蚓粪减轻苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗连作障碍的土壤生物学机制
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摘要
【目的】有害真菌数量的增加是造成苹果连作障碍的主要原因。本文探讨了蚓粪对苹果连作障碍的防控效果以及作用机理。【方法】以苹果常用砧木平邑甜茶(Malus hupeheusis Rehd.)为试材进行了盆栽试验,供试土壤为棕壤,取自山东省泰安市25年的红富士老果园。以连作土壤为对照(CK),设灭菌连作土壤(TM)、连作土壤施用蚓粪(YF)、连作土壤施用灭菌蚓粪(MYF)共4个处理。幼苗生长一年后,测定平邑甜茶生物量、根系相关指标,分析土壤可培养微生物类群及土壤酶活性。【结果】与连作土壤CK相比,蚓粪(YF)和灭菌蚓粪(MYF)处理的平邑甜茶植株干重显著提高了351.1%和348.2%;蚓粪处理(YF)和灭菌蚓粪(MYF)处理都显著促进了平邑甜茶植株根系的生长,提高了植株根系的抗氧化酶活性和根系呼吸速率,两个处理间无明显差异;YF处理土壤细菌、放线菌数量分别增加了107.8%和97.7%,真菌数量减少了17.1%。实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,施入蚓粪后(YF)连作土壤中尖孢镰刀菌的数量下降了51.0%,MYF处理的尖孢镰刀菌数量降低了57.6%,YF和MYF两个处理间无显著差异;YF处理的土壤磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别比CK提高了97.9%、540.9%、213.1%和109.4%。【结论】在连作土壤上添加蚓粪或灭菌蚓粪,均可显著增加土壤中细菌和放线菌数量,降低真菌特别是尖孢镰刀菌数量,改善连作土壤微生物环境,进而减轻苹果连作障碍带来的危害,提高土壤酶活性,促进植株根系健康生长,提高平邑甜茶幼苗的生物量。
【Objectives】Increase of harmful fungi in soil is the main reason causing replanting related diseases.Effects of vermicompost in improving soil environment of apple replanted orchards were studied to prove an costeffective biological way.【Methods】A pot experiment was conducted using Malus hupeheusis Rehd. as material. The tested soil was brown soil, collected from a 25-years-old apple orchard in Tai'an City. Four treatments were set as follows, the replanted orchard soil(CK), sterilized replanted orchard soil(TM), adding vermicompost in 20% of soil volume per pot(YF); adding sterilized vermicompost in 20% of soil volume(MYF). After one year's growth, the biomass and root index of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings were measured,soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities were determined.【Results】The plant biomass of M. hupehensis Rehd in the treatments YF and MYF was most significantly increased compared with CK, and plant dry weights were increased by 351.1% and 348.2%. The treatment YF had the best development of the morphology of fine root and the highest root respiration rate in all treatments, and the roots in YF treatment soil had the highest activities of SOD, POD and CAT. The number of bacteria and actinomycetes in YF soil were increased respectively by 107.8% and 97.7%, and the number of fungi was decreased by 17.1%, compared with CK. The result of q-PCR showed that the number of Fusarium oxysporum was decreased by 51.0% in YF and 57.6% in MYF. The activities of soil neutral phosphatase, urease, invertase and catalase were increased by 97.9%, 540.9%,213.1% and 109.4% in turn in the YF treated soils.【Conclusions】The addition of vermicompost or sterilized vermicompost can improve the soil microbial environment of continuous cropping soil, improve the activities of soil enzyme, promote the growth of plant root, and increase the biomass of M. hupehensis Rehd seedlings as result. Therefore, vermicompost can reduce the harm caused by the apple replant disease, so it can be used as one of the effective measures to control apple replant disease.
【Objectives】Increase of harmful fungi in soil is the main reason causing replanting related diseases.Effects of vermicompost in improving soil environment of apple replanted orchards were studied to prove an costeffective biological way.【Methods】A pot experiment was conducted using Malus hupeheusis Rehd. as material. The tested soil was brown soil, collected from a 25-years-old apple orchard in Tai'an City. Four treatments were set as follows, the replanted orchard soil(CK), sterilized replanted orchard soil(TM), adding vermicompost in 20% of soil volume per pot(YF); adding sterilized vermicompost in 20% of soil volume(MYF). After one year's growth, the biomass and root index of M. hupehensis Rehd. seedlings were measured,soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities were determined.【Results】The plant biomass of M. hupehensis Rehd in the treatments YF and MYF was most significantly increased compared with CK, and plant dry weights were increased by 351.1% and 348.2%. The treatment YF had the best development of the morphology of fine root and the highest root respiration rate in all treatments, and the roots in YF treatment soil had the highest activities of SOD, POD and CAT. The number of bacteria and actinomycetes in YF soil were increased respectively by 107.8% and 97.7%, and the number of fungi was decreased by 17.1%, compared with CK. The result of q-PCR showed that the number of Fusarium oxysporum was decreased by 51.0% in YF and 57.6% in MYF. The activities of soil neutral phosphatase, urease, invertase and catalase were increased by 97.9%, 540.9%,213.1% and 109.4% in turn in the YF treated soils.【Conclusions】The addition of vermicompost or sterilized vermicompost can improve the soil microbial environment of continuous cropping soil, improve the activities of soil enzyme, promote the growth of plant root, and increase the biomass of M. hupehensis Rehd seedlings as result. Therefore, vermicompost can reduce the harm caused by the apple replant disease, so it can be used as one of the effective measures to control apple replant disease.
引文
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