青岛市冬季降尘中重金属的形态分析及其环境风险评估
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摘要
在2017年冬季采集青岛市交通区、居民区、高教区和工业区等功能区的降尘样品,研究了金属元素(Al、Fe、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn)的赋存形态和环境风险.结果表明,Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的平均含量为0.5、56.4、231.2、143.5、394.1 mg·kg~(-1),均超出了青岛土壤背景值,Cu的含量是背景值的12.8倍.Cd的可交换态(24.5%)和碳酸盐结合态(19%)所占比例较高,Pb、Zn的铁锰氧化态含量高,分别为23.7%、44.6%;Cu以有机态(70.2%)为主,Al、Fe、Cr、Pb金属主要赋存于残渣态中(46%—83%).功能区中的Cd、Pb、Zn的交换态和碳酸盐结合态以交通区和居民区比重较大,且与总量呈极显著相关(P<0.01);Cu、Cr的可交换态在居民区和交通区含量较高,两种金属的碳酸盐结合态分别在工业区和高教区含量较高,Cu的可交换态与总量呈正相关(P<0.05).风险评价编码法(RAC)表明降尘对环境构成的风险排序为Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr,Cd在各功能区处于高风险,Pb和Zn属于中等风险,Cr属于低风险.Cu在工业区处于中等风险,在其他3个功能区处于低风险.
In the winter of 2017, dust samples were collected from traffic district, residential district, educational district and industrial district in Qingdao, and the speciation and environmental risks of metal elements(Al, Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) were analyzed. The results showed that the mean contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were 0.5, 56.4, 231.2, 143.5, 394.1 mg·kg~(-1), respectively, which all exceeded the soil background value of Qingdao. The content of Cu was 12.8 times of the background value. The exchangeable(24.5%) and the carbonate-bound(19%) of Cd accounted for a high proportion, the proportions of Pb and Zn in Fe-Mn states were high, which accounted for 23.7%, 44.6%, respectively. The proportion of organic state Cu was high(70.2%), and the residual state was the primary fraction of Al, Fe,Cr and Pb, with a range from 46% to 83%. The proportions of Pb, Cd and Zn in exchangeable state and carbonate-bound state were higher in the traffic area and residential area, and they were correlated with the total contents(P<0.01). The exchangeable states of Cu and Cr were high in residential area and traffic area, and the carbonate-bound states of the two metals were higher in industrial area and educational area, respectively. The exchangeable state of Cu was positively correlated with the total amount(P<0.05). The risk assessment coding method(RAC) indicated that the risk of environmental impact of dustfall decreased in the order of Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr. Cd had a high risk, Pb and Zn were medium risk, and Cr was low risk in each functional area. Cu was medium risk in industrial area, and low risk in other three functional areas.
In the winter of 2017, dust samples were collected from traffic district, residential district, educational district and industrial district in Qingdao, and the speciation and environmental risks of metal elements(Al, Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn) were analyzed. The results showed that the mean contents of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were 0.5, 56.4, 231.2, 143.5, 394.1 mg·kg~(-1), respectively, which all exceeded the soil background value of Qingdao. The content of Cu was 12.8 times of the background value. The exchangeable(24.5%) and the carbonate-bound(19%) of Cd accounted for a high proportion, the proportions of Pb and Zn in Fe-Mn states were high, which accounted for 23.7%, 44.6%, respectively. The proportion of organic state Cu was high(70.2%), and the residual state was the primary fraction of Al, Fe,Cr and Pb, with a range from 46% to 83%. The proportions of Pb, Cd and Zn in exchangeable state and carbonate-bound state were higher in the traffic area and residential area, and they were correlated with the total contents(P<0.01). The exchangeable states of Cu and Cr were high in residential area and traffic area, and the carbonate-bound states of the two metals were higher in industrial area and educational area, respectively. The exchangeable state of Cu was positively correlated with the total amount(P<0.05). The risk assessment coding method(RAC) indicated that the risk of environmental impact of dustfall decreased in the order of Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr. Cd had a high risk, Pb and Zn were medium risk, and Cr was low risk in each functional area. Cu was medium risk in industrial area, and low risk in other three functional areas.
引文
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[27] AKCAY H,OGUZ A,KARAPIRE C.Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments[J].Water Research,2003,37 (4):813-822.
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[29] 柏建坤,李潮流,康世昌,等.雅鲁藏布江中段表层沉积物重金属形态分布及风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35 (9):3346-3351.BAI J K,LI C L,KANG S C,et al.Chemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the middle part of Yarlung Zangbo surface sediments[J].Environmental Science,2014,35 (9):3346-3351(in Chinese).
[30] BANERJEE A D.Heavy metal levels and solid phase speciation in street dusts of Delhi,India[J].Environment Pollution,2003,123 (1):95-105.
[31] 梅凡民,徐朝友,周亮.西安市公园大气降尘中 Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd 的化学形态特征及其生物有效性[J].环境化学,2011,30 (7):1284-1290.MEI F M,XU C Y,ZHOU L.Chemical species and bioavailability of Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni and Cd of dustfall from Xi′an parks in China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(7):1284-1290(in Chinese).
[32] 臧飞,王胜利,南忠仁,等.工矿型绿洲城郊排污渠沉积物重金属的形态分布规律及风险[J].环境科学,2015,36 (2):497-506.ZANG F,WANG S L,NAN Z R,et al.Speciation distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments in suburban outfall of industrial oasis region[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(2):497-506(in Chinese).
[33] 刘硕,吴泉源,曹学江,等.龙口煤矿区土壤重金属污染评价与空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37 (1):270-279.LIU S,WU Q Y,CAO X J,et al.Pollution assessment and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in soils of coal mining area in Longkou City[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(1):270-279(in Chinese).
[34] MIELKE H W,GONZALES C R,SMITH M K,et al.The urban environment and children′ s health:Soils as an integrator of Lead,Zinc,and Cadmium in New Orleans,Louisiana,USA [J].Environmental Research Section A,1999,80 (2):117-119.
[35] SINGH K P,MOHAN D,SINGH V K,et al.Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomti river sediments—atributary of the Ganges,India[J].Journal of Hydrology,2005,312 (1):14-27.
[2] SHI S X,DONG L,LI L L,et al.Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in road dust from Suzhou,Wuxi and Nantong[J].Europe PMC,2013,34 (10):4024-4030.
[3] ACOSTA J A,FAZ á,KALBITZ K,et al.Heavy metal concentrations in particle size fractions from street dust of Murcia (Spain) as the basis for risk assessment[J].Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2011,13(11):3087-3096.
[4] OLIVA S R,ESPINOSA A J.Monitoring of heavy metals in topsoils,atmospheric particles and plant leaves to identify possible contamination sources[J].Microchem J,2007,86 (1):131-139.
[5] TOKLIOGLU ?,KARTAL ?.Multivariate analysis of the data and speciation of heavy metals in street dust samples from the Organized Industrial District in Kayseri (Turkey)[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(16):2797-2805.
[6] BURT R,HEMANDEZ L,SHAW R,et al.Trace element concentration and speciation in selected urban soils in New York City[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,186 (1):195-215.
[7] CHRISTOFORIDIS A,STAMATIS N.Heavy metal contamination in street dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala′s region,Greece[J].Geoderma,2009,151 (3):257-263.
[8] WANG G,OLDFIELD F,XIA D,et al.Magnetic properties and correlation with heavy metals in urban street dust:A case study from the city of Lanzhou,China[J].Atmospheric environment,2012,46:289-298.
[9] HUANG S S,TU J,LIU H Y,et al.Multivariate analysis of trace element concentrations in atmospheric deposition in the Yangtze River Delta,East China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43 (36):5781-5790.
[10] LI H M,QIAN X,HU W,et al.Chemical speciation and human health risk of trace metals in urban street dusts from a metropolitan city,Nanjing,SE China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,456-457(7):212-221.
[11] LIANG J,LIU J,YUAN X,et al.A method for heavy metal exposure risk assessment to migratory herbivorous birds and identification of priority pollutants/areas in wetlands[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23(12):11806-11813.
[12] 路凤,赵峰,蔡嘉旖,等.重金属暴露与心血管疾病关系的流行病学研究进展[J].中华流行病学杂志,2018,39 (1):102-106.LU F,ZHAO F,CAI J Y,et al.Progress in research of relationship between heavy metal exposure and cardiovascular disease[J].Chinese journal of Epidemiology,2018,39(1):102-106(in Chinese).
[13] 王世豪,张凯,柴发合,等.株洲市大气降尘中元素特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38 (8):3130-3138.WANG S H,ZHANG K,CHAI F H,et al.Characteristics and sources of elements in atmospheric dust fall in Zhuzhou City,Central China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(8):3130-3138(in Chinese).
[14] 田春晖,杨若杼,古丽扎尔·依力哈木,等.南京市大气降尘重金属污染水平及风险评价[J].环境科学,2018,39 (7):3118-3125.TIAN C H,YANG R Z,GULIZHAER Y L H M,et al.Pollution levels and risk assessment of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Nanjing[J].Environmental Science,2018,39 (7):3118-3125(in Chinese).
[15] 张春荣,吴正龙,姚春卉,等.青岛市区大气降尘重金属对人体健康风险的评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(7):2736-2741.ZHANG C R,WU Z L,YAO C H,et al.Health risk assessment of heavy metals in atmospheric dust of Qingdao City[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(7):2736-2741(in Chinese).
[16] 方文稳,张丽,叶生霞,等.安庆市降尘重金属的污染评价与健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35 (12):3795-3803.FANG W W,ZHANG L,YE S X,et al.Pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Anqing[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35 (12):3795-3803(in Chinese).
[17] 张棕巍,胡恭任,于瑞莲,等.泉州市大气降尘中金属元素污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2016,37 (8):2881-2888.ZHANG Z W,HU G R,YU R L,et al.Characteristics and source apportionment of metals in the dustfall of Quanzhou City[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(8):2881-2888(in Chinese).
[18] ESPINOSA A J F,RODRIGUEZ M T,ROSA F J B D L,et al.A chemical speciation of trace metals for fine urban particles[J].Atmospheric Environment,2002,36 (5):773-780.
[19] TESSIA A,CAMPBELL P G C,BISSON M.Sequential extraction procedure for the speciation of particulate trace metals[J].Analytical Chemistry,1979,51 (7):844 -851.
[20] LI X,COLES B J,RAMSEY M H,et al.Sequential extraction of soils for multielement analysis by ICP-AES[J].Chemical Geoogyl,1995,124 (1-2):109-123.
[21] 姚德,孙梅,杨富贵,等.青岛城区土壤重金属环境地球化学研究[J].中国地质,2008,35 (3):539-550.YAO D,SUN M,YANG F G,et al.Environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in urban soils of Qingdao City[J].Geology in China,2008,35(3):539-550(in Chinese).
[22] 占长林,张家泉,郑敬茹,等.鄂东典型工业城市大气PM10中元素浓度特征和来源分析[J].环境科学,2017,38 (11):4463-4468.ZHAN C L,ZHANG J Q,ZHENG J R,et al.Characteristics and sources of elements of a PM10 measurements from a typical industrial city in eastern Hubei Province[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4463-4468(in Chinese).
[23] 焦荔,沈建东,姚琳,等.杭州市大气降尘重金属污染特征及来源研究[J].环境污染与防治,2013,35 (1):73-76.JIAO L,SHEN J D,YAO L,et al.Pollution characterics and sources of heavy metals in atmospheric dustfall of Hangzhou[J]..Environmental Pollution & Control,2013,35 (1):73-76(in Chinese).
[24] ORDONEZ A,LOREDO J,MIGUEL E D,et al.Distribution of heavy metals in street dusts and soils of an industrial city in Northern Spain[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2003,44 (2):160-170.
[25] BAPTISTA L F,MIGUEL E D.Geochemistry and risk assessment of street dust in Luanda,Angola.A tropical urban environment[J].Atmospheric Environment,2005,39 (25):4501-4512.
[26] 李萍,薛粟尹,王胜利,等.兰州市大气降尘重金属污染评价及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(3):1021-1028.LI P,XUE S Y,WANG S L,et al.Pollution evaluation and health risk assessment of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Lanzhou[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(3):1021-1028(in Chinese).
[27] AKCAY H,OGUZ A,KARAPIRE C.Study of heavy metal pollution and speciation in Buyak Menderes and Gediz river sediments[J].Water Research,2003,37 (4):813-822.
[28] 雷鸣,廖柏寒,秦普丰,等.土壤重金属化学形态的生物可利用性评价[J].生态环境,2007,16 (5):1551-1556.LEI M,LIAO B H,QIN P F.Assessment of bioavailability of heavy metal in contaminated soils with chemical fractionation[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2007,16 (5):1551-1556(in Chinese).
[29] 柏建坤,李潮流,康世昌,等.雅鲁藏布江中段表层沉积物重金属形态分布及风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35 (9):3346-3351.BAI J K,LI C L,KANG S C,et al.Chemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the middle part of Yarlung Zangbo surface sediments[J].Environmental Science,2014,35 (9):3346-3351(in Chinese).
[30] BANERJEE A D.Heavy metal levels and solid phase speciation in street dusts of Delhi,India[J].Environment Pollution,2003,123 (1):95-105.
[31] 梅凡民,徐朝友,周亮.西安市公园大气降尘中 Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd 的化学形态特征及其生物有效性[J].环境化学,2011,30 (7):1284-1290.MEI F M,XU C Y,ZHOU L.Chemical species and bioavailability of Cu,Pb,Zn,Ni and Cd of dustfall from Xi′an parks in China[J].Environmental Chemistry,2011,30(7):1284-1290(in Chinese).
[32] 臧飞,王胜利,南忠仁,等.工矿型绿洲城郊排污渠沉积物重金属的形态分布规律及风险[J].环境科学,2015,36 (2):497-506.ZANG F,WANG S L,NAN Z R,et al.Speciation distribution and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments in suburban outfall of industrial oasis region[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(2):497-506(in Chinese).
[33] 刘硕,吴泉源,曹学江,等.龙口煤矿区土壤重金属污染评价与空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37 (1):270-279.LIU S,WU Q Y,CAO X J,et al.Pollution assessment and spatial distribution characteristics of heavy metals in soils of coal mining area in Longkou City[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(1):270-279(in Chinese).
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