湖南省某县稻田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析
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摘要
以湖南省某县稻田土壤样品为研究对象,分析Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg的污染特征及来源。利用单污染指数法、综合污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评估稻田土壤的污染状况及生态风险,结合地统计信息绘图技术、条件推理树模型和主成分分析法研究湖南省某县稻田土壤中重金属的来源。结果表明:该县稻田土壤Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg的平均含量分别为0.729、49.9、79.2、19.8、0.244 mg·kg-1。综合污染指数大于3的重污染点位数占14.2%,轻污染及以上点位数占74.9%,说明该区域稻田土壤受到一定程度的重金属污染。综合潜在生态危害指数均值为84.9,总体处于轻微污染水平,其中Cd对综合潜在生态危害的贡献率为65.97%。结合空间差值研究发现高Cd分布区主要位于该县工业基地周边,结合条件推理树模型建立,发现该稻田中重金属Cd的来源主要与企业距离有关,此外,单位农田畜禽粪便承载量、距离工矿企业距离、反映投入品添加量的粮食均对Cd的污染具有贡献作用。结合主成分分析,Cd、Pb污染主要与工业污染源及交通运输有关,As、Hg污染主要与居民活动、生活及工业废弃物堆放及污灌有关,Cr主要与自然活动有关。湖南省该县重金属总体处于轻微污染水平,其中Cd是该农田生态风险的主要来源,Cd污染主要与工业污染源有关。
The characteristics and sources of Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg in paddy soil samples from a county in Hunan Province were analyzed.The pollution characteristics and ecological risk of paddy soils were evaluated using the single factor, comprehensive pollution, geoaccumulation, and potential ecological risk indices. The sources of heavy metals in paddy soils were analyzed using geostatistical information mapping techniques, conditional reasoning tree models, and principal component analysis. The average contents of Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg in the paddy soils were 0.729, 49.9, 79.2, 19.8 mg·kg-1, and 0.244 mg·kg-1, respectively. A comprehensive pollution index exceeding 3 accounted for 14.2% of sites, while 74.9% of sites were mildly polluted and above sites, indicating that paddy soils in the studied county were contaminated. The average comprehensive potential ecological risk index was 84.9, indicating that the county is experiencing a mild pollution level. The contribution rate of Cd to the comprehensive potential ecological risk index was 65.97%, and it was the main source of ecological risk in the paddy soils. The Craig space difference found that high concentrations of Cd were mainly located in the industrial base of the county. The conditional reasoning tree model indicated that the Cd in the paddy soils was mainly related to the distance to the enterprises. In addition, the carrying capacity of livestock and poultry manure, distance to industrial and mining enterprises, and the amount of added grain were also related to the source of Cd. Combining with principal component analysis, it was found that Cd and Pb were mainly related to industrial pollution sources and transportation activities. Hg and As were mainly related to residential activities, residential and industrial waste stacking, and sewage irrigation, while Cr was mainly related to natural activities. The pollution level of heavy metals found in the paddy soil of this county in Hunan Province was mild, and Cd was the main source of ecological risk in the paddy soil. Cd pollution was mainly related to industrial pollution sources.
The characteristics and sources of Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg in paddy soil samples from a county in Hunan Province were analyzed.The pollution characteristics and ecological risk of paddy soils were evaluated using the single factor, comprehensive pollution, geoaccumulation, and potential ecological risk indices. The sources of heavy metals in paddy soils were analyzed using geostatistical information mapping techniques, conditional reasoning tree models, and principal component analysis. The average contents of Cd, Pb, Cr, As, and Hg in the paddy soils were 0.729, 49.9, 79.2, 19.8 mg·kg-1, and 0.244 mg·kg-1, respectively. A comprehensive pollution index exceeding 3 accounted for 14.2% of sites, while 74.9% of sites were mildly polluted and above sites, indicating that paddy soils in the studied county were contaminated. The average comprehensive potential ecological risk index was 84.9, indicating that the county is experiencing a mild pollution level. The contribution rate of Cd to the comprehensive potential ecological risk index was 65.97%, and it was the main source of ecological risk in the paddy soils. The Craig space difference found that high concentrations of Cd were mainly located in the industrial base of the county. The conditional reasoning tree model indicated that the Cd in the paddy soils was mainly related to the distance to the enterprises. In addition, the carrying capacity of livestock and poultry manure, distance to industrial and mining enterprises, and the amount of added grain were also related to the source of Cd. Combining with principal component analysis, it was found that Cd and Pb were mainly related to industrial pollution sources and transportation activities. Hg and As were mainly related to residential activities, residential and industrial waste stacking, and sewage irrigation, while Cr was mainly related to natural activities. The pollution level of heavy metals found in the paddy soil of this county in Hunan Province was mild, and Cd was the main source of ecological risk in the paddy soil. Cd pollution was mainly related to industrial pollution sources.
引文
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[2]Spahic M P,Sakan S,Cvetkovic Z,et al.Assessment of contamination,environmental risk,and origin of heavy metals in soils surrounding industrial facilities in Vojvodina,Serbia[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2018,190(4):208.
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[4]Ding Q,Wang Y,Zhuang D F.Comparison of the common spatial interpolation methods used to analyze potentially toxic elements surrounding mining regions[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2018,212:23-31.
[5]Yi K X,Fan W,Chen J Y,et al.Annual input and output fluxes of heavy metals to paddy fields in four types of contaminated areas in Hunan Province,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,634:67-76.
[6]Li X Z,Zhao Z Q,Yuan Y,et al.Heavy metal accumulation and its spatial distribution in agricultural soils:Evidence from Hunan Province[J].Rsc Advances,2018,8(19):10665-10672.
[7]中华人民共和国农业部.土壤pH的测定NY/T 1377-2007[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.Ministry of Agriculture of PRC.Determination of pH in soil NY/T 1377-2007[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2007.
[8]中华人民共和国环境保护部.固体废物金属元素的测定电感耦合等离子体质谱法HJ 766-2015[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC.Solid waste-determination of metals-Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)HJ 766-2015[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2008.
[9]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.土壤质量总汞、总砷、总铅的测定原子荧光法第2部分:土壤中总砷的测定GB/T 22105.2-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.General Administration of Quality Supervision of PRC,Inspection and Quarantine,China National Standardization Management Committee.Soil quality-analysis of total mercury,arsenic and lead contents-atomic fluorescence spectrometry part 2:Analysis of total arsenic contents in soils GB/T 22105.2-2008[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2008.
[10]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.土壤质量总汞、总砷、总铅的测定原子荧光法第1部分:土壤中总汞的测定GB/T 22105.1-2008[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2008.General Administration of Quality Supervision of PRC,Inspection and Quarantine,China National Standardization Management Committee.Soil quality-analysis of total mercury,arsenic and lead contentsatomic fluorescence spectrometry part 1:Analysis of total mercury contents in soils GB/T 22105.1-2008[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2008.
[11]中华人民共和国生态环境部,国家市场监督管理总局.土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准GB 15618-2018[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2018.Ministry of Ecology and Environmental,State Administration for Market Regulation of PRC.Soil environmental quality risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land GB 15618-2018[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2018.
[12]林艳.基于地统计学与GIS的土壤重金属污染评价与预测[D].长沙:中南大学,2009.LIN Yan.Pollution assessement and prediction of heavy metals in soil based on geostatistics and GIS[D].Changsha:Central South University,2009.
[13]祝培甜,赵中秋,陈勇,等.江苏省某镇土壤重金属污染评价[J].环境工程学报,2017,11(4):2535-2541.ZHU Pei-tian,ZHAO Zhong-qiu,CHEN Yong,et al.Evaluation of soil heavy metals pollution in a town,Jiangsu Province[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2017,11(4):2535-2541.
[14]Muller G.Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River[J].Geojournal,1969,2:108-118.
[15]Hakanson L.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.Asedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(8):975-1001.
[16]徐琪,龚甲桂,宋德东,等.金川矿区土壤重金属污染评价[J].有色金属(矿山部分),2018,70(2):88-93.XU Qi,GONG Jia-gui,SONG De-dong,et al.Evaluation of soil heavy metal pollution in Jinchuan mining area[J].Nonferrous Metals(Mining Section),2018,70(2):88-93.
[17]陈华英.福州城市土壤中铜等13种元素的分布特征[J].福建地质,2008,27(2):211-218.CHEN Hua-ying.The distributional characteristics of Cu and else 13kinds of elements in city soil of Fuzhou[J].Geology of Fujian,2008,27(2):211-218.
[18]Manta D S,Angelone M,Bellanca A,et al.Heavy metals in urban soils:A case study from the city of Palermo(Sicily),Italy[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,300(1/2/3):229-243.
[19]Dragovic S,Mihailovic N,Gajic B.Heavy metals in soils:Distribution,relationship with soil characteristics and radionuclides and multivariate assessment of contamination sources[J].Chemosphere,2008,72(3):491-495.
[20]Szolnoki Z,Farsang A,Puskas I.Cumulative impacts of human activities on urban garden soils:Origin and accumulation of metals[J].Environmental Pollution,2013,177:106-115.
[21]Hou D,O′Connor D,Nathanail P,et al.Integrated GIS and multivariate statistical analysis for regional scale assessment of heavy metal soil contamination:A critical review[J].Environmental Pollution,2017,231:1188-1200.
[22]Liu B L,Ma X W,Ai S W,et al.Spatial distribution and source identification of heavy metals in soils under different land uses in a sewage irrigation region,northwest China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2016,16(5):1547-1556.
[23]Sarda-Espinosa A,Subbiah S,Bartz-Beielstein T.Conditional inference trees for knowledge extraction from motor health condition data[J].Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence,2017,62:26-37.
[24]潘佑民,杨国治.湖南土壤背景值及研究方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988.PAN You-min,YANG Guo-zhi.Soil background values and research methods in Hunan[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1988.
[25]Li F,Zhang J D,Huang J H,et al.Heavy metals in road dust from Xiandao District,Changsha City,China:Characteristics,health risk assessment,and integrated source identification[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(13):13100-13113.
[26]游国云,雷宇.黔南州典型农村土壤重金属污染现状分析[J].环保科技,2017,23(6):32-35.YOU Guo-yun,LEI Yu.Analysis of heavy metal pollution in soil of typical rural area in Qiannan Prefecture[J].Journal of Environmental Protection Science and Technology,2017,23(6):32-35.
[27]Al-Rajhi M A,Seaward M R D,Al-Aamer A S.Metal levels in indoor and outdoor dust in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia[J].Environment International,1996,22(3):315-324.
[28]Al-Rajhi M A,Al-Shayeb S M,Seaward M R D,et al.Particle size effect for metal pollution analysis of atmospherically deposited dust[J].Atmospheric Environment,1996,30(1):145-153.
[29]Nicholson F A,Smith S R,Alloway B J,et al.An inventory of heavy metals inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,311(1/2/3):205-219.
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