长期机械耕作压实对绿洲农田土壤优先流的影响
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摘要
长期机械耕作压实会对土壤的物理性质和水力特性产生显著影响,进而影响土壤优先流强度,但机械耕作压实对土壤优先流强度的影响仍存在较大争议。本研究在临泽绿洲农田边缘持续压实区(CC)和正常耕作区(对照,CK)分别设置3个样方,利用亮蓝溶液进行原位染色试验,测定土壤容重、土壤孔隙度和土壤饱和导水率等指标,分析长期机械压实对土壤优先流的影响。结果表明:长期机械耕作压实对耕作层(0～20 cm)的土壤物理和水力特性无显著影响,而对犁底层20～60 cm的土壤物理和水力特性影响显著(P<0.05)。其中,持续压实区土壤剖面20～60 cm土壤容重增加了10.8%,土壤总孔隙度减少了11.9%,土壤饱和导水率减少了32.3%。长期机械耕作压实显著改变了土壤优先流特征及强度。持续压实区的土壤优先流呈现明显的横向流,显著区别于正常耕作区的大孔隙流;并且持续压实区的土壤优先流显著大于正常耕作区的土壤优先流(P<0.05),主要体现在最大入渗深度(P<0.05)。本研究结果表明,长期机械耕作压实显著改变了耕作层以下的土壤物理和水力特性,并加强了土壤优先流强度。
Long-term mechanical compaction could affect soil physical and hydraulic properties.These changes have further influence on the strength of soil preferential flow,but there is no consensus on such effect. To investigate the effects of long-term mechanical compaction on soil preferential flow,we set three plots in each of the margin area( continuous compaction area,CC)and normal farming area( CK) in the Linze oasis croplands,and carried out a dye tracer experiment using the brilliant blue FCF solution. We measured soil bulk density,total soil porosity,and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Our results showed that long-term mechanical compaction had no effects on soil physical and hydraulic properties in the plow layer( 0-20 cm),but had significant effects in the plow pan( 20-60 cm)( P<0.05). Mechanical compaction increased soil bulk density by 10.8%,and decreased total soil porosity and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity separately by 11.9% and 32.3% at the 20-60 cm depth. Long-term mechanical compaction significantly affected the characteristics and strength of soil preferential flow. Lateral flow in continuous compaction area was significantly different from the macropore flow in normal farming area. The strength of soil preferential flow in continuous compaction area was also significantly greater than that in normal farming area( P < 0.05),which was mainly related to the maximum infiltration depth( P<0.05). Our results indicated that long-term mechanical compaction significantly affected the soil physical and hydraulic properties in the plow pan and enhanced the strength of soil preferential flow.
Long-term mechanical compaction could affect soil physical and hydraulic properties.These changes have further influence on the strength of soil preferential flow,but there is no consensus on such effect. To investigate the effects of long-term mechanical compaction on soil preferential flow,we set three plots in each of the margin area( continuous compaction area,CC)and normal farming area( CK) in the Linze oasis croplands,and carried out a dye tracer experiment using the brilliant blue FCF solution. We measured soil bulk density,total soil porosity,and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Our results showed that long-term mechanical compaction had no effects on soil physical and hydraulic properties in the plow layer( 0-20 cm),but had significant effects in the plow pan( 20-60 cm)( P<0.05). Mechanical compaction increased soil bulk density by 10.8%,and decreased total soil porosity and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity separately by 11.9% and 32.3% at the 20-60 cm depth. Long-term mechanical compaction significantly affected the characteristics and strength of soil preferential flow. Lateral flow in continuous compaction area was significantly different from the macropore flow in normal farming area. The strength of soil preferential flow in continuous compaction area was also significantly greater than that in normal farming area( P < 0.05),which was mainly related to the maximum infiltration depth( P<0.05). Our results indicated that long-term mechanical compaction significantly affected the soil physical and hydraulic properties in the plow pan and enhanced the strength of soil preferential flow.
引文
黄尚书,钟义军,叶川,等.2017.深松与压实对红壤坡耕地土壤物理性质的影响.土壤通报,48(6):1347-1353.
刘冰,赵文智,常学向,等.2011.黑河流域荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动响应.中国沙漠,31(3):716-722.
王金满,荆肇睿,宋杨睿.2018.压实对土壤水力特性影响的研究进展.江西农业大学学报,40(3):618-628.
王宪良,王庆杰,李洪文,等.2017.免耕条件下轮胎压实对土壤物理特性和作物根系的影响.农业机械学报,48(6):168-175.
吴勇,王建军,苏明慧,等.2016.国外农机化发展历程及拖拉机发展现状.农业机械,(6):53-57.
闫加亮,赵文智,张勇勇.2015.绿洲农田土壤优先流特征及其对灌溉量的响应.应用生态学报,26(5):1454-1460.
杨荣,黄高宝.2009.固定道压实对农田土壤物理性状的影响.生态学杂志,28(8):1567-1571.
姚宝刚.2006.现代农业与农业机械化发展.农业机械学报,37(1):79-82.
张冬平,史国栋,陈俊国.1996.农业机械化对农业劳动力剩余的影响.农业机械学报,27(4):1-6.
赵丽雯,吉喜斌.2010.基于FAO-56双作物系数估算农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发研究---以西北干旱区黑河流域中游绿洲农田为例.中国农业科学,43(19):4016-4026.
周振,马庆超,孔祥智.2016.农业机械化对农村劳动力转移贡献的量化研究.农业技术经济,(2):52-62.
Alakukku L.1996.Persistence of soil compaction due to high axle load traffic.Ⅱ.Long-term effects on the properties of fine-textured and organic soils.Soil&Tillage Research,37:223-238.
Allaire SE,Roulier S,Cessna AJ.2009.Quantifying preferential flow in soils:A review of different techniques.Journal of Hydrology,378:179-204.
Assouline S,Tessier D,Tavare-Filho J.1997.Effect of compaction on soil physical and hydraulic properties:Experimental results and modeling.Soil Science Society of America Journal,61:155-163.
Beven K,Germann P.1982.Macropores and water flow in soils.Water Resources Research,18:1311-1325.
Beven K,Germann P.2013.Macropores and water flow in soils revisited.Water Resources Research,49:3071-3092.
Blanco-Canqui H,Wienhold BJ,Jin VL,et al.2017.Long-term tillage impact on soil hydraulic properties.Soil&Tillage Research,170:38-42.
Bogner C,Mirzaei M,Ruy S,et al.2013.Microtopography,water storage and flow patterns in a fine-textured soil under agricultural use.Hydrological Processes,27:1797-1806.
Bogner C,Wolf B,Schlather M,et al.2008.Analysing flow patterns from dye tracer experiments in a forest soil using extreme value statistics.European Journal of Soil Science,59:103-113.
Capowiez Y,Cadoux S,Bouchant P,et al.2009.The effect of tillage type and cropping system on earthworm communities,macroporosity and water infiltration.Soil&Tillage Research,105:209-216.
Carter MR.1990.Relationship of strength properties to bulk density and macroporosity in cultivated loamy sand to loam soils.Soil&Tillage Research,15:257-268.
Etana A,Larbo M,Keller T,et al.2013.Persistent subsoil compaction and its effects on preferential flow patterns in a loamy till soil.Geoderma,192:430-436.
Flury M,Flühler H.1994.Brilliant Blue FCF as a dye tracer for solute transport studies:A toxicological overview.Journal of Environmental Quality,23:1108-1112.
Flury M,Flühler H.1995.Tracer characteristics of Brilliant Blue FCF.Soil Science Society of America Journal,59:22-27.
Green TR,Ahuja LR,Benjamin JG.2003.Advances and challenges in predicting agricultural management effects on soil hydraulic properties.Geoderma,116:3-27.
Hkansson I,Lipiec J.2000.A review of the usefulness of relative bulk density values in studies of soil structure and compaction.Soil&Tillage Research,35:85-97.
Jarvis N,Koestel J,Larsbo M.2016.Understanding preferential flow in the vadose zone:Recent advances and future prospects.Vadose Zone Journal,15,doi:10.2136/vzj2016.09.0075
Jarvis N,Larsbo M,Koestel J.2017.Connectivity and percolation of structural pore networks in a cultivated silt loam quantified by X-ray tomography.Geoderma,287:71-79.
Jarvis N.2007.A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores:Principles,controlling factors and consequences for water quality.European Journal of Soil Science,58:523-546.
Kim H,Anderson SH,Motavalli PP,et al.2010.Compaction effects on soil macropore geometry and related parameters for an arable field.Geoderma,160:244-251.
Kulli B,Gysi M,Flühler H.2003.Visualizing soil compaction based on flow pattern analysis.Soil&Tillage Research,70:29-40.
Lipiec J,Hatano R,Sowińska-Jurkiewicz A.1998.The fractal dimension of pore distribution patterns in variously-compacted soil.Soil&Tillage Research,47:61-66.
Lipiec J,Hatano R.2003.Quantification of compaction effects on soil physical properties and crop growth.Geoderma,116:107-136.
Logsdon SD.1995.Flow mechanisms through continuous and buried macropores.Soil Science,160:237-242.
Mahmoodlu MG,Raoof A,Sweijen T,et al.2016.Effects of sand compaction and mixing on pore structure and the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties.Vadose Zone Journal,15,doi:10.2136/vzj2015.10.0136.
Mossadeghi-Bjrklund M,Arvidsson J,Keller T,et al.2016.Effects of subsoil compaction on hydraulic properties and preferential flow in a Swedish clay soil.Soil&Tillage Research,156:91-98.
Sandin M,Koestel J,Jarvis N,et al.2017.Post-tillage evolution of structural pore space and saturated and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity in a clay loam soil.Soil&Tillage Research,165:161-168.
Sivarajan S,Maharlooei M,Bajwa SG,et al.2018.Impact of soil compaction due to wheel traffic on corn and soybean growth,development and yield.Soil&Tillage Research,175:234-243.
Soares A,Moldrup P,Vendelboe AL,et al.2015.Effects of soil compaction and organic carbon content on preferential flow in loamy field soils.Soil Science,180:10-20.
Su YZ,Wang XF,Yang R,et al.2010.Effects of sandy desertified land rehabilitation on soil carbon sequestration and aggregation in an arid region in China.Journal of Environmental Management,91:2109-2166.
Szatanik-Kloc A,Horn R,Lipiec J,et al.2018.Soil compaction-induced changes of physicochemical properties of cereal roots.Soil&Tillage Research,175:226-233.
Tobella AB,Reese H,Almaw A,et al.2014.The effect of trees on preferential flow and soil infiltrability in an agroforestry parkland in semiarid Burkina Faso.Water Resources Research,50:3342-3354.
Zhang S,Grip H,Lvdahl L.2006.Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China.Soil&Tillage Research,90:117-125.
刘冰,赵文智,常学向,等.2011.黑河流域荒漠区土壤水分对降水脉动响应.中国沙漠,31(3):716-722.
王金满,荆肇睿,宋杨睿.2018.压实对土壤水力特性影响的研究进展.江西农业大学学报,40(3):618-628.
王宪良,王庆杰,李洪文,等.2017.免耕条件下轮胎压实对土壤物理特性和作物根系的影响.农业机械学报,48(6):168-175.
吴勇,王建军,苏明慧,等.2016.国外农机化发展历程及拖拉机发展现状.农业机械,(6):53-57.
闫加亮,赵文智,张勇勇.2015.绿洲农田土壤优先流特征及其对灌溉量的响应.应用生态学报,26(5):1454-1460.
杨荣,黄高宝.2009.固定道压实对农田土壤物理性状的影响.生态学杂志,28(8):1567-1571.
姚宝刚.2006.现代农业与农业机械化发展.农业机械学报,37(1):79-82.
张冬平,史国栋,陈俊国.1996.农业机械化对农业劳动力剩余的影响.农业机械学报,27(4):1-6.
赵丽雯,吉喜斌.2010.基于FAO-56双作物系数估算农田作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发研究---以西北干旱区黑河流域中游绿洲农田为例.中国农业科学,43(19):4016-4026.
周振,马庆超,孔祥智.2016.农业机械化对农村劳动力转移贡献的量化研究.农业技术经济,(2):52-62.
Alakukku L.1996.Persistence of soil compaction due to high axle load traffic.Ⅱ.Long-term effects on the properties of fine-textured and organic soils.Soil&Tillage Research,37:223-238.
Allaire SE,Roulier S,Cessna AJ.2009.Quantifying preferential flow in soils:A review of different techniques.Journal of Hydrology,378:179-204.
Assouline S,Tessier D,Tavare-Filho J.1997.Effect of compaction on soil physical and hydraulic properties:Experimental results and modeling.Soil Science Society of America Journal,61:155-163.
Beven K,Germann P.1982.Macropores and water flow in soils.Water Resources Research,18:1311-1325.
Beven K,Germann P.2013.Macropores and water flow in soils revisited.Water Resources Research,49:3071-3092.
Blanco-Canqui H,Wienhold BJ,Jin VL,et al.2017.Long-term tillage impact on soil hydraulic properties.Soil&Tillage Research,170:38-42.
Bogner C,Mirzaei M,Ruy S,et al.2013.Microtopography,water storage and flow patterns in a fine-textured soil under agricultural use.Hydrological Processes,27:1797-1806.
Bogner C,Wolf B,Schlather M,et al.2008.Analysing flow patterns from dye tracer experiments in a forest soil using extreme value statistics.European Journal of Soil Science,59:103-113.
Capowiez Y,Cadoux S,Bouchant P,et al.2009.The effect of tillage type and cropping system on earthworm communities,macroporosity and water infiltration.Soil&Tillage Research,105:209-216.
Carter MR.1990.Relationship of strength properties to bulk density and macroporosity in cultivated loamy sand to loam soils.Soil&Tillage Research,15:257-268.
Etana A,Larbo M,Keller T,et al.2013.Persistent subsoil compaction and its effects on preferential flow patterns in a loamy till soil.Geoderma,192:430-436.
Flury M,Flühler H.1994.Brilliant Blue FCF as a dye tracer for solute transport studies:A toxicological overview.Journal of Environmental Quality,23:1108-1112.
Flury M,Flühler H.1995.Tracer characteristics of Brilliant Blue FCF.Soil Science Society of America Journal,59:22-27.
Green TR,Ahuja LR,Benjamin JG.2003.Advances and challenges in predicting agricultural management effects on soil hydraulic properties.Geoderma,116:3-27.
Hkansson I,Lipiec J.2000.A review of the usefulness of relative bulk density values in studies of soil structure and compaction.Soil&Tillage Research,35:85-97.
Jarvis N,Koestel J,Larsbo M.2016.Understanding preferential flow in the vadose zone:Recent advances and future prospects.Vadose Zone Journal,15,doi:10.2136/vzj2016.09.0075
Jarvis N,Larsbo M,Koestel J.2017.Connectivity and percolation of structural pore networks in a cultivated silt loam quantified by X-ray tomography.Geoderma,287:71-79.
Jarvis N.2007.A review of non-equilibrium water flow and solute transport in soil macropores:Principles,controlling factors and consequences for water quality.European Journal of Soil Science,58:523-546.
Kim H,Anderson SH,Motavalli PP,et al.2010.Compaction effects on soil macropore geometry and related parameters for an arable field.Geoderma,160:244-251.
Kulli B,Gysi M,Flühler H.2003.Visualizing soil compaction based on flow pattern analysis.Soil&Tillage Research,70:29-40.
Lipiec J,Hatano R,Sowińska-Jurkiewicz A.1998.The fractal dimension of pore distribution patterns in variously-compacted soil.Soil&Tillage Research,47:61-66.
Lipiec J,Hatano R.2003.Quantification of compaction effects on soil physical properties and crop growth.Geoderma,116:107-136.
Logsdon SD.1995.Flow mechanisms through continuous and buried macropores.Soil Science,160:237-242.
Mahmoodlu MG,Raoof A,Sweijen T,et al.2016.Effects of sand compaction and mixing on pore structure and the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties.Vadose Zone Journal,15,doi:10.2136/vzj2015.10.0136.
Mossadeghi-Bjrklund M,Arvidsson J,Keller T,et al.2016.Effects of subsoil compaction on hydraulic properties and preferential flow in a Swedish clay soil.Soil&Tillage Research,156:91-98.
Sandin M,Koestel J,Jarvis N,et al.2017.Post-tillage evolution of structural pore space and saturated and near-saturated hydraulic conductivity in a clay loam soil.Soil&Tillage Research,165:161-168.
Sivarajan S,Maharlooei M,Bajwa SG,et al.2018.Impact of soil compaction due to wheel traffic on corn and soybean growth,development and yield.Soil&Tillage Research,175:234-243.
Soares A,Moldrup P,Vendelboe AL,et al.2015.Effects of soil compaction and organic carbon content on preferential flow in loamy field soils.Soil Science,180:10-20.
Su YZ,Wang XF,Yang R,et al.2010.Effects of sandy desertified land rehabilitation on soil carbon sequestration and aggregation in an arid region in China.Journal of Environmental Management,91:2109-2166.
Szatanik-Kloc A,Horn R,Lipiec J,et al.2018.Soil compaction-induced changes of physicochemical properties of cereal roots.Soil&Tillage Research,175:226-233.
Tobella AB,Reese H,Almaw A,et al.2014.The effect of trees on preferential flow and soil infiltrability in an agroforestry parkland in semiarid Burkina Faso.Water Resources Research,50:3342-3354.
Zhang S,Grip H,Lvdahl L.2006.Effect of soil compaction on hydraulic properties of two loess soils in China.Soil&Tillage Research,90:117-125.
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