基于GIS与模糊层次分析法的景观视觉资源综合评价
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摘要
景观视觉评价是评判景观视觉资源价值的重要方式。本研究从景观视觉的综合定量评价角度出发,设计基于基本视觉元素与景观视觉敏感度的综合评价指标体系,提出一种基于GIS空间分析与模糊层次分析法的景观视觉综合评价方法,利用综合视觉指数分别从整体视角和单因子视角客观揭示景观视觉资源的分布特征及其影响因素。以泰山风景区为研究区的实验结果显示:单因子视角中,玉皇顶、天烛峰、碧霞祠等景点分别在视域范围、相对坡度敏感度、相对距离敏感度等侧面具有最高的评分。综合视角下,景观视觉指数最高的景点为玉皇顶(0.819),最低的景点为桃花峪(0.180)。通过与基于用户打分的景点评价结果的对比,验证了本方法的可靠性与先进性,为定量化描述与评价景观视觉资源提供了一种新的研究思路和研究方法,也为景区综合发展规划及景点的开发保护提供了客观的参考依据和决策支持。
Landscape visual resource assessment is important to effectively and reasonably evaluate the value of landscape visual sources.Previous studies on landscape visual resource assessment mainly focus on subjective evaluation and scores by experts or tourists, while few studies areon quantitative evaluation of landscape visual resources. To help close the gap, this study proposed a comprehensive evaluation method of landscape visual resources based on GIS and FAHP( Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process) to objectively reveal the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of landscape visual resources from holistic and single-factor perspectives.Specifically, the study integrated basic visual elements and landscape visual sensitivity elements(e.g., sight,viewshed, relative distance sensitivity, relative slope sensitivity, environment contrast) to design an evaluation indicator system from the perspective of comprehensive quantitative evaluation of landscape vision. Then,adopting GIS spatial econometrics analysis and FAHP, the study calculated the comprehensive visual index to objectively reveal the distribution characteristics of landscape visual resources and their influencing factors from the holistic perspective and the single factor perspective. Taking Mount Tai as the research area, the test results show that:(1)from the single factor perspective, Yuhuangding, Tianzhufeng, and Bixiaci have the highest scores in terms of viewshed, relative slope sensitivity, and relative distance sensitivity; and(2) from the holistic perspective, Yu Huang Ding has the highest visual index(0.819) and Tao Hua Yu has the lowest one(0.180). In addition, the value of visual index is also affected by altitude, distribution of spots, and routes, etc. Compared to some traditional evaluation models that relies on tourists or experts' subjective opinion, this study proposed a new perspective of objective quantitative assessment to evaluate the landscape visual resources by combining a comprehensive evaluation index system and a evaluation model. Verification results indicate that this study builds a new research idea and a research method for quantitative description and assessment of landscape visual resources, showing better reliability and advancement. Our findings also provide objective references and decision supports for the comprehensive development planning of scenic spot development and protection.Meanwhile, in this study, landscape visual resources were mainly discussed from the perspective of GIS, while the real assessment effects of landscape vision were often affected by many complex factors. Therefore, how to establish a more synthetical and quantitativeassessment system to measure and evaluate landscape visual resources is one of the most important next stepsto be done in the future.
Landscape visual resource assessment is important to effectively and reasonably evaluate the value of landscape visual sources.Previous studies on landscape visual resource assessment mainly focus on subjective evaluation and scores by experts or tourists, while few studies areon quantitative evaluation of landscape visual resources. To help close the gap, this study proposed a comprehensive evaluation method of landscape visual resources based on GIS and FAHP( Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process) to objectively reveal the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of landscape visual resources from holistic and single-factor perspectives.Specifically, the study integrated basic visual elements and landscape visual sensitivity elements(e.g., sight,viewshed, relative distance sensitivity, relative slope sensitivity, environment contrast) to design an evaluation indicator system from the perspective of comprehensive quantitative evaluation of landscape vision. Then,adopting GIS spatial econometrics analysis and FAHP, the study calculated the comprehensive visual index to objectively reveal the distribution characteristics of landscape visual resources and their influencing factors from the holistic perspective and the single factor perspective. Taking Mount Tai as the research area, the test results show that:(1)from the single factor perspective, Yuhuangding, Tianzhufeng, and Bixiaci have the highest scores in terms of viewshed, relative slope sensitivity, and relative distance sensitivity; and(2) from the holistic perspective, Yu Huang Ding has the highest visual index(0.819) and Tao Hua Yu has the lowest one(0.180). In addition, the value of visual index is also affected by altitude, distribution of spots, and routes, etc. Compared to some traditional evaluation models that relies on tourists or experts' subjective opinion, this study proposed a new perspective of objective quantitative assessment to evaluate the landscape visual resources by combining a comprehensive evaluation index system and a evaluation model. Verification results indicate that this study builds a new research idea and a research method for quantitative description and assessment of landscape visual resources, showing better reliability and advancement. Our findings also provide objective references and decision supports for the comprehensive development planning of scenic spot development and protection.Meanwhile, in this study, landscape visual resources were mainly discussed from the perspective of GIS, while the real assessment effects of landscape vision were often affected by many complex factors. Therefore, how to establish a more synthetical and quantitativeassessment system to measure and evaluate landscape visual resources is one of the most important next stepsto be done in the future.
引文
[1] Ode Asa, Tveit M S, Fry G. Capturing landscape visual character using indicators:Touching base with landscape Aesthetic Theory[J]. Landscape Research, 2008,33(1):89-117.
[2]齐童,王亚娟,王卫华.国际视觉景观研究评述[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(6):975-983.[Qi T, Wang Y J, Wang W H. A review on visual landscape study in foreign countries[J]. Progress in Geography, 2013,32(6):975-983.]
[3]裘亦书.基于GIS技术的景观视觉质量评价研究——以四川省九寨沟为例[D].上海:上海师范大学,2013.[Qi Y S. The study of landscape visual quality assessments based on GIS technology:A case study on Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan Province[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University, 2013.]
[4]贾翠霞.基于GIS和遥感的景观视觉资源评价——以黄帝陵风景名胜区为例[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2010.[Jia C X. Visual resource of landscape estimating based on GIS and RS:Case of the Mausoleum of Huangdi[D]. Xian:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2010.]
[5]李月辉,周锐,冯秀,等.基于DEM的辽宁省猴石森林公园的视域分析[J].林业科学,2008,44(1):95-100.[Li Y H,Zhou R, Feng X, et al. Viewshed analysis of viewing point in Houshi Forest Park[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2008,44(1):95-100.]
[6]韩芳,杨兆萍.基于GIS空间视域分析的观景游线选址适宜性研究——以喀纳斯自然保护区神仙湾为例[C]//地理学核心问题与主线——中国地理学会2011年学术年会,2011.[Han F, Yang Z P. A study on suitability of site selection based on GIS viewshed analysis:Case of Shenxian Bay in Kanas Nature Reserve[C]. The Core Issues and Main Line of Geography, 2011.]
[7]齐津达,傅伟聪,李炜,等.基于GIS与SBE法的旗山国家森林公园景观视觉评价[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(2):245-250.[Bo W C, Li W, Qi J D, et al. Landscape visual evaluation of Qishan National Forest Park based on GIS and SBE method[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2015,30(2):245-250.]
[8]范榕.运用层次分析法分析景观空间视觉吸引要素评价指标[J].中国城市林业,2016,14(1):74-77.[Fan R. Evaluation of visual attraction of landscape spaces using Analytic Hierarchy Process[J]. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry, 2016,14(1):74-77.]
[9]齐增湘,徐卫华,肖志成.基于GIS的秦岭山系视觉景观评价[J].广东农业科学,2012,39(11):15-18.[Qi Z X, Xu W H, Xiao Z C. Evaluation of visual landscape based on GIS in Qinling Mountains[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2012,39(11):15-18.]
[10]吴榛,王浩,范榕.紫金山国家森林公园景观视觉评价[J].西北林学院学报,2017(3):277-283.[Fan R, Wang H, Wu Z. Landscape visual evaluation of Zijin mountain national forest park[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2017(3):277-283.]
[11]李俊英,胡远满,闫红伟.基于景观视觉敏感度的棋盘山生态旅游适宜性评价[J].西北林学院学报,2010,25(5):194-198.[Li J Y, Hu Y M, Yan H W. Ecological suitability evaluation for eco-tourism in Qipanshan area basedon landscape visual sensitivity[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2010,25(5):194-198.]
[12]张强,潘辉,王燕玲,等.基于GIS的城市山地公园视觉景观评价技术及实证[J].林业资源管理,2016(4):128-133.[Pan H, Wang Y H, Zhang Q, et al. Evaluation technology and demonstration of visual landscape of urban mountain park based on GIS[J]. Forest Resources Management, 2016(4):128-133.]
[13]吕志宏,张芸香,郭晋平,等.基于GIS的代县赵杲观森林公园景观生态评价研究[J].农学学报,2018,8(7):46-55.[Guo J P, Lu Z H, Zhang Y X, et al. Landscape ecological assessment of Zhaogaoguan Forest Park in Daixian based on GIS[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2018,8(7):46-55.]
[14] Daniel T C. Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2001, 54(1-4):280-281.
[15]李雪莹,齐童,张国庆,等.国内外视觉景观影响评价综述[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2017(5):62-69.[Li X Y, Qi T, Zhang G Q, et al. A summary of domestic and foreign visual landscape impact assessment[J]. Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2017(5):62-69.]
[16]张雪莹,张正勇,刘琳.新疆冰雪旅游资源适宜性评价研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2018,20(11):1604-1612.[Zhang X Y, Zhang Z Y, Liu L. Suitability evaluation of ice and snow tourism resources in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018,20(11):1604-1612.]
[17]王晓辉,黄勇.基于GIS的风景区索道建设项目空间视域分析方法研究[J].安徽农业科学,2013(25):10386-10388.[Huang Y, Wang X H. Analysis based on the space as the domain of GIS scenic areas cableway construction projects[J]. Journal of Anhui Agriculture, 2013(25):10386-10388.]
[18]应申.空间可视分析的关键技术和应用研究[D].武汉:武汉大学, 2005.[Ying S. Key techniques and applications of spatial visibility analysis[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University, 2005.]
[19]贾翔,李莉,李琪,等.基于GIS和可视性分析的鄯善县烽燧系统研究[J].新疆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017,36(2):13-22.[Li L, Li Q, Jia X, et al. The visibility analysis of Beacon Tower System based on GI sand viewshed analysis in Shanshan County[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Normal University(Natural Sciences Edition), 2017,36(2):13-22.]
[20]旷莉珠.峡谷型风景区景观视觉敏感度评价研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.[Kuang L Z. Research of canyon scenic spot's landscape visual sensitivity evaluation[D].Chongqing:Southwest University, 2015.]
[21]张艳军,曾咺.GIS技术在景观视觉分析中的应用[J].地理空间信息,2008,6(4):87-89.[Zhang Y Z, Zeng H. Application of GIS to visual landscape analysis[J]. Ceospatial Information, 2008,6(4):87-89.]
[22]兰继斌,徐扬,霍良安,等.模糊层次分析法权重研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2006,26(9):107-112.[Lan J B, Xu Y, Huo L A, et al. Research on the priorities of Fuzzy Analytical hierarchy process[J]. Systems Engineering-Theory&Practice, 2006,26(9):107-112.]
[23]姚敏,张森,徐昊.模糊性的度量及其应用[J].系统工程与电子技术,1998(1):44-46.[Xu H, Yao M, Zhang S. A measures of fuzziness and their applications[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 1998(1):44-46.]
[24]覃柏英.FAHP的标度系统与排序方法研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2005.[Qin B Y. The research of scale system and ranking method of FAHP[D]. Nanning:Guangxi University, 2005.]
[25]刘雪.基于GIS的矿山环境质量评价——以新疆五彩湾煤矿为例[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2018.[Liu X.Evaluation of environmental quality based on GIS:Take Wucaiwan Coal Mine in Xinjiang as an example[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences, 2018.]
[26]刘敏.泰山风景名胜区景观资源评价和景观营造研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.[Liu M. Research on evaluation and construction of landscape resource in Mount Tai[D]. Taian:Shandong Agricultural University, 2012.]
[27]王莹莹,王英杰,戈大专,等.典型贫困山区旅游景点可达性评价方法研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2018,20(7):91-100.[Wang Y Y, Wang Y J, Ge D Z, et al. Accessibility of scenic spots in typical poverty-stricken mountainous areas[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018,20(7):91-100.]
[2]齐童,王亚娟,王卫华.国际视觉景观研究评述[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(6):975-983.[Qi T, Wang Y J, Wang W H. A review on visual landscape study in foreign countries[J]. Progress in Geography, 2013,32(6):975-983.]
[3]裘亦书.基于GIS技术的景观视觉质量评价研究——以四川省九寨沟为例[D].上海:上海师范大学,2013.[Qi Y S. The study of landscape visual quality assessments based on GIS technology:A case study on Jiuzhaigou in Sichuan Province[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University, 2013.]
[4]贾翠霞.基于GIS和遥感的景观视觉资源评价——以黄帝陵风景名胜区为例[D].西安:西安建筑科技大学,2010.[Jia C X. Visual resource of landscape estimating based on GIS and RS:Case of the Mausoleum of Huangdi[D]. Xian:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2010.]
[5]李月辉,周锐,冯秀,等.基于DEM的辽宁省猴石森林公园的视域分析[J].林业科学,2008,44(1):95-100.[Li Y H,Zhou R, Feng X, et al. Viewshed analysis of viewing point in Houshi Forest Park[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2008,44(1):95-100.]
[6]韩芳,杨兆萍.基于GIS空间视域分析的观景游线选址适宜性研究——以喀纳斯自然保护区神仙湾为例[C]//地理学核心问题与主线——中国地理学会2011年学术年会,2011.[Han F, Yang Z P. A study on suitability of site selection based on GIS viewshed analysis:Case of Shenxian Bay in Kanas Nature Reserve[C]. The Core Issues and Main Line of Geography, 2011.]
[7]齐津达,傅伟聪,李炜,等.基于GIS与SBE法的旗山国家森林公园景观视觉评价[J].西北林学院学报,2015,30(2):245-250.[Bo W C, Li W, Qi J D, et al. Landscape visual evaluation of Qishan National Forest Park based on GIS and SBE method[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2015,30(2):245-250.]
[8]范榕.运用层次分析法分析景观空间视觉吸引要素评价指标[J].中国城市林业,2016,14(1):74-77.[Fan R. Evaluation of visual attraction of landscape spaces using Analytic Hierarchy Process[J]. Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry, 2016,14(1):74-77.]
[9]齐增湘,徐卫华,肖志成.基于GIS的秦岭山系视觉景观评价[J].广东农业科学,2012,39(11):15-18.[Qi Z X, Xu W H, Xiao Z C. Evaluation of visual landscape based on GIS in Qinling Mountains[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2012,39(11):15-18.]
[10]吴榛,王浩,范榕.紫金山国家森林公园景观视觉评价[J].西北林学院学报,2017(3):277-283.[Fan R, Wang H, Wu Z. Landscape visual evaluation of Zijin mountain national forest park[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2017(3):277-283.]
[11]李俊英,胡远满,闫红伟.基于景观视觉敏感度的棋盘山生态旅游适宜性评价[J].西北林学院学报,2010,25(5):194-198.[Li J Y, Hu Y M, Yan H W. Ecological suitability evaluation for eco-tourism in Qipanshan area basedon landscape visual sensitivity[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University, 2010,25(5):194-198.]
[12]张强,潘辉,王燕玲,等.基于GIS的城市山地公园视觉景观评价技术及实证[J].林业资源管理,2016(4):128-133.[Pan H, Wang Y H, Zhang Q, et al. Evaluation technology and demonstration of visual landscape of urban mountain park based on GIS[J]. Forest Resources Management, 2016(4):128-133.]
[13]吕志宏,张芸香,郭晋平,等.基于GIS的代县赵杲观森林公园景观生态评价研究[J].农学学报,2018,8(7):46-55.[Guo J P, Lu Z H, Zhang Y X, et al. Landscape ecological assessment of Zhaogaoguan Forest Park in Daixian based on GIS[J]. Journal of Agriculture, 2018,8(7):46-55.]
[14] Daniel T C. Whither scenic beauty? Visual landscape quality assessment in the 21st century[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2001, 54(1-4):280-281.
[15]李雪莹,齐童,张国庆,等.国内外视觉景观影响评价综述[J].首都师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2017(5):62-69.[Li X Y, Qi T, Zhang G Q, et al. A summary of domestic and foreign visual landscape impact assessment[J]. Journal of Capital Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2017(5):62-69.]
[16]张雪莹,张正勇,刘琳.新疆冰雪旅游资源适宜性评价研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2018,20(11):1604-1612.[Zhang X Y, Zhang Z Y, Liu L. Suitability evaluation of ice and snow tourism resources in Xinjiang[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018,20(11):1604-1612.]
[17]王晓辉,黄勇.基于GIS的风景区索道建设项目空间视域分析方法研究[J].安徽农业科学,2013(25):10386-10388.[Huang Y, Wang X H. Analysis based on the space as the domain of GIS scenic areas cableway construction projects[J]. Journal of Anhui Agriculture, 2013(25):10386-10388.]
[18]应申.空间可视分析的关键技术和应用研究[D].武汉:武汉大学, 2005.[Ying S. Key techniques and applications of spatial visibility analysis[D]. Wuhan:Wuhan University, 2005.]
[19]贾翔,李莉,李琪,等.基于GIS和可视性分析的鄯善县烽燧系统研究[J].新疆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2017,36(2):13-22.[Li L, Li Q, Jia X, et al. The visibility analysis of Beacon Tower System based on GI sand viewshed analysis in Shanshan County[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Normal University(Natural Sciences Edition), 2017,36(2):13-22.]
[20]旷莉珠.峡谷型风景区景观视觉敏感度评价研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2015.[Kuang L Z. Research of canyon scenic spot's landscape visual sensitivity evaluation[D].Chongqing:Southwest University, 2015.]
[21]张艳军,曾咺.GIS技术在景观视觉分析中的应用[J].地理空间信息,2008,6(4):87-89.[Zhang Y Z, Zeng H. Application of GIS to visual landscape analysis[J]. Ceospatial Information, 2008,6(4):87-89.]
[22]兰继斌,徐扬,霍良安,等.模糊层次分析法权重研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2006,26(9):107-112.[Lan J B, Xu Y, Huo L A, et al. Research on the priorities of Fuzzy Analytical hierarchy process[J]. Systems Engineering-Theory&Practice, 2006,26(9):107-112.]
[23]姚敏,张森,徐昊.模糊性的度量及其应用[J].系统工程与电子技术,1998(1):44-46.[Xu H, Yao M, Zhang S. A measures of fuzziness and their applications[J]. Systems Engineering and Electronics, 1998(1):44-46.]
[24]覃柏英.FAHP的标度系统与排序方法研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2005.[Qin B Y. The research of scale system and ranking method of FAHP[D]. Nanning:Guangxi University, 2005.]
[25]刘雪.基于GIS的矿山环境质量评价——以新疆五彩湾煤矿为例[D].北京:中国地质大学(北京),2018.[Liu X.Evaluation of environmental quality based on GIS:Take Wucaiwan Coal Mine in Xinjiang as an example[D]. Beijing:China University of Geosciences, 2018.]
[26]刘敏.泰山风景名胜区景观资源评价和景观营造研究[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2012.[Liu M. Research on evaluation and construction of landscape resource in Mount Tai[D]. Taian:Shandong Agricultural University, 2012.]
[27]王莹莹,王英杰,戈大专,等.典型贫困山区旅游景点可达性评价方法研究[J].地球信息科学学报,2018,20(7):91-100.[Wang Y Y, Wang Y J, Ge D Z, et al. Accessibility of scenic spots in typical poverty-stricken mountainous areas[J]. Journal of Geo-information Science, 2018,20(7):91-100.]
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