空气污染、社会经济地位与居民健康不平等——基于CGSS的微观证据
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摘要
本文利用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,基于Grossman健康生产函数详细考察空气污染、社会经济地位对居民健康的影响机制及城乡异质性,进一步识别空气污染与社会经济地位协同作用对居民健康不平等的分化机制。研究结果显示在中国18岁及以上的成年人口中,社会经济地位较高的人群拥有更好的自评健康水平,这种群体健康分化主要来自社会经济地位正效应和空气污染负效应的综合影响。城乡居民之间的健康差异主要来自收入的绝对差异和偏效应差异以及社会阶层和教育水平的城乡差异。空气污染对居民健康不平等具有显著的分化机制,其作用途径是通过调整社会经济地位尤其是收入效应来实现的,这种分化机制在城市居民中表现得尤为突出。因此,相关政策的设计实施应该更加关注环境健康风险以及健康不平等的加剧:一是要加强环境规制,严控大气污染,降低居民整体暴露风险;二是要推进基本公共服务均等化,提高弱势群体应对健康风险的能力;三是要加强城乡教育培训的扶持力度,缓解收入差距和教育分化引致的健康不平等。
This paper uses the Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS)data to examine the impact mechanism of air pollution,socio-economic status on residents' health and urban-rural heterogeneity based on Grossman's healthy production function,and further identifies air pollution and socio-economic status.The differentiation mechanism of synergy on residents' health inequality. The results of the study show that among Chinese adults aged 18 and over,people with higher socioeconomic status have better self-evaluation health levels. The health differentiation of this group mainly comes from the combination of positive effects of social economic status and negative effects of air pollution. The health differences between urban and rural residents mainly come from the difference in absolute and partial effects of income,and the urban-rural differences in social classes and education levels. Air pollution has a significant differentiation mechanism for residents' health inequality. Its role is achieved by adjusting the social economic status,especially the income effect. This differentiation mechanism is particularly prominent among urban residents.Therefore,the design and implementation of relevant policies should pay more attention to environmental health risks and the intensification of health inequalities:First,we must strengthen environmental regulations,strictly control air pollution,and reduce the overall exposure risks of residents;Second,we must promote equalization of basic public services and increase the vulnerability. The ability of the group to respond to health risks;The third is to strengthen the support of urban and rural education and training,and alleviate the income inequality and the health inequalities caused by educational differentiation.
This paper uses the Chinese General Social Survey(CGSS)data to examine the impact mechanism of air pollution,socio-economic status on residents' health and urban-rural heterogeneity based on Grossman's healthy production function,and further identifies air pollution and socio-economic status.The differentiation mechanism of synergy on residents' health inequality. The results of the study show that among Chinese adults aged 18 and over,people with higher socioeconomic status have better self-evaluation health levels. The health differentiation of this group mainly comes from the combination of positive effects of social economic status and negative effects of air pollution. The health differences between urban and rural residents mainly come from the difference in absolute and partial effects of income,and the urban-rural differences in social classes and education levels. Air pollution has a significant differentiation mechanism for residents' health inequality. Its role is achieved by adjusting the social economic status,especially the income effect. This differentiation mechanism is particularly prominent among urban residents.Therefore,the design and implementation of relevant policies should pay more attention to environmental health risks and the intensification of health inequalities:First,we must strengthen environmental regulations,strictly control air pollution,and reduce the overall exposure risks of residents;Second,we must promote equalization of basic public services and increase the vulnerability. The ability of the group to respond to health risks;The third is to strengthen the support of urban and rural education and training,and alleviate the income inequality and the health inequalities caused by educational differentiation.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国生态环境部.中国环境状况公报[EB/OL]. http://www.mee.gov.cn/hjzl/zghjzkgb/lnzghjzkgb/.
[2]邵帅，李欣，曹建华，等.中国雾霾污染治理的经济政策选择——基于空间溢出效应的视角[J].经济研究，2016,(9):73-88.
[3]世界卫生组织.世界卫生组织统计报告[EB/OL]. https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/en/.
[4]中国环境与发展国际合作委员会.中国环境保护与社会发展课题组摘要报告[Z/OL]. http://www.cciced.net/zcyj/yjbg/zcyjbg/.
[5]Blau P M,Duncan O D. The American Occupational Structure[M]. New York:The Free Press,1967.
[6]Mackenbach J P,Stirbu I,Roskam A J R,et al. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in 22 European Countries[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2008,358(23):2468-2481.
[7]焦开山.健康不平等影响因素研究[J].社会学研究，2014,(5):24-46.
[8]申云，朱玉芳.社会经济地位、收入差距与健康水平——基于CFPS数据的经验证据[J].软科学，2017,31(7):121-125.
[9]赵广川.国民健康不平等及其内在影响机制、演变过程[J].世界经济文汇，2017,(5):55-74.
[10]Ross C E,Mirowsky J. Why Education is the Key to Socioeconomic Differentials in Health[J]. Handbook of Medical Sociology,2010,6:33-51.
[11]齐良书.收入、收入不均与健康：城乡差异和职业地位的影响[J].经济研究，2006,(11):16-26.
[12]王甫勤.社会经济地位、生活方式与健康不平等[J].社会，2012,32(2):125-143.
[13]Coneus K,Spiess C K. Pollution Exposure and Child Health:Evidence for Infants and Toddlers in Germany[J]. Journal of Health Economics,2012,31(1):180-196.
[14]董凤鸣，莫运政，李国星，等.大气颗粒物（PM10/PM2.5）与人群循环系统疾病死亡关系的病例交叉研究[J].北京大学学报（医学版），2013,45(3):398-404.
[15]Pope III C A,Burnett R T,Thun M J,et al. Lung Cancer,Cardiopulmonary Mortality,and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution[J]. Jama,2002,287(9):1132-1141.
[16]Grossman M. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1972,80(2):223-255.
[17]Alberini A,Cropper M,Fu T,et al. Valuing Health Effects of Air Pollution in Developing Countries:The Case of Taiwan[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1997,34(2):107-126.
[18]涂正革，张茂榆，许章杰，等.收入增长、大气污染与公众健康——基于CHNS的微观证据[J].中国人口·资源与环境，2018,28(6):130-139.
[19]杨继生，徐娟，吴相俊.经济增长与环境和社会健康成本[J].经济研究，2013,(12):17-29.
[20]孙猛，李晓巍.空气污染与公共健康：基于省际面板数据的实证研究[J].人口学刊，2017,39(5):5-13.
[21]陈硕，陈婷.空气质量与公共健康：以火电厂二氧化硫排放为例[J].经济研究，2014,(8):158-169.
[22]Currie J. Inequality at Birth:Some Causes and Consequences[J]. American Economic Review,2011,101(3):1-22.
[23]祁毓，卢洪友.污染、健康与不平等——跨越“环境健康贫困”陷阱[J].管理世界，2015,(9):32-51.
[24]李梦洁，杜威剑.空气污染对居民健康的影响及群体差异研究——基于CFPS(2012）微观调查数据的经验分析[J].经济评论，2018,(3):142-154.
[25]叶楠.中日韩碳排放权交易体系链接的评估与路径探讨[J].东北亚论坛，2018,(2):116-119.
[26]Lowry D,Xie Y. Socioeconomic Status and Health Differentials in China:Convergence or Divergence at Older Ages?[Z]. Population Studies Center,University of Michigan,2009.
[27]郑君君，刘璨，李诚志.环境污染对中国居民幸福感的影响——基于CGSS的实证分析[J].武汉大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2015,68(4):66-73.
(1)数据来源及相关说明见http://cgss.ruc.edu.cn/。
[2]邵帅，李欣，曹建华，等.中国雾霾污染治理的经济政策选择——基于空间溢出效应的视角[J].经济研究，2016,(9):73-88.
[3]世界卫生组织.世界卫生组织统计报告[EB/OL]. https://www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/en/.
[4]中国环境与发展国际合作委员会.中国环境保护与社会发展课题组摘要报告[Z/OL]. http://www.cciced.net/zcyj/yjbg/zcyjbg/.
[5]Blau P M,Duncan O D. The American Occupational Structure[M]. New York:The Free Press,1967.
[6]Mackenbach J P,Stirbu I,Roskam A J R,et al. Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health in 22 European Countries[J].New England Journal of Medicine,2008,358(23):2468-2481.
[7]焦开山.健康不平等影响因素研究[J].社会学研究，2014,(5):24-46.
[8]申云，朱玉芳.社会经济地位、收入差距与健康水平——基于CFPS数据的经验证据[J].软科学，2017,31(7):121-125.
[9]赵广川.国民健康不平等及其内在影响机制、演变过程[J].世界经济文汇，2017,(5):55-74.
[10]Ross C E,Mirowsky J. Why Education is the Key to Socioeconomic Differentials in Health[J]. Handbook of Medical Sociology,2010,6:33-51.
[11]齐良书.收入、收入不均与健康：城乡差异和职业地位的影响[J].经济研究，2006,(11):16-26.
[12]王甫勤.社会经济地位、生活方式与健康不平等[J].社会，2012,32(2):125-143.
[13]Coneus K,Spiess C K. Pollution Exposure and Child Health:Evidence for Infants and Toddlers in Germany[J]. Journal of Health Economics,2012,31(1):180-196.
[14]董凤鸣，莫运政，李国星，等.大气颗粒物（PM10/PM2.5）与人群循环系统疾病死亡关系的病例交叉研究[J].北京大学学报（医学版），2013,45(3):398-404.
[15]Pope III C A,Burnett R T,Thun M J,et al. Lung Cancer,Cardiopulmonary Mortality,and Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Air Pollution[J]. Jama,2002,287(9):1132-1141.
[16]Grossman M. On the Concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health[J]. Journal of Political Economy,1972,80(2):223-255.
[17]Alberini A,Cropper M,Fu T,et al. Valuing Health Effects of Air Pollution in Developing Countries:The Case of Taiwan[J]. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,1997,34(2):107-126.
[18]涂正革，张茂榆，许章杰，等.收入增长、大气污染与公众健康——基于CHNS的微观证据[J].中国人口·资源与环境，2018,28(6):130-139.
[19]杨继生，徐娟，吴相俊.经济增长与环境和社会健康成本[J].经济研究，2013,(12):17-29.
[20]孙猛，李晓巍.空气污染与公共健康：基于省际面板数据的实证研究[J].人口学刊，2017,39(5):5-13.
[21]陈硕，陈婷.空气质量与公共健康：以火电厂二氧化硫排放为例[J].经济研究，2014,(8):158-169.
[22]Currie J. Inequality at Birth:Some Causes and Consequences[J]. American Economic Review,2011,101(3):1-22.
[23]祁毓，卢洪友.污染、健康与不平等——跨越“环境健康贫困”陷阱[J].管理世界，2015,(9):32-51.
[24]李梦洁，杜威剑.空气污染对居民健康的影响及群体差异研究——基于CFPS(2012）微观调查数据的经验分析[J].经济评论，2018,(3):142-154.
[25]叶楠.中日韩碳排放权交易体系链接的评估与路径探讨[J].东北亚论坛，2018,(2):116-119.
[26]Lowry D,Xie Y. Socioeconomic Status and Health Differentials in China:Convergence or Divergence at Older Ages?[Z]. Population Studies Center,University of Michigan,2009.
[27]郑君君，刘璨，李诚志.环境污染对中国居民幸福感的影响——基于CGSS的实证分析[J].武汉大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2015,68(4):66-73.
(1)数据来源及相关说明见http://cgss.ruc.edu.cn/。
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