旧膜及秸秆覆盖对西北旱地马铃薯产量及土壤水热的影响
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摘要
为了探究旧膜二茬及秸秆带状覆盖条件下,马铃薯田的土壤水热特征及增产机制,设置旧膜直播(T1)、秸秆带状覆盖种植带不旋耕(T2)、秸秆带状覆盖种植带旋耕(T3)、新覆膜(T4)和露地平作(CK)5个处理进行田间试验。结果表明:各覆盖处理较CK提高产量14.24%～56.33%、商品薯率1.21%～22.60%及水分利用效率8.28%～55.39%(P<0.05);产量与块茎形成期的单株薯干重正相关(r=0.744),覆盖处理在块茎形成期较CK提高单株薯干重118.0%～720.0%(P<0.05),以T4最高;覆盖处理对马铃薯水热特征有显著影响(P<0.05),T1、T2的降温效应显著小于T3,T3的蓄水保墒效应与T4差异不显著,但显著大于T1、T2及CK。可见,在本试验条件下,秸秆带状覆盖种植带旋耕的产量高于旧膜直播、略低于新覆膜,但蓄水保墒效应与新覆膜相近,同时秸秆带状覆盖种植带旋耕较其余覆盖处理具有较明显的降温增墒效应,有利于促进马铃薯块茎的形成及膨大。
In order to explore the characteristics of soil temperature and moistureof potato field and yield increasing mechanism under residual film and straw mulching, an experiment was carried out from April to October in 2015. Five treatments were triplicated including residual film direct seeding(T1), small ridge mulching straw and big ridge removed film of no rotary tillage planting(T2), small ridge mulching straw and big ridge removed film of rotary tillage planting(T3), new film mulching planting(T4), and flat planting no mulch(CK). The results showed that the mulching methods could improve yield, commodity potato rate, and WUE. Compared with CK, the yield increased by 14.24%～56.33%, the commodity potato rate increased by 1.21%～22.60%, the WUE increased by 8.28%～55.39%. The yield and dry weight per potato plant in tuber initiation stage were significantly positively correlated(r=0.744), covering planting significantly increased the dry weight per potato plant in tuber initiation stage by 118.0%～720.0%(P<0.05), and the T4 was the best. The effect of mulching treatment on the characteristics of soil temperature and water for potato field was significant(P<0.05). Compared with CK, the cooling effect of T1 and T2 was significantly smaller than that of T3, and there was no significant difference between T3 and T4 in water storage and moisture conservation, but significantly better than T1, T2, and CK.It can be seen that under the experimental condition, the yield of small ridge mulching straw and big ridge removed film of rotary tillage plantingwere better than that of direct seeding with the old film, and slightly lower than that of the new mulching, but the effect on water storage and soil moisture conservation was similar to that of the new film mulching. At thesame time, small ridge mulchingstraw and big ridge removed film of rotary tillage planting had better effect in decreasing temperature and increasing soil moisture than other mulching treatments, which was beneficial to the formation and expansion of potato tuber.
In order to explore the characteristics of soil temperature and moistureof potato field and yield increasing mechanism under residual film and straw mulching, an experiment was carried out from April to October in 2015. Five treatments were triplicated including residual film direct seeding(T1), small ridge mulching straw and big ridge removed film of no rotary tillage planting(T2), small ridge mulching straw and big ridge removed film of rotary tillage planting(T3), new film mulching planting(T4), and flat planting no mulch(CK). The results showed that the mulching methods could improve yield, commodity potato rate, and WUE. Compared with CK, the yield increased by 14.24%～56.33%, the commodity potato rate increased by 1.21%～22.60%, the WUE increased by 8.28%～55.39%. The yield and dry weight per potato plant in tuber initiation stage were significantly positively correlated(r=0.744), covering planting significantly increased the dry weight per potato plant in tuber initiation stage by 118.0%～720.0%(P<0.05), and the T4 was the best. The effect of mulching treatment on the characteristics of soil temperature and water for potato field was significant(P<0.05). Compared with CK, the cooling effect of T1 and T2 was significantly smaller than that of T3, and there was no significant difference between T3 and T4 in water storage and moisture conservation, but significantly better than T1, T2, and CK.It can be seen that under the experimental condition, the yield of small ridge mulching straw and big ridge removed film of rotary tillage plantingwere better than that of direct seeding with the old film, and slightly lower than that of the new mulching, but the effect on water storage and soil moisture conservation was similar to that of the new film mulching. At thesame time, small ridge mulchingstraw and big ridge removed film of rotary tillage planting had better effect in decreasing temperature and increasing soil moisture than other mulching treatments, which was beneficial to the formation and expansion of potato tuber.
引文
[1] 汤瑛芳,高世铭,王亚红,等.旱地马铃薯不同覆盖种植方式的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(1):1-7.
[2] 王红丽,张绪成,于显枫,等.黑色地膜覆盖的土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯产量的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):5215-5226.
[3] 柴守玺.一种旱地秸秆带状覆盖作物种植新技术[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2014,49(5):42-42.
[4] 王志超,李仙岳,史海滨,等.覆膜年限及灌水方法对河套灌区农膜残留的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(14):159-169.
[5] 毕继业,王秀芬,朱道林.地膜覆盖对农作物产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(11):172-175.
[6] 赵岩,陈学庚,温浩军,等.农田残膜污染治理技术研究现状与展望[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(6):1-14.
[7] 闫雅非.地膜再利用免耕栽培向日葵的增产效应研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.
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[9] 鲁清林,柴守玺,张礼军,等.全膜覆土一茬和二茬小麦蓄水保墒效应研究[J].核农学报,2013,27(12):1903-1911.
[10] 程宏波,牛建彪,柴守玺,等.不同覆盖材料和方式对旱地春小麦产量及土壤水温环境的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(2):47-57.
[11] 高亚军,李生秀.旱地秸秆覆盖条件下作物减产的原因及作用机制分析[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(7):15-19.
[12] 韩凡香,常磊,柴守玺,等.半干旱雨养区秸秆带状覆盖种植对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(7):874-882.
[13] 李辉,柴守玺,常磊,等.西北半干旱区秸秆带状覆盖对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6).148-156.
[14] 达存莹,岳云,贾秀苹.甘肃省马铃薯产业发展现状及主粮化发展分析[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(3):38-42.
[15] 李辉.覆盖对旱地马铃薯土壤水分和温度的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2018.
[16] 马彦,杨虎德.甘肃省农田地膜污染及防控措施调查[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(4):478-483.
[17] 蔺海明,周建军,王蒂,等.大整薯稀播对马铃薯农艺性状和产量的影响[J].草业学报,2011,20(3):304-308.
[18] 纪晓玲,张静,乔文远,等.不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(6):58-62.
[19] 蔡太义,贾志宽,孟蕾,等.渭北旱塬不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分和春玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(3):43-48.
[20] 李博文,杨长刚,兰雪梅,等.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):14-20.
[2] 王红丽,张绪成,于显枫,等.黑色地膜覆盖的土壤水热效应及其对马铃薯产量的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):5215-5226.
[3] 柴守玺.一种旱地秸秆带状覆盖作物种植新技术[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2014,49(5):42-42.
[4] 王志超,李仙岳,史海滨,等.覆膜年限及灌水方法对河套灌区农膜残留的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(14):159-169.
[5] 毕继业,王秀芬,朱道林.地膜覆盖对农作物产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(11):172-175.
[6] 赵岩,陈学庚,温浩军,等.农田残膜污染治理技术研究现状与展望[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(6):1-14.
[7] 闫雅非.地膜再利用免耕栽培向日葵的增产效应研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2013.
[8] 吴兵.旱地一膜两年用胡麻农田生态效应及增产机理研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2014.
[9] 鲁清林,柴守玺,张礼军,等.全膜覆土一茬和二茬小麦蓄水保墒效应研究[J].核农学报,2013,27(12):1903-1911.
[10] 程宏波,牛建彪,柴守玺,等.不同覆盖材料和方式对旱地春小麦产量及土壤水温环境的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(2):47-57.
[11] 高亚军,李生秀.旱地秸秆覆盖条件下作物减产的原因及作用机制分析[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(7):15-19.
[12] 韩凡香,常磊,柴守玺,等.半干旱雨养区秸秆带状覆盖种植对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(7):874-882.
[13] 李辉,柴守玺,常磊,等.西北半干旱区秸秆带状覆盖对土壤水分及马铃薯产量的影响[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(6).148-156.
[14] 达存莹,岳云,贾秀苹.甘肃省马铃薯产业发展现状及主粮化发展分析[J].中国农业资源与区划,2016,37(3):38-42.
[15] 李辉.覆盖对旱地马铃薯土壤水分和温度的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2018.
[16] 马彦,杨虎德.甘肃省农田地膜污染及防控措施调查[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(4):478-483.
[17] 蔺海明,周建军,王蒂,等.大整薯稀播对马铃薯农艺性状和产量的影响[J].草业学报,2011,20(3):304-308.
[18] 纪晓玲,张静,乔文远,等.不同覆盖方式对旱地马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(6):58-62.
[19] 蔡太义,贾志宽,孟蕾,等.渭北旱塬不同秸秆覆盖量对土壤水分和春玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(3):43-48.
[20] 李博文,杨长刚,兰雪梅,等.秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(2):14-20.
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