勒草原植被净初级生产力.生态学杂志,2015,34(8):2344-2352.
[10]杨红飞,刚成诚,穆少杰,章超斌,周伟,李建龙.近10年新疆草地生态系统净初级生产力及其时空格局变化研究.草业学报,2014,23(3):39-50.
[11]李猛,何永涛,张林波,孙建,石培礼,张宪洲.三江源草地ANPP变化特征及其与气候因子和载畜量的关系.中国草地学报,2017,39(3):49-56.
[12] Zhao M S,Running S W,Nemani R R. Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)terrestrial primary production to the accuracy of meteorological reanalyses. Journal of Geophysical Research,2006,111(G1):G01002.
[13] Zhao M S,Heinsch F A,Nemani R R,Running S W. Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set.Remote Sensing of Environment,2005,95(2):164-176.
[14]王芳,汪左,张运. 2000-2015年安徽省植被净初级生产力时空分布特征及其驱动因素.生态学报,2018,38(8):2754-2767.
[15]王强,张廷斌,易桂花,陈田田,别小娟,何奕萱.横断山区2004-2014年植被NPP时空变化及其驱动因子.生态学报,2017,37(9):3084-3095.
[16]侯光良,陈沈斌,刘允芬.宁夏天然草场产量与气候因子关系及人工草地产量估算.自然资源学报,1989,4(1):54-59.
[17]苏占胜,陈晓光,黄峰,杨淑萍.宁夏农牧交错区(盐池)草地生产力对气候变化的响应.中国沙漠,2007,27(3):430-435.
[18]张玉进,仇保铭.宁夏中部干旱带沙质荒漠化草场草地生产力动态监测.草业科学,2005,22(1):18-21.
[19]伏兵哲,兰剑,李小伟.宁夏天然草地气象因子与草地初级生产力关系研究.草地学报,2012,20(3):407-412.
[20]周伟,牟凤云,刚成诚,官冬杰,何锦峰,李建龙. 1982-2010年中国草地净初级生产力时空动态及其与气候因子的关系.生态学报,2017,37(13):4335-4345.
[21] Field C B,Randerson J T,Malmstr9em C M. Global net primary production:combining ecology and remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment,1995,51(1):74-88.
[22] Los S O,Justice C O,Tucker C J. A global 1°by 1°NDVI data set for climate studies derived from the GIMMS continental NDVI data.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1994,15(17):3493-3518.
[23]张翀,任志远.黄土高原地区植被覆盖变化的时空差异及未来趋势.资源科学,2011,33(11):2143-2149.
[24]张美玲,蒋文兰,陈全功,柳小妮.基于CSCS改进CASA模型的中国草地净初级生产力模拟.中国沙漠,2014,34(4):1150-1160.
[25]朴世龙,方精云,贺金生,肖玉.中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局.植物生态学报,2004,28(4):491-498.
[26]赵传燕,程国栋,邹松兵,张永忠,韩惠.西北地区自然植被净第一性生产力的空间分布.兰州大学学报:自然科学版,2009,45(1):42-49,55-55.
[27]李刚,辛晓平,王道龙,石瑞香.改进CASA模型在内蒙古草地生产力估算中的应用.生态学杂志,2007,26(12):2100-2106.
[28]郑中,祁元,潘小多,葛劲松,聂学敏.基于WRF模式数据和CASA模型的青海湖流域草地NPP估算研究.冰川冻土,2013,35(2):465-474.
[29]李美君,杜庆,张克斌,刘小丹.北方农牧交错带草地植被数量波动特征——以宁夏盐池县为例.东北林业大学学报,2016,44(1):48-51.
[30]李柏延,任志远.银川盆地净初级生产力估算和趋势分析.中国农业科学,2016,49(7):1303-1314.
[31]杜灵通,宋乃平,王磊,候静,胡悦.近30a气候变暖对宁夏植被的影响.自然资源学报,2015,30(12):2095-2106.
[32]黄小燕,李耀辉,冯建英,王劲松,王芝兰,王圣杰,张宇.中国西北地区降水量及极端干旱气候变化特征.生态学报,2015,35(5):1359-1370.
[33] Chen Y N,Li Z,Fan Y T,Wang H J,Deng H J. Progress and prospects of climate change impacts on hydrology in the arid region of northwest China. Environmental Research,2015,139:11-19.
[34]施新民,黄峰,陈晓光,尚永生,伍一萍,郑鹏辉.气候变化对宁夏草地生态系统的影响分析.干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(2):65-69.
[35]穆少杰,李建龙,杨红飞,刚成诚,陈奕兆.内蒙古草地生态系统近10年NPP时空变化及其与气候的关系.草业学报,2013,22(3):6-15.
[36]史晓亮,杨志勇,王馨爽,高军,胡艳.黄土高原植被净初级生产力的时空变化及其与气候因子的关系.中国农业气象,2016,37(4):445-453.
[37]焦翠翠,于贵瑞,何念鹏,马安娜,葛剑平,胡中民.欧亚大陆草原地上生物量的空间格局及其与环境因子的关系.地理学报,2016,71(5):781-796.
[38]孙羽,张涛,田长彦,李晓林,冯固.增加降水对荒漠短命植物当年牧草生长及群落结构的影响.生态学报,2009,29(4):1859-1868.
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