钱江源国家公园体制试点区农户生计资本评价及其空间特征
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摘要
本研究以钱江源国家公园体制试点区(以下简称为钱江源国家公园)为例,基于可持续生计分析框架,构建农户生计资本评价指标体系,运用熵权法、聚类分析和空间自相关分析,开展钱江源国家公园农户生计资本评价,并对其空间分布和集聚特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)不同农户类型的生计资本均值呈现非农户>兼业户>纯农户,非农户的人力资本、社会资本和物质资本远高于兼业户和纯农户;(2)不同农户类型资产等级划分差异显著,纯农户的中低资产较多,非农户的高资产较多,生计资本与生计活动类型密切相关;(3)农户生计资本总量在空间上呈现由西南向东北递增的趋势,何田乡生计资本较为均衡,齐溪镇、长虹乡和苏庄镇的生计资本搭配不合理;(4)不同功能区农户生计资本分布与功能定位和管理强度相关;(5)自然资本呈现显著空间自相关性,其余资本及总量空间自相关性不显著。最后,为改善钱江源国家公园农户生计状况提出了相关建议。
This paper uses the example of the Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot(QNPP) to construct an indicator system of farmer livelihood assets based on the sustainable livelihoods framework. The spatial distribution and agglomeration characteristics of farmer livelihood assets in QNPP were next analyzed, and the entropy method, cluster analysis, and spatial autocorrelation analysis were performed. The results were as follows: first, the livelihood assets of different types of farmers followed a gradient of non-agricultural households > concurrent households > pure farmers. The human assets, social assets, and physical assets of non-agricultural households were more valuable than those of concurrent households and pure farmers.Second, asset classification differed significantly among the three types of farmer households. Pure farmers had a greater quantity of primarily medium and low assets, while non-agricultural households had a few higher assets. The levels of livelihood assets were closely related to livelihood activities. Third, the spatial distribution of household livelihood assets belonging to farmers highlighted an increase in asset concentration from southwest to northeast. The livelihood assets of the Hetian Township were relatively balanced among the three groups, whereas Qixi, Changhong and Suzhuang townships had imbalanced asset distributions. Fourth, the distribution of household livelihood assets was consistent with functional position and management intensity in different functional zones. In addition, natural assets were significantly spatially autocorrelated while all other assets had no significant spatial autocorrelation. Finally, based on these findings, suggestions were made to improve the livelihoods of the farmer households in the QNPP.
This paper uses the example of the Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot(QNPP) to construct an indicator system of farmer livelihood assets based on the sustainable livelihoods framework. The spatial distribution and agglomeration characteristics of farmer livelihood assets in QNPP were next analyzed, and the entropy method, cluster analysis, and spatial autocorrelation analysis were performed. The results were as follows: first, the livelihood assets of different types of farmers followed a gradient of non-agricultural households > concurrent households > pure farmers. The human assets, social assets, and physical assets of non-agricultural households were more valuable than those of concurrent households and pure farmers.Second, asset classification differed significantly among the three types of farmer households. Pure farmers had a greater quantity of primarily medium and low assets, while non-agricultural households had a few higher assets. The levels of livelihood assets were closely related to livelihood activities. Third, the spatial distribution of household livelihood assets belonging to farmers highlighted an increase in asset concentration from southwest to northeast. The livelihood assets of the Hetian Township were relatively balanced among the three groups, whereas Qixi, Changhong and Suzhuang townships had imbalanced asset distributions. Fourth, the distribution of household livelihood assets was consistent with functional position and management intensity in different functional zones. In addition, natural assets were significantly spatially autocorrelated while all other assets had no significant spatial autocorrelation. Finally, based on these findings, suggestions were made to improve the livelihoods of the farmer households in the QNPP.
引文
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Bi SB,Wan L,Shen X,Chen CC,Gong YC(2018)The spatial autocorrelation analysis for spatial distribution of prehistoric settlements in Zhengzhou-Luoyang area.Science of Surveying and Mapping,43(5),87-94.(in Chinese with English abstract)[毕硕本,万蕾,沈香,陈昌春,贡毓成(2018)郑洛地区史前聚落分布特征的空间自相关分析.测绘科学,43(5),87-94.]
Chambers R,Conway GR(1992)Sustainable rural livelihoods:Practical concepts for the 21st century.IDS Discussion Paper 296,Institute of Development Studies,Brighton,England.
Chen YH,Huang D,Yan SQ(2014)Discussions on public welfare,state dominance and scientificity of national park.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34,257-264.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈耀华,黄丹,颜思琦(2014)论国家公园的公益性、国家主导性和科学性.地理科学,34,257-264.]
Dao RN(2014)Relationship between livelihood assets and livelihood strategies of rural households of farming-pastoral area:A case study on four counties in the eastern Inner Mongolia.China Population Resources and Environment,24,274-278.(in Chinese with English abstract)[道日娜(2014)农牧交错区域农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究--以内蒙古东部四个旗为例.中国人口·资源与环境,24,274-278.]
Guo XL,Zhou LH,Chen Y,Yang GJ,Zhao MM,Wang R(2017)Impact of farmers’livelihood capital on livelihood strategy in a typical desertification area in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37,6963-6972.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郭秀丽,周立华,陈勇,杨国靖,赵敏敏,王睿(2017)典型沙漠化地区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响--以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例.生态学报,37,6963-6972.]
He RW,Liu SQ,Liu YW,Li LN,Liang L,Li TT(2014)Evaluation and spatial distribution of farmer’s livelihood capital in representative mountain areas:A case of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan,China.Mountain Research,32,641-651.(in Chinese with English abstract)[何仁伟,刘邵权,刘运伟,李立娜,梁岚,李婷婷(2014)典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局--以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例.山地学报,32,641-651.]
Li CZ,Xu JC,Kong XB(2012)Farm household livelihood diversity and land use in suburban areas of the metropolis:The case study of Daxing District,Beijing.Geographical Research,31,1039-1049.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李翠珍,徐建春,孔祥斌(2012)大都市郊区农户生计多样化及对土地利用的影响--以北京市大兴区为例.地理研究,31,1039-1049.]
Li GD,Qiu DC,Wang LP,Wang P,Luo DQ(2012)Impacts of difference among livelihood assets on the choice of economic compensation pattern for farmer households farmland protection in Chongqing City.Acta Geographica Sinica,67,504-515.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李广东,邱道持,王利平,王平,骆东奇(2012)生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响--渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析.地理学报,67,504-515.]
Liu CF,Liu YY,Wang C(2017)Spatial characteristics of livelihood assets of poor farmers and its influential factors in Loess Hilly Region:A case study of Yuzhong County,Gansu Province.Economic Geography,37,153-162.(in Chinese with English abstract)[刘春芳,刘宥延,王川(2017)黄土丘陵区贫困农户生计资本空间特征及影响因素--以甘肃省榆中县为例.经济地理,37,153-162.
Liu ZF,Chen QR,Xie HL(2018)Influence of the farmer’s livelihood assets on livelihood strategies in the western mountainous area,China.Sustainability,10,875.
Ma ZX,Ding SJ(2013)Farmer household type classification method based on peasant household theory and its application.Chinese Rural Economy,(4),28-38.(in Chinese)[马志雄,丁士军(2013)基于农户理论的农户类型划分方法及其应用.中国农村经济,(4),28-38.]
Peng HS,Zhang JH,Lu L,Han Y,Cao JJ(2016)Some thoughts upon establishment of China’s national park system.Journal of Anhui Normal University(Natural Science),39,575-579.(in Chinese with English abstract)[彭红松,章锦河,陆林,韩娅,曹晶晶(2016)中国国家公园体制建立的若干思考.安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),39,575-579.]
Qiao HQ,Cheng WS,Cen GZ,Liu XL(2017)Comparison of different types of farmers livelihood assets in Heihe-Shiyang River Basin.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,31,32-37.(in Chinese with English abstract)[乔蕻强,程文仕,岑国璋,刘学录(2017)黑河-石羊河流域不同生计类型的农户生计资产研究.干旱区资源与环境,31,32-37.]
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Siqin CKT,Fang YG,Wang H,Xu K(2017)Householdlivelihood assets and strategies in farming-pastoral area:The case of Shuangyushu Gaqa,Inner Mongolia.Scientia Geographica Sinica,37,1095-1103.(in Chinese with English abstract)[斯琴朝克图,房艳刚,王晗,徐凯(2017)内蒙古半农半牧区农户生计资产与生计方式研究--以科右中旗双榆树嘎查为例.地理科学,37,1095-1103.]
Tang Q(2015)Research progress and future key trends of sustainable livelihoods.Advances in Earth Science,30,823-833.(in Chinese with English abstract)[汤青(2015)可持续生计的研究现状及未来重点趋向.地球科学进展,30,823-833.]
Wang CC,Zhang YQ,Yang YS,Yang QC,John K,Xu YC,Xu LL(2016)Assessment of sustainable livelihoods of different farmers in hilly red soil erosion areas of southern China.Ecological Indicators,64,123-131.
Wang XY,Feng YH,Li Y,Wu B,Chen S,Li XL,Wang X,Mo YH,Song B(2015)Spatial variability of soil physiochemical properties and their autocorrelations at village-region in karst mountainous area,Guizhou Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,35,2926-2936.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王小艳,冯跃华,李云,武彪,陈山,李香玲,王旭,莫银化,宋碧(2015)黔中喀斯特山区村域稻田土壤理化特性的空间变异特征及空间自相关性.生态学报,35,2926-2936.]
Wu KS,Yang XJ,Yin S(2016)Farmers’livelihood choice and sustainability under the influence of environmental change:A case study of Minqin Oasis Community in Gansu Province.Economic Geography,36,141-149.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴孔森,杨新军,尹莎(2016)环境变化影响下农户生计选择与可持续性研究--以民勤绿洲社区为例.经济地理,36,141-149.]
Xu DD,Xie FT,Liu SQ,Wang XX(2016)Research on the structural features and differences of farmers’livelihood capital under different livelihood strategies in the mountainous and upland areas of Sichuan Province,China.Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),38,125-131.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐定德,谢芳婷,刘邵权,王旭熙(2016)四川省山丘区不同生计策略类型农户生计资本结构特征及差异研究.西南大学学报(自然科学版),38,125-131.]
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Yang YY,Zhao F(2009)A survey of farmers’livelihood capital in the framework of the sustainable livelihood approach:A case study of the reservoir zone of the South-to-North Water Transfer(middle line).Issues in Agricultural Economy,(3),58-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨云彦,赵锋(2009)可持续生计分析框架下农户生计资本的调查与分析--以南水北调(中线)工程库区为例.农业经济问题,(3),58-65.]
Yu H,Chen T,Zhong LS,Zhou R(2017)Functional zoning of the Qianjiangyuan National Park System Pilot Area Resources Science,39,20-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)[虞虎,陈田,钟林生,周睿(2017)钱江源国家公园体制试点区功能分区研究.资源科学,39,20-29.]
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Zhao WJ,Yang SL,Wang X(2016)The relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy based on logistic regression model in Xinping County of Yuanjiang dry-hot valley.Resources Science,38,136-143.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赵文娟,杨世龙,王潇(2016)基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究--以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例.资源科学,38,136-143.]
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Bi SB,Wan L,Shen X,Chen CC,Gong YC(2018)The spatial autocorrelation analysis for spatial distribution of prehistoric settlements in Zhengzhou-Luoyang area.Science of Surveying and Mapping,43(5),87-94.(in Chinese with English abstract)[毕硕本,万蕾,沈香,陈昌春,贡毓成(2018)郑洛地区史前聚落分布特征的空间自相关分析.测绘科学,43(5),87-94.]
Chambers R,Conway GR(1992)Sustainable rural livelihoods:Practical concepts for the 21st century.IDS Discussion Paper 296,Institute of Development Studies,Brighton,England.
Chen YH,Huang D,Yan SQ(2014)Discussions on public welfare,state dominance and scientificity of national park.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34,257-264.(in Chinese with English abstract)[陈耀华,黄丹,颜思琦(2014)论国家公园的公益性、国家主导性和科学性.地理科学,34,257-264.]
Dao RN(2014)Relationship between livelihood assets and livelihood strategies of rural households of farming-pastoral area:A case study on four counties in the eastern Inner Mongolia.China Population Resources and Environment,24,274-278.(in Chinese with English abstract)[道日娜(2014)农牧交错区域农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究--以内蒙古东部四个旗为例.中国人口·资源与环境,24,274-278.]
Guo XL,Zhou LH,Chen Y,Yang GJ,Zhao MM,Wang R(2017)Impact of farmers’livelihood capital on livelihood strategy in a typical desertification area in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37,6963-6972.(in Chinese with English abstract)[郭秀丽,周立华,陈勇,杨国靖,赵敏敏,王睿(2017)典型沙漠化地区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响--以内蒙古自治区杭锦旗为例.生态学报,37,6963-6972.]
He RW,Liu SQ,Liu YW,Li LN,Liang L,Li TT(2014)Evaluation and spatial distribution of farmer’s livelihood capital in representative mountain areas:A case of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture of Sichuan,China.Mountain Research,32,641-651.(in Chinese with English abstract)[何仁伟,刘邵权,刘运伟,李立娜,梁岚,李婷婷(2014)典型山区农户生计资本评价及其空间格局--以四川省凉山彝族自治州为例.山地学报,32,641-651.]
Li CZ,Xu JC,Kong XB(2012)Farm household livelihood diversity and land use in suburban areas of the metropolis:The case study of Daxing District,Beijing.Geographical Research,31,1039-1049.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李翠珍,徐建春,孔祥斌(2012)大都市郊区农户生计多样化及对土地利用的影响--以北京市大兴区为例.地理研究,31,1039-1049.]
Li GD,Qiu DC,Wang LP,Wang P,Luo DQ(2012)Impacts of difference among livelihood assets on the choice of economic compensation pattern for farmer households farmland protection in Chongqing City.Acta Geographica Sinica,67,504-515.(in Chinese with English abstract)[李广东,邱道持,王利平,王平,骆东奇(2012)生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响--渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析.地理学报,67,504-515.]
Liu CF,Liu YY,Wang C(2017)Spatial characteristics of livelihood assets of poor farmers and its influential factors in Loess Hilly Region:A case study of Yuzhong County,Gansu Province.Economic Geography,37,153-162.(in Chinese with English abstract)[刘春芳,刘宥延,王川(2017)黄土丘陵区贫困农户生计资本空间特征及影响因素--以甘肃省榆中县为例.经济地理,37,153-162.
Liu ZF,Chen QR,Xie HL(2018)Influence of the farmer’s livelihood assets on livelihood strategies in the western mountainous area,China.Sustainability,10,875.
Ma ZX,Ding SJ(2013)Farmer household type classification method based on peasant household theory and its application.Chinese Rural Economy,(4),28-38.(in Chinese)[马志雄,丁士军(2013)基于农户理论的农户类型划分方法及其应用.中国农村经济,(4),28-38.]
Peng HS,Zhang JH,Lu L,Han Y,Cao JJ(2016)Some thoughts upon establishment of China’s national park system.Journal of Anhui Normal University(Natural Science),39,575-579.(in Chinese with English abstract)[彭红松,章锦河,陆林,韩娅,曹晶晶(2016)中国国家公园体制建立的若干思考.安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版),39,575-579.]
Qiao HQ,Cheng WS,Cen GZ,Liu XL(2017)Comparison of different types of farmers livelihood assets in Heihe-Shiyang River Basin.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,31,32-37.(in Chinese with English abstract)[乔蕻强,程文仕,岑国璋,刘学录(2017)黑河-石羊河流域不同生计类型的农户生计资产研究.干旱区资源与环境,31,32-37.]
Roberts MG,Yang GA(2003)The international progress of sustainable development research:A comparison of vulnerability analysis and the sustainable livelihoods approach.Progress in Geography,22,11-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)[Roberts MG,杨国安(2003)可持续发展研究方法国际进展--脆弱性分析方法与可持续生计方法比较.地理科学进展,22,11-21.]
Siqin CKT,Fang YG,Wang H,Xu K(2017)Householdlivelihood assets and strategies in farming-pastoral area:The case of Shuangyushu Gaqa,Inner Mongolia.Scientia Geographica Sinica,37,1095-1103.(in Chinese with English abstract)[斯琴朝克图,房艳刚,王晗,徐凯(2017)内蒙古半农半牧区农户生计资产与生计方式研究--以科右中旗双榆树嘎查为例.地理科学,37,1095-1103.]
Tang Q(2015)Research progress and future key trends of sustainable livelihoods.Advances in Earth Science,30,823-833.(in Chinese with English abstract)[汤青(2015)可持续生计的研究现状及未来重点趋向.地球科学进展,30,823-833.]
Wang CC,Zhang YQ,Yang YS,Yang QC,John K,Xu YC,Xu LL(2016)Assessment of sustainable livelihoods of different farmers in hilly red soil erosion areas of southern China.Ecological Indicators,64,123-131.
Wang XY,Feng YH,Li Y,Wu B,Chen S,Li XL,Wang X,Mo YH,Song B(2015)Spatial variability of soil physiochemical properties and their autocorrelations at village-region in karst mountainous area,Guizhou Province.Acta Ecologica Sinica,35,2926-2936.(in Chinese with English abstract)[王小艳,冯跃华,李云,武彪,陈山,李香玲,王旭,莫银化,宋碧(2015)黔中喀斯特山区村域稻田土壤理化特性的空间变异特征及空间自相关性.生态学报,35,2926-2936.]
Wu KS,Yang XJ,Yin S(2016)Farmers’livelihood choice and sustainability under the influence of environmental change:A case study of Minqin Oasis Community in Gansu Province.Economic Geography,36,141-149.(in Chinese with English abstract)[吴孔森,杨新军,尹莎(2016)环境变化影响下农户生计选择与可持续性研究--以民勤绿洲社区为例.经济地理,36,141-149.]
Xu DD,Xie FT,Liu SQ,Wang XX(2016)Research on the structural features and differences of farmers’livelihood capital under different livelihood strategies in the mountainous and upland areas of Sichuan Province,China.Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition),38,125-131.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐定德,谢芳婷,刘邵权,王旭熙(2016)四川省山丘区不同生计策略类型农户生计资本结构特征及差异研究.西南大学学报(自然科学版),38,125-131.]
Yang R(2017)Conservation first,national representative,and commonwealth:The three concepts of China’s National Park System Construction.Biodiversity Science,25,1040-1041.(in Chinese)[杨锐(2017)生态保护第一、国家代表性、全民公益性--中国国家公园体制建设的三大理念.生物多样性,25,1040-1041.]
Yang YY,Zhao F(2009)A survey of farmers’livelihood capital in the framework of the sustainable livelihood approach:A case study of the reservoir zone of the South-to-North Water Transfer(middle line).Issues in Agricultural Economy,(3),58-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨云彦,赵锋(2009)可持续生计分析框架下农户生计资本的调查与分析--以南水北调(中线)工程库区为例.农业经济问题,(3),58-65.]
Yu H,Chen T,Zhong LS,Zhou R(2017)Functional zoning of the Qianjiangyuan National Park System Pilot Area Resources Science,39,20-29.(in Chinese with English abstract)[虞虎,陈田,钟林生,周睿(2017)钱江源国家公园体制试点区功能分区研究.资源科学,39,20-29.]
Zhang AP,Zhong LS,Xu Y,Zhou FJ(2015)Functional zoning
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