小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)群落蒸散发模拟
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摘要
基于2016、2017年生长季原位气象监测数据,利用Shuttleworth-Wallace(S-W)模型模拟了科尔沁沙地主要固沙植物小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)群落的蒸散发,对蒸散组分进行了拆分,并利用涡度相关系统对模拟蒸散发值进行了验证。结果表明:2016、2017年生长季小叶锦鸡儿群落蒸散发量分别为345.4、325.2 mm,土壤蒸发量分别为93.8、83.8 mm,植被蒸腾量分别为251.6、241.4 mm,土壤蒸发占总蒸散发分别为27.2%、25.8%。30 min尺度上模拟值与实测值一致性较高,模拟精度大体表现为晴天>阴天>雨天。持续干旱和降水后,小叶锦鸡儿蒸腾耗水规律明显不同,持续干旱时期小叶锦鸡儿保持较低的蒸腾耗水,且具有明显的"午休"现象,连续降水后小叶锦鸡儿"午休"消失,蒸腾耗水增强。饱和水汽压差是影响小叶锦鸡儿蒸散发的主要因子。
This paper focus on the main sand-fixing vegetation Caragana microphylla in the Horqin Sandy Land, China. Based on routine meteorological data in growing seasons between 2016 and 2017, the actual evapotranspiration its components of Caragana microphylla community were simulated by Shuttle-Wallace(S-W) model. Simulated Evapotranspiration values were compared to the eddy covariance method. During 2016 growing season, the evapotranspiration of the community C. microphylla were founded to be 345.4 mm, which consisted of 93.8 mm of evaporation and 251.6 mm of transpiration. It means that evaporation accounted for 27.2% of evapotranspiration. During 2017 growing season, the evapotranspiration of the community C. microphylla were founded to be 325.2 mm, which consisted of 83.8 mm of evaporation and 241.4 mm of transpiration. It means that evaporation accounted for 25.8%. The simulated ET was close to the eddy covariance observed ET at the 30 min time-scale. The simulation performance of the S-W model for clear days was better than that for cloudy or rainy days. In the period of continuous drought and after precipitation, water consumption and transpiration of C. microphylla was different significantly. During drought period, C. microphylla maintained lower transpiration and appeared "midday depression". However after precipitation, the "midday depression" was disappeared, and transpiration was increased significantly. At last, we get conclusion that C. microphylla's evapotranspiration was mainly affected by vapor pressure deficit.
This paper focus on the main sand-fixing vegetation Caragana microphylla in the Horqin Sandy Land, China. Based on routine meteorological data in growing seasons between 2016 and 2017, the actual evapotranspiration its components of Caragana microphylla community were simulated by Shuttle-Wallace(S-W) model. Simulated Evapotranspiration values were compared to the eddy covariance method. During 2016 growing season, the evapotranspiration of the community C. microphylla were founded to be 345.4 mm, which consisted of 93.8 mm of evaporation and 251.6 mm of transpiration. It means that evaporation accounted for 27.2% of evapotranspiration. During 2017 growing season, the evapotranspiration of the community C. microphylla were founded to be 325.2 mm, which consisted of 83.8 mm of evaporation and 241.4 mm of transpiration. It means that evaporation accounted for 25.8%. The simulated ET was close to the eddy covariance observed ET at the 30 min time-scale. The simulation performance of the S-W model for clear days was better than that for cloudy or rainy days. In the period of continuous drought and after precipitation, water consumption and transpiration of C. microphylla was different significantly. During drought period, C. microphylla maintained lower transpiration and appeared "midday depression". However after precipitation, the "midday depression" was disappeared, and transpiration was increased significantly. At last, we get conclusion that C. microphylla's evapotranspiration was mainly affected by vapor pressure deficit.
引文
[1] 曹晓明,陈曦,王卷乐,等.古尔班通沙漠南源非灌溉条件下梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)蒸腾耗水特征[J].干旱区地理,2013,36(2):292-302.
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[3] Evett S R,Schwartz R C,Howell T A,et al.Can weighing lysimeter ET represent surrounding field ET well enough to test flux station measurements of daily and sub-daily ET?[J].Advances in Water Resources,2012,50:79-90.
[4] Misson L,Panek J A,Goldstein A H.A comparison of three approaches to modeling leaf gas exchange in annually drought-stressed ponderosa pine forests[J].Tree Physiology,2004,24(5):529-541.
[5] 彭海英,李小雁,童绍玉.蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对水分再分配和利用的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2256-2265.
[6] 袁国富,张佩,罗毅.中国温带荒漠植物蒸腾过程模拟的若干问题分析[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(1):47-53.
[7] 金艳霞,王新平,张亚峰,等.红砂、珍珠蒸腾耗水规律的尺度整合[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(2):286-293.
[8] 高云飞,赵传燕,彭守璋,等.黑河上游天涝池流域草地蒸散发模拟及其敏感性分析[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(5):1338-1445.
[9] 王海波,马明国.基于遥感和Penman-Monteith模型的内陆河流域不同生态系统蒸散发估算[J].生态学报,2014,34(19):5617-5626.
[10] 吴文心,贾志军,董一平.基于P-T模型估算雨养大豆田蒸散量[J].应用气象学报,2015,26(2):221-230.
[11] Zhao W,Liu B,Zhang Z.Water requirements of maize in the middle Heihe River basin,China[J].Agriculture Water Management,2010,97(2):215-223.
[12] Dolman A J.A multiple-source land surface energy balance model for use in general circulation models[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1993,65(1):21-45.
[13] Choudhury B J,Monteith J L.A four-Layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surface[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1988,114(480):373-398.
[14] Shuttleworth W J,Wallace J S.Evaporation from sparse crops-an energy combination theory[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1985,111(469):839-855.
[15] Odhiambo L,Irmak S.Performance of extended Shuttleworth-Wallace model for estimating and partitioning of evapotranspiration in a partial residue-covered subsurface drip-irrigated Soybean field[J].Transaction of the ASABE,2011,54(3):915-930.
[16] Stannard D I.Comparison of Penman-Monteith,Shuttleworth-Wallace,and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland [J].Water Resources Research,1993,29(5):1379-1392.
[17] 沈竞,张弥,肖薇,等.基于SW模型的千烟洲人工林蒸散组分拆分及其特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(8):2164-2174.
[18] 赵丽雯,赵文智,吉喜斌.西北黑河中游荒漠绿洲农田作物蒸腾与土壤蒸发区分及作物耗水规律[J].生态学报,2015,35(4):1114-1123.
[19] 曹成有,蒋德明,骆永明,等.小叶锦鸡儿防风固沙稳定性研究[J].生态学报,2004,24(6):1178-1186.
[20] 张萍,哈斯额尔敦,杨一,等.小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛沙堆形态对沙源供给形式和丰富度的响应[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(6):1453-1460.
[21] Duan L M,Lv Y,Yan X,et al.Upscaling stem to community-level transpiration for two sand-fixing plants:Salix gordejevii and Caragana microphylla[J].Water,2017,9,361:1-12.
[22] Li-COR Biosciences,Eddy pro 4.0:Help and User’s Guide[Z].Lincoln,NE,208.2012.http://envsupport,Licor.com/help/Eddypro4/default.htm.
[23] Falge E,Baldocchi D,Olson R.Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange[J].Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,2001,107:43-69.
[24] 杨雨亭,尚松浩.双源蒸散发模型估算潜在蒸散发量的对比[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(24):85-91.
[25] Ortega F S,Poblete E C,Brisson N.Parameterization of a two-layer model for estimating vineyard evapotranspiration using meteorological measurements[J].Agricultural Forest Meteorology,2010,150:276-286.
[26] Brisson N,Itier B,L’ Hotel J C,et al.Parameterisation of the Shuttleworth-Wallace model to estimate daily maximum transpiration for use in crop models[J].Ecological Modelling,1998,107:159-169.
[27] Zhou M C,Ishidaria H,Hapuarachchi H,et al.Estimating potential evapotranspiration using Shuttleworth-Wallace model and NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data to feed a distributed hydrological model over the Mekong River basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,327:151-173.
[28] Lohammar T,Larsson S,Linder S,et al.FAST:simulation models of gaseous exchange in Scots pine[J].Ecological Bulletins,1980:505-523.
[29] 张宝忠.干旱荒漠绿洲葡萄园水热传输机制与蒸发蒸腾估算方法研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2009.
[30] 初小静,韩广轩,邢庆会,等.阴天和晴天对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(7):661-673.
[31] Philip J R,De V D A.Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients[J].EOS Transaction American Geophysical Union,1957,38:222-232.
[32] 张晓艳,褚建民,孟平,等.环境因子对民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林蒸散的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2390-2400.
[33] 牛丽,岳广阳,赵哈林,等.利用茎流法估算樟子松和小叶锦鸡儿人工蒸腾耗水[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(6):1-8.
[34] 段利民,童新,吕扬,等.固沙植被黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿蒸腾耗水尺度提升研究[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(1):52-62.
[35] 褚建民,邓东周,王琼,等.降雨量变化对樟子松生理生态特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(12):2672-2678.
[36] Villalobos F J,Testi L,Moreno-perez M F.Evaporation and canopy conductance of citrus orchards[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96:565-573.
[37] Yue G Y,Zhao H L,Zhang T H,et al.Evaluation of water use of Caragana microphylla with the stem heat-balance method in Horqin Sandy Land,Inner Mongolia,China [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:1668-1678.
[38] Wang X X,Pedram S,Liu T X,et al.Estimated grass grazing removal rate in semiarid eurasian steppe watershed as influenced by climate[J].Water,2016,8,339:1-18.
[39] 李思恩,康绍忠,朱治林,等.应用涡度相关技术监测地表蒸发蒸腾量的研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9):2720-2726.
[2] Zhang Y Q,Kang S Z,Ward E J,et al.Evapotranspiration components determined by sap flow and microlysimetry techniques of vineyard in Northwest China:dynamics and influential factors [J].Agricultural Water Management,2011,98(8):1207-1214.
[3] Evett S R,Schwartz R C,Howell T A,et al.Can weighing lysimeter ET represent surrounding field ET well enough to test flux station measurements of daily and sub-daily ET?[J].Advances in Water Resources,2012,50:79-90.
[4] Misson L,Panek J A,Goldstein A H.A comparison of three approaches to modeling leaf gas exchange in annually drought-stressed ponderosa pine forests[J].Tree Physiology,2004,24(5):529-541.
[5] 彭海英,李小雁,童绍玉.蒙古典型草原小叶锦鸡儿灌丛化对水分再分配和利用的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(9):2256-2265.
[6] 袁国富,张佩,罗毅.中国温带荒漠植物蒸腾过程模拟的若干问题分析[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(1):47-53.
[7] 金艳霞,王新平,张亚峰,等.红砂、珍珠蒸腾耗水规律的尺度整合[J].中国沙漠,2018,38(2):286-293.
[8] 高云飞,赵传燕,彭守璋,等.黑河上游天涝池流域草地蒸散发模拟及其敏感性分析[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(5):1338-1445.
[9] 王海波,马明国.基于遥感和Penman-Monteith模型的内陆河流域不同生态系统蒸散发估算[J].生态学报,2014,34(19):5617-5626.
[10] 吴文心,贾志军,董一平.基于P-T模型估算雨养大豆田蒸散量[J].应用气象学报,2015,26(2):221-230.
[11] Zhao W,Liu B,Zhang Z.Water requirements of maize in the middle Heihe River basin,China[J].Agriculture Water Management,2010,97(2):215-223.
[12] Dolman A J.A multiple-source land surface energy balance model for use in general circulation models[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,1993,65(1):21-45.
[13] Choudhury B J,Monteith J L.A four-Layer model for the heat budget of homogeneous land surface[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1988,114(480):373-398.
[14] Shuttleworth W J,Wallace J S.Evaporation from sparse crops-an energy combination theory[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1985,111(469):839-855.
[15] Odhiambo L,Irmak S.Performance of extended Shuttleworth-Wallace model for estimating and partitioning of evapotranspiration in a partial residue-covered subsurface drip-irrigated Soybean field[J].Transaction of the ASABE,2011,54(3):915-930.
[16] Stannard D I.Comparison of Penman-Monteith,Shuttleworth-Wallace,and modified Priestley-Taylor evapotranspiration models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland [J].Water Resources Research,1993,29(5):1379-1392.
[17] 沈竞,张弥,肖薇,等.基于SW模型的千烟洲人工林蒸散组分拆分及其特征[J].生态学报,2016,36(8):2164-2174.
[18] 赵丽雯,赵文智,吉喜斌.西北黑河中游荒漠绿洲农田作物蒸腾与土壤蒸发区分及作物耗水规律[J].生态学报,2015,35(4):1114-1123.
[19] 曹成有,蒋德明,骆永明,等.小叶锦鸡儿防风固沙稳定性研究[J].生态学报,2004,24(6):1178-1186.
[20] 张萍,哈斯额尔敦,杨一,等.小叶锦鸡儿(Caragana microphylla)灌丛沙堆形态对沙源供给形式和丰富度的响应[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(6):1453-1460.
[21] Duan L M,Lv Y,Yan X,et al.Upscaling stem to community-level transpiration for two sand-fixing plants:Salix gordejevii and Caragana microphylla[J].Water,2017,9,361:1-12.
[22] Li-COR Biosciences,Eddy pro 4.0:Help and User’s Guide[Z].Lincoln,NE,208.2012.http://envsupport,Licor.com/help/Eddypro4/default.htm.
[23] Falge E,Baldocchi D,Olson R.Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange[J].Agriculture and Forest Meteorology,2001,107:43-69.
[24] 杨雨亭,尚松浩.双源蒸散发模型估算潜在蒸散发量的对比[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(24):85-91.
[25] Ortega F S,Poblete E C,Brisson N.Parameterization of a two-layer model for estimating vineyard evapotranspiration using meteorological measurements[J].Agricultural Forest Meteorology,2010,150:276-286.
[26] Brisson N,Itier B,L’ Hotel J C,et al.Parameterisation of the Shuttleworth-Wallace model to estimate daily maximum transpiration for use in crop models[J].Ecological Modelling,1998,107:159-169.
[27] Zhou M C,Ishidaria H,Hapuarachchi H,et al.Estimating potential evapotranspiration using Shuttleworth-Wallace model and NOAA-AVHRR NDVI data to feed a distributed hydrological model over the Mekong River basin[J].Journal of Hydrology,2006,327:151-173.
[28] Lohammar T,Larsson S,Linder S,et al.FAST:simulation models of gaseous exchange in Scots pine[J].Ecological Bulletins,1980:505-523.
[29] 张宝忠.干旱荒漠绿洲葡萄园水热传输机制与蒸发蒸腾估算方法研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2009.
[30] 初小静,韩广轩,邢庆会,等.阴天和晴天对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地净生态系统CO2交换的影响[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(7):661-673.
[31] Philip J R,De V D A.Moisture movement in porous materials under temperature gradients[J].EOS Transaction American Geophysical Union,1957,38:222-232.
[32] 张晓艳,褚建民,孟平,等.环境因子对民勤绿洲荒漠过渡带梭梭人工林蒸散的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(8):2390-2400.
[33] 牛丽,岳广阳,赵哈林,等.利用茎流法估算樟子松和小叶锦鸡儿人工蒸腾耗水[J].北京林业大学学报,2008,30(6):1-8.
[34] 段利民,童新,吕扬,等.固沙植被黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿蒸腾耗水尺度提升研究[J].自然资源学报,2018,33(1):52-62.
[35] 褚建民,邓东周,王琼,等.降雨量变化对樟子松生理生态特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(12):2672-2678.
[36] Villalobos F J,Testi L,Moreno-perez M F.Evaporation and canopy conductance of citrus orchards[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96:565-573.
[37] Yue G Y,Zhao H L,Zhang T H,et al.Evaluation of water use of Caragana microphylla with the stem heat-balance method in Horqin Sandy Land,Inner Mongolia,China [J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2008,148:1668-1678.
[38] Wang X X,Pedram S,Liu T X,et al.Estimated grass grazing removal rate in semiarid eurasian steppe watershed as influenced by climate[J].Water,2016,8,339:1-18.
[39] 李思恩,康绍忠,朱治林,等.应用涡度相关技术监测地表蒸发蒸腾量的研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(9):2720-2726.
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