田赋影响下珠江三角洲传统聚落聚居特点研究
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摘要
本文从田赋与土地所有制的关系谈起,概述了从周至明清以土地所有权变化为线索的田赋征收政策背景。自宋以降,经过长期的土地兼并,"民田"占田地总额已经远远超过"官田",田赋数额也从明初的民轻官重逐渐向民重官轻倾斜。在这一背景下,通过分析珠三角地区"沙田"开垦的历史机遇和环境条件,阐述了珠江三角洲地区传统乡村聚居秩序建立的两条关键线索:以"民""沙"之别为依据的族群认同和以沙田开垦为契机的人口迁徙。基于这两条线索,从区域视角出发,分析了明清珠江三角洲地区乡村聚落聚居形式的变迁特点,首先是以宗支祠宇的联合与"疍民"舟居的消弭为表现形式的乡村聚落的融合,其次是因"土客械斗"与"宗族械斗"而凸显防御性特点的乡村聚落的分野,此外还有"商业资本"介入下的乡村聚落的职能转移。田赋制度最终影响了珠江三角洲传统乡村聚落的聚居特征,使其呈现出秩序化、防御化和群体化的主要特点。
This paper starts from the relationship between feudal land tax and land ownership system, and summarizes the background of the expropriation policy about land tax from Zhou to Ming and Qing Dynasties with the change of land ownership as a clue. Since the Song Dynasty, after a long period of land annexation "Mintian" accounted for the total amount of land far more than "Guantian", and the amount of land tax levied on Mintian is also gradually greater than the amount levied on Guantian. In this context, by analyzing the historical opportunities and environmental conditions of the "Shatian" reclamation in the Pearl River Delta region, two key clues for the establishment of the traditional rural settlement order in the Pearl River Delta region are expounded:The ethnic identity based on the difference between "Mintian" and "Shatian" and the population migration with the opportunity of "Shatian" reclamation. Based on these two clues, from the regional perspective, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the changes in the form of the village settlements in the Pearl River Delta region during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Firstly, it is the integration of the rural settlement in the form of the combination of ancestral temple and its branches the elimination of the boat dwelling of the "danmin". Secondly, it is the distinction of the rural settlements that highlight the defensive characteristics because of the "Hakka-Punti fighting" and the "intra-clan fighting". Besides, there is the functional transfer of the rural settlements under the intervention of "commercial capital". The system of feudal land tax ultimately affected the inhabitation features of the traditional rural settlements in the Pearl River Delta, making it present mainly in the form of regularization, defensibility and clustering.
This paper starts from the relationship between feudal land tax and land ownership system, and summarizes the background of the expropriation policy about land tax from Zhou to Ming and Qing Dynasties with the change of land ownership as a clue. Since the Song Dynasty, after a long period of land annexation "Mintian" accounted for the total amount of land far more than "Guantian", and the amount of land tax levied on Mintian is also gradually greater than the amount levied on Guantian. In this context, by analyzing the historical opportunities and environmental conditions of the "Shatian" reclamation in the Pearl River Delta region, two key clues for the establishment of the traditional rural settlement order in the Pearl River Delta region are expounded:The ethnic identity based on the difference between "Mintian" and "Shatian" and the population migration with the opportunity of "Shatian" reclamation. Based on these two clues, from the regional perspective, this paper analyzes the characteristics of the changes in the form of the village settlements in the Pearl River Delta region during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Firstly, it is the integration of the rural settlement in the form of the combination of ancestral temple and its branches the elimination of the boat dwelling of the "danmin". Secondly, it is the distinction of the rural settlements that highlight the defensive characteristics because of the "Hakka-Punti fighting" and the "intra-clan fighting". Besides, there is the functional transfer of the rural settlements under the intervention of "commercial capital". The system of feudal land tax ultimately affected the inhabitation features of the traditional rural settlements in the Pearl River Delta, making it present mainly in the form of regularization, defensibility and clustering.
引文
[1]班固.汉书[M].北京:中华书局,1964:1081.
[2]方玉润.诗经原始[M].北京:中华书局,1986:425.
[3]李根蟠.官田民田并立公权私权叠压--简论秦汉以后封建土地制度的形成及特点[J].中国经济史研究,2014(2):3-11,175.
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[5]温铁军.土地改革与中国城镇化[J].小城镇建设,2015,33(8):18-24.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-8439.2015.08.002.
[6]杨际平.北朝隋唐均田制新探[M].长沙:岳麓书社,2003:398-405.
[7]梁方仲.中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1980.
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[9]梁方仲.《明史·食货志》第一卷笺证(续三)[J].北京师院学报(社会科学版),1981(2):71-83.
[10]刘志伟.地域空间中的国家秩序──珠江三角洲“沙田-民田”格局的形成[J].清史研究,1999(2):14-24.
[11]谭棣华.清代珠江三角洲的沙田[M].广州:广东人民出版社,1993.
[12]程明.清代珠江三角洲沙田述略[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),1986(2):64-71.
[13]王荣.明清广州府土地利用驱动力研究[J].农业考古,2015(3):168-174.
[14]屈大均.清代史料笔记:广东新语[M].北京:中华书局,1985.
[15]刘平.被遗忘的战争--咸丰同治年间广东土客大械斗研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[16]梁方仲.梁方仲经济史论文集[M].北京:中华书局,1989:29.
[17]叶显恩.略论珠江三角洲的农业商业化[J].中国社会经济史研究,1986(2):16-29.
[18]叶显恩,谭棣华.明清珠江三角洲农业商业化与墟市的发展[J].广东社会科学,1984(2):73-90,154.
(1)根据《中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计》乙表10,原刊数据为合计461,655,557,与官、民田相加结果不符,应系计算错误。
(2)根据《中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计》乙表64所载数据计算,系屯田、学田及其他官田之和。
(3)该广东,指明弘治及清光绪时期的广东承宣布政使司,行政建制在这一时期内略有变动,但大致相同,包括了今天广东省、海南省及广西的一部分地区。
(4)指清朝的潮州府、惠州府、嘉应府。
(5)开平现存的主要防御性建筑——碉楼的建造原因,除了因土地争端引发的械斗之外,主要还有贼匪和洪涝两方面的因素。因本节主要探讨田赋制度影响下土地争端带来的聚居形式变化,故未在正文展开。
[2]方玉润.诗经原始[M].北京:中华书局,1986:425.
[3]李根蟠.官田民田并立公权私权叠压--简论秦汉以后封建土地制度的形成及特点[J].中国经济史研究,2014(2):3-11,175.
[4]叶绍钧.礼记[M].北京:商务印书馆,1947.
[5]温铁军.土地改革与中国城镇化[J].小城镇建设,2015,33(8):18-24.doi:10.3969/j.issn.1002-8439.2015.08.002.
[6]杨际平.北朝隋唐均田制新探[M].长沙:岳麓书社,2003:398-405.
[7]梁方仲.中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1980.
[8]西川喜久子,曹磊石.清代珠江三角洲沙田考[J].岭南文史,1985(2):11-22.
[9]梁方仲.《明史·食货志》第一卷笺证(续三)[J].北京师院学报(社会科学版),1981(2):71-83.
[10]刘志伟.地域空间中的国家秩序──珠江三角洲“沙田-民田”格局的形成[J].清史研究,1999(2):14-24.
[11]谭棣华.清代珠江三角洲的沙田[M].广州:广东人民出版社,1993.
[12]程明.清代珠江三角洲沙田述略[J].华南师范大学学报(社会科学版),1986(2):64-71.
[13]王荣.明清广州府土地利用驱动力研究[J].农业考古,2015(3):168-174.
[14]屈大均.清代史料笔记:广东新语[M].北京:中华书局,1985.
[15]刘平.被遗忘的战争--咸丰同治年间广东土客大械斗研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,2003.
[16]梁方仲.梁方仲经济史论文集[M].北京:中华书局,1989:29.
[17]叶显恩.略论珠江三角洲的农业商业化[J].中国社会经济史研究,1986(2):16-29.
[18]叶显恩,谭棣华.明清珠江三角洲农业商业化与墟市的发展[J].广东社会科学,1984(2):73-90,154.
(1)根据《中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计》乙表10,原刊数据为合计461,655,557,与官、民田相加结果不符,应系计算错误。
(2)根据《中国历代户口、田地、田赋统计》乙表64所载数据计算,系屯田、学田及其他官田之和。
(3)该广东,指明弘治及清光绪时期的广东承宣布政使司,行政建制在这一时期内略有变动,但大致相同,包括了今天广东省、海南省及广西的一部分地区。
(4)指清朝的潮州府、惠州府、嘉应府。
(5)开平现存的主要防御性建筑——碉楼的建造原因,除了因土地争端引发的械斗之外,主要还有贼匪和洪涝两方面的因素。因本节主要探讨田赋制度影响下土地争端带来的聚居形式变化,故未在正文展开。
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