我国农村生活垃圾分类收运模式探究——以杭州市为例
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摘要
为探索适宜推广的农村生活垃圾分类收运方法,以杭州市的10个行政村为调研对象,通过座谈访问、问卷调查、实地检测以及生活垃圾物理组成分析等方式,研究杭州市农村生活垃圾组成特征,以验证其源头分类方法的适用性,并分析不同分类收运方式对垃圾分类工作的影响,从经济性、运行状况以及管理与社会评价等方面综合评估杭州市农村主要的生活垃圾分类收运模式。结果表明:杭州市农村生活垃圾中主要组分为厨余类、纸类、橡胶塑料类、纺织类、灰土类和玻璃类,分别占垃圾总量的55.9%、9.0%、10.8%、5.7%、4.0%和7.2%;易腐垃圾、有害垃圾和可回收物的比例分别为55%、1%和20%,且易腐垃圾适于用堆肥化方式处理;在农村生活垃圾分类工作推进初期,"二分法"(分为易腐垃圾和其他垃圾两类)是较理想的源头分类方法;杭州市农村生活垃圾主要通过3种模式分类收运,且采用不同的分类收运模式明显影响了垃圾分类工作的经济成本和易腐垃圾的有效收运比例,显著影响了基层管理执行人员的管理效能、农村居民分类投放垃圾的正确率及其对垃圾分类工作的接受度。研究表明,在农村生活垃圾分类工作实施初期,较适宜的分类收运方法是上门收运农户门前分类垃圾桶中易腐垃圾和其他垃圾。
To explore appropriate methods for the classification, collection, and transportation of rural domestic wastes(RDWs), a field investigation concerning the potential impact factors on waste classification was carried out at 10 villages in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. A physical composition analysis of RDWs showed that kitchen wastes, paper, rubber and plastics, textiles, dust, and glass were the main components, accounting for 55.9%, 9.0%, 10.8%, 5.7%, 4.0%, and 7.2% of the total weight, respectively. The proportions of putrescible wastes,which were suitable for disposal by composting, recyclables, and hazardous wastes in RDWs were 55%, 20%, and 1%, respectively, in Hangzhou. Accordingly, dichotomy(dividing domestic wastes into putrescible wastes and other wastes)was a comparatively feasible source classification method during the promotion stage of RDW classification. With the implementation of this source classification method, RDWs were generally collected and transported through three patterns in rural Hangzhou. An economic evaluation indicated that the adoption of different collection and transportation patterns resulted in a discrepancy in the cost of RDW classification. An operational status evaluation revealed that adopting different patterns had an evident impact on the effective collection ratio of putrescible wastes, and a significant effect on the source classification accuracy of RDWs. In addition, management and social evaluations illustrated that the pattern choice had significant effects on the management efficacy of grassroots management executives, and public acceptance toward waste classification. This study indicated that door-to-door collection and transportation of both putrescible wastes and other wastes was relatively suitable during the early stage of RDW classification.
To explore appropriate methods for the classification, collection, and transportation of rural domestic wastes(RDWs), a field investigation concerning the potential impact factors on waste classification was carried out at 10 villages in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province. A physical composition analysis of RDWs showed that kitchen wastes, paper, rubber and plastics, textiles, dust, and glass were the main components, accounting for 55.9%, 9.0%, 10.8%, 5.7%, 4.0%, and 7.2% of the total weight, respectively. The proportions of putrescible wastes,which were suitable for disposal by composting, recyclables, and hazardous wastes in RDWs were 55%, 20%, and 1%, respectively, in Hangzhou. Accordingly, dichotomy(dividing domestic wastes into putrescible wastes and other wastes)was a comparatively feasible source classification method during the promotion stage of RDW classification. With the implementation of this source classification method, RDWs were generally collected and transported through three patterns in rural Hangzhou. An economic evaluation indicated that the adoption of different collection and transportation patterns resulted in a discrepancy in the cost of RDW classification. An operational status evaluation revealed that adopting different patterns had an evident impact on the effective collection ratio of putrescible wastes, and a significant effect on the source classification accuracy of RDWs. In addition, management and social evaluations illustrated that the pattern choice had significant effects on the management efficacy of grassroots management executives, and public acceptance toward waste classification. This study indicated that door-to-door collection and transportation of both putrescible wastes and other wastes was relatively suitable during the early stage of RDW classification.
引文
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[9]韩智勇,梅自力,孔垂雪,等.西南地区农村生活垃圾特征与群众环保意识[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2015, 31(3):314-319.HAN Zhi-yong, MEI Zi-li, KONG Chui-xue, et al. Features of domestic wastes and environmental awareness of people in the rural area of southwest China[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2015,31(3):314-319.
[10]韩智勇,梅自力,税云会,等.云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾特性与管理分析[J].农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(12):2495-2501.HAN Zhi-yong, MEI Zi-li, SHUI Yun-hui, et al. Characteristics and management of domestic solid wastes in rural areas of the YunnanGuizhou Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013, 32(12):2495-2501.
[11]何品晶,张春燕,杨娜,等.我国村镇生活垃圾处理现状与技术路线探讨[J].农业环境科学学报, 2010, 29(11):2049-2054.HE Pin-jing, ZHANG Chun-yan, YANG Na, et al. Present situation and technical treatment route of rural domestic waste treatment in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2010, 29(11):2049-2054.
[12] Ghani W A W A K, Rusli I F, Biak D R A, et al. An application of the theory of planned behaviour to study the influencing factors of participation in source separation of food waste[J]. Waste Management,2013, 33(5):1276-1281.
[13]曲英,朱庆华.情境因素对城市居民生活垃圾源头分类行为的影响研究[J].管理评论, 2010, 22(9):121-128.QU Ying, ZHU Qing-hua. The effect of situational factors on the relationship between behavior intention and behavior for source separation of household waste[J]. Management Review, 2010, 22(9):121-128.
[14] Stoeva K, Alriksson S. Influence of recycling programmes on waste separation behaviour[J]. Waste Management, 2017, 68:732-741.
[15] Wang A Q, Shi Y J, Gao Q F, et al. Trends and determinants of rural residential solid waste collection services in China[J]. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2016, 8(4):698-710.
[16]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. CJ/T 313—2009生活垃圾采样和分析方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2009.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PRC. CJ/T313—2009 Sampling and analysis methods for domestic refuse[S].Beijing:China Standards Press, 2009.
[17]杭州市统计局.杭州统计年鉴2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.Hangzhou Statistics Bureau. Hangzhou statistical yearbook 2017[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2017.
[18] Sonesson U. Calculating transport labour for organic waste from urban to rural areas[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1998, 24(3/4):335-348.
[19]唐建明,王道泽,叶基瑶,等.杭州市农药废弃包装物回收处置工作机制的探索与实践[J].杭州农业与科技, 2017, 23(4):17-19.TANG Jian-ming, WANG Dao-ze, YE Ji-yao, et al. Exploration and practice of recovery and disposal of waste pesticide packaging in Hangzhou[J]. Hangzhou Agriculture and Technology, 2017, 23(4):17-19.
[20]张海波.城市生活垃圾社区收运系统评价研究[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2017.ZHANG Hai-bo. Evaluation research on communal municipal solid waste collection and transportation system[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2017.
[21]林晓东.垃圾收运系统绩效评估模型及其应用研究[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2009.LIN Xiao-dong. Research on the performance evaluation model of waste collection and transportation system and its application[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University, 2009.
[22]王桂琴,罗一鸣,李国学,等.基于层次分析法的城市生活垃圾收运模式优选[J].中国环境科学, 2008, 28(9):838-842.WANG Gui-qin, LUO Yi-ming, LI Guo-xue, et al. Optimizing the collection and transportation of municipal solid wastes based on AHP[J]. China Environmental Science, 2008, 28(9):838-842.
[23] Guardia de A, Mallard P, Teglia C, et al. Comparison of five organic wastes regarding their behaviour during composting:Part 1, biodegradability, stabilization kinetics and temperature rise[J]. Waste Management, 2010, 30(3):402-414.
[2]刘永德,何品晶,邵立明,等.太湖流域农村生活垃圾产生特征及其影响因素[J].农业环境科学学报, 2005, 24(3):533-537.LIU Yong-de, HE Pin-jing, SHAO Li-ming, et al. Production and feature of rural solid wastes in Tai Lake Region of China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2005, 24(3):533-537.
[3]武峰.基于农村现代化建设背景下商贸流通体系的构建研究[J].改革与战略, 2017, 33(1):57-60.WU Feng. Research on the construction of commercial circulation system based on the background of the modernization of rural areas[J]. Reformation&Strategy, 2017, 33(1):57-60.
[4]朱农.论农村非农业活动对收入分布的作用[J].世界经济文汇,2002, 22(2):3-14.ZHU Nong. The role of rural non-agricultural activities in income distribution[J]. World Economic Papers, 2002, 22(2):3-14.
[5]全为民,沈剑峰,董妹勤,等.杭嘉湖平原农业面源污染及其治理措施[J].农业环境与发展, 2002, 19(2):22-24.QUAN Wei-min, SHEN Jian-feng, DONG Mei-qin, et al. Agricultural non-point source pollution and its control measures in Hangzhou-Jiaxing-Huzhou Plain[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2002, 19(2):22-24.
[6]刘永德,何品晶,邵立明.太湖流域农村生活垃圾面源污染贡献值估算[J].农业环境科学学报, 2008, 27(5):1442-1445.LIU Yong-de, HE Pin-jing, SHAO Li-ming. Calculation of contribution value of non-point source pollution of rural refuse in Tai Lake Region[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2008, 27(5):1442-1445.
[7]张明玉.苕溪流域农村生活垃圾产源特征及堆肥化研究[D].郑州:河南工业大学, 2010.ZHANG Ming-yu. Research on the characteristics and composting of rural refuse in Tiaoxi River Basin[D]. Zhengzhou:Henan University of Technology, 2010.
[8] He P J. Municipal solid waste in rural areas of developing country:Do we need special treatment mode?[J]. Waste Management, 2012, 32(7):1289-1290.
[9]韩智勇,梅自力,孔垂雪,等.西南地区农村生活垃圾特征与群众环保意识[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2015, 31(3):314-319.HAN Zhi-yong, MEI Zi-li, KONG Chui-xue, et al. Features of domestic wastes and environmental awareness of people in the rural area of southwest China[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2015,31(3):314-319.
[10]韩智勇,梅自力,税云会,等.云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾特性与管理分析[J].农业环境科学学报, 2013, 32(12):2495-2501.HAN Zhi-yong, MEI Zi-li, SHUI Yun-hui, et al. Characteristics and management of domestic solid wastes in rural areas of the YunnanGuizhou Plateau, China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013, 32(12):2495-2501.
[11]何品晶,张春燕,杨娜,等.我国村镇生活垃圾处理现状与技术路线探讨[J].农业环境科学学报, 2010, 29(11):2049-2054.HE Pin-jing, ZHANG Chun-yan, YANG Na, et al. Present situation and technical treatment route of rural domestic waste treatment in China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2010, 29(11):2049-2054.
[12] Ghani W A W A K, Rusli I F, Biak D R A, et al. An application of the theory of planned behaviour to study the influencing factors of participation in source separation of food waste[J]. Waste Management,2013, 33(5):1276-1281.
[13]曲英,朱庆华.情境因素对城市居民生活垃圾源头分类行为的影响研究[J].管理评论, 2010, 22(9):121-128.QU Ying, ZHU Qing-hua. The effect of situational factors on the relationship between behavior intention and behavior for source separation of household waste[J]. Management Review, 2010, 22(9):121-128.
[14] Stoeva K, Alriksson S. Influence of recycling programmes on waste separation behaviour[J]. Waste Management, 2017, 68:732-741.
[15] Wang A Q, Shi Y J, Gao Q F, et al. Trends and determinants of rural residential solid waste collection services in China[J]. China Agricultural Economic Review, 2016, 8(4):698-710.
[16]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. CJ/T 313—2009生活垃圾采样和分析方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社, 2009.Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of PRC. CJ/T313—2009 Sampling and analysis methods for domestic refuse[S].Beijing:China Standards Press, 2009.
[17]杭州市统计局.杭州统计年鉴2017[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2017.Hangzhou Statistics Bureau. Hangzhou statistical yearbook 2017[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2017.
[18] Sonesson U. Calculating transport labour for organic waste from urban to rural areas[J]. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 1998, 24(3/4):335-348.
[19]唐建明,王道泽,叶基瑶,等.杭州市农药废弃包装物回收处置工作机制的探索与实践[J].杭州农业与科技, 2017, 23(4):17-19.TANG Jian-ming, WANG Dao-ze, YE Ji-yao, et al. Exploration and practice of recovery and disposal of waste pesticide packaging in Hangzhou[J]. Hangzhou Agriculture and Technology, 2017, 23(4):17-19.
[20]张海波.城市生活垃圾社区收运系统评价研究[D].成都:西南交通大学, 2017.ZHANG Hai-bo. Evaluation research on communal municipal solid waste collection and transportation system[D]. Chengdu:Southwest Jiaotong University, 2017.
[21]林晓东.垃圾收运系统绩效评估模型及其应用研究[D].重庆:重庆大学, 2009.LIN Xiao-dong. Research on the performance evaluation model of waste collection and transportation system and its application[D].Chongqing:Chongqing University, 2009.
[22]王桂琴,罗一鸣,李国学,等.基于层次分析法的城市生活垃圾收运模式优选[J].中国环境科学, 2008, 28(9):838-842.WANG Gui-qin, LUO Yi-ming, LI Guo-xue, et al. Optimizing the collection and transportation of municipal solid wastes based on AHP[J]. China Environmental Science, 2008, 28(9):838-842.
[23] Guardia de A, Mallard P, Teglia C, et al. Comparison of five organic wastes regarding their behaviour during composting:Part 1, biodegradability, stabilization kinetics and temperature rise[J]. Waste Management, 2010, 30(3):402-414.
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