抚仙湖流域山水林田湖草生态保护修复思路与实践
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摘要
抚仙湖流域是我国西南地区和珠江流域重要的生态屏障,是我国"两屏三带"生态安全战略格局的重要组成部分,其生态安全对于保障珠江流域生态安全和云贵高原生态服务功能乃至国家水土资源安全具有战略意义。基于"山水林田湖草是一个生命共同体"的理念,针对抚仙湖流域空间格局有待优化、土地退化较为严重、入湖污染负荷超载、生态风险持续加大等生态环境问题,提出以保障抚仙湖Ⅰ类(GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》)优质水资源为目标,以流域空间格局优化和管控为前提,以"修山扩林、调田节水、生境修复、控污治河、保湖管理"并重为总体思路,设计了涵盖水源涵养与矿山修复、田地整治与节水减排、生态保护与修复、污染源治理与入湖河流清水修复、湖泊保育与综合管理调控五大类47项工程的流域生态保护修复方案;方案实施1年多,在扩增森林植被面积,提高农田质量和利用效率,削减入湖污染负荷,增强流域生态系统稳定性和改善湖滨区生态环境等方面初见成效;建议下一步加强流域空间管控,统筹推进各项工程实施,以期全面恢复抚仙湖流域生态功能,保障水体洁净和流域生态安全,促进抚仙湖流域的健康发展。
Lake Fuxian Basin is an important ecological barrier in southwest China and the Pearl River Basin, and an important part of China' s " two screens and three belts" ecological security strategic pattern. Its ecological security is of strategic significance to guarantee the ecological security of the Pearl River Basin and the ecological functional services of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and even the national soil and water resources security. Based on the concept of "mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands are a community of life", and aiming at the eco-environmental problems in Lake Fuxian Basin, such as the need of spatial pattern optimization for the lake basin, the serious land degradation, the overloaded pollutants discharge, and the continuously increasing ecological risk, a set of lake basin ecological protection and restoration schemes were proposed. Putting Class Ⅰ of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water(GB 3838-2002) for high quality water resources as the goal,and basin space pattern optimization and management and control as the premise, the overall comprehensive protection ideas of " repairing mountains and expanding forests, regulating farmlands and saving water, habitat restoration, pollution control and river management, and lake protection management" were proposed. Five kinds of lake basin ecological protection and restoration schemes covering 47 projects were designed, which included water conservation and mine restoration, farmland regulation and water saving, ecological protection and restoration,pollution source control and clean water restoration, and lake conservation and comprehensive management regulation. After more than one year' s implementation, the programme had achieved initial success in expanding the area of forest vegetation, improving the quality and efficiency of farmland, reducing the in-lake pollutant loads,enhancing the ecological stability of the basin and improving eco-environment of lakeside region. The next step is to comprehensively strengthen the spatial control of the river basin and comprehensively promote the pilot projects of ecological protection and restoration, so as to restore the healthy ecological function of the lake basin in an all-round way, guarantee the cleanliness of the water body and the ecological security of the basin, and promote the healthy development of the lake basin.
Lake Fuxian Basin is an important ecological barrier in southwest China and the Pearl River Basin, and an important part of China' s " two screens and three belts" ecological security strategic pattern. Its ecological security is of strategic significance to guarantee the ecological security of the Pearl River Basin and the ecological functional services of the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau and even the national soil and water resources security. Based on the concept of "mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands are a community of life", and aiming at the eco-environmental problems in Lake Fuxian Basin, such as the need of spatial pattern optimization for the lake basin, the serious land degradation, the overloaded pollutants discharge, and the continuously increasing ecological risk, a set of lake basin ecological protection and restoration schemes were proposed. Putting Class Ⅰ of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water(GB 3838-2002) for high quality water resources as the goal,and basin space pattern optimization and management and control as the premise, the overall comprehensive protection ideas of " repairing mountains and expanding forests, regulating farmlands and saving water, habitat restoration, pollution control and river management, and lake protection management" were proposed. Five kinds of lake basin ecological protection and restoration schemes covering 47 projects were designed, which included water conservation and mine restoration, farmland regulation and water saving, ecological protection and restoration,pollution source control and clean water restoration, and lake conservation and comprehensive management regulation. After more than one year' s implementation, the programme had achieved initial success in expanding the area of forest vegetation, improving the quality and efficiency of farmland, reducing the in-lake pollutant loads,enhancing the ecological stability of the basin and improving eco-environment of lakeside region. The next step is to comprehensively strengthen the spatial control of the river basin and comprehensively promote the pilot projects of ecological protection and restoration, so as to restore the healthy ecological function of the lake basin in an all-round way, guarantee the cleanliness of the water body and the ecological security of the basin, and promote the healthy development of the lake basin.
引文
[1]成金华,尤喆.“山水林田湖草是生命共同体”原则的科学内涵与实践路径[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2019,29(2):1-6.CHENG J H,YOU Z. Scientific connotation and practical paths about the principle of taking ‘mountains,rivers,forests,fanrmands,and grasslands as a life community’[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2019,29(2):1-6.
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[5]陈红,张翠萍,温继良,等.旅游业对抚仙湖水环境的影响及其对策研究[J].云南农业大学学报(自然科学),2014,29(4):597-601.CHEN H,ZHANG C P,WEN J L,et al. Impact of tourism on Fuxian Lake water environment and its countermeasures[J].Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University(Natural Science),2014,29(4):597-601.
[6]叶许春,张世涛,李荫玺,等.抚仙湖东岸海镜—居乐段污染控制与湖滨带生态修复工程[J].生态经济,2005(12):106-109.YE X C,ZHANG S T,LI Y X,et al. Contamintaion control and aquatic terrestrial ecological restoration of eastern beach Fuxian Lake[J]. Ecological Economy,2005(12):106-109.
[7]李彪,荀凡,陈向超,等.抚仙湖表层沉积物AVS与SEM分布特征及其生态风险评估[J].湖泊科学,2019,31(1):72-80.LI B,XUN F,CHEN X C,et al. Distribution characteristic and ecological risk assessment of AVS and SEM in surface sediments of Lake Fuxian[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2019,31(1):72-80.
[8]抚仙湖流域水污染综合防治“十二五”规划[EB/OL].(2012-02-01)[2019-07-10]. http://www. doc88. com/p-4919274065030. html.
[9]许杰玉,赵晓飞,吕春英,等.高原湖泊流域水环境特征与污染防治综合整治研究[J].环境科学与管理,2015,40(3):49-52.XU J Y,ZHAO X F,LC Y,et al. Characteristics of water environment and comprehensive improvement research of pollution prevention in plateau lake basin[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2015,40(3):49-52.
[10]刘颖,孙惠玲,周晓娟,等.过去5 000 a以来抚仙湖沉积物有机质碳同位素的古环境指示意义[J].湖泊科学,2017,29(3):722-729.LIU Y,SUN H L,ZHOU X J,et al. Paleoenvironmental significance of organic carbon isotope in lacustrine sediments in Lake Fuxian during the past 5 ka[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(3):722-729.
[11]抚仙湖生态环境保护试点实施方案[R].北京:中国环境科学研究院,2017.
[12]侯长定,莫绍周,陈怀芬,等.抚仙湖富营养化与入湖河水处理研究[J].云南环境科学,2004(增刊2):98-100.HOU C D,MOU S Z,CHEN H F,et al. Research on eutrophication of Fuxian Lake and treatment of the river water flowing to Fuxian Lake[J]. Yunnan Environmental Science,2004(Suppl 2):98-100.
[13]胡元林.高原湖泊流域可持续发展理论及评价模型研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2010.
[14]金相灿.抚仙湖生态环境治理体系构建理论与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2018.
[2]关于《中共中央关于全面深化改革重大问题的决定》的说明[A/OL].(2013-11-09)[2019-07-10]. http://cpc. people. com.cn/xuexi/n/2015/0720/c397563-27331312. html.
[3]财政部,国土资源部,环境保护部.关于推进山水林田湖生态保护修复工作的通知:财建〔2016〕725号[A/OL].(2016-09-30)[2019-07-10]. http://jjs. mof. gov. cn/zhengwuxinxi/zhengcefagui/201610/t20161008_2432147. html.
[4]云南玉溪5年投27亿保护“三湖”抚仙湖保持Ⅰ类水质[EB/OL].(2017-09-18)[2019-07-26]. http://www.chinanews. com/sh/2017/09-18/8334153. shtml.
[5]陈红,张翠萍,温继良,等.旅游业对抚仙湖水环境的影响及其对策研究[J].云南农业大学学报(自然科学),2014,29(4):597-601.CHEN H,ZHANG C P,WEN J L,et al. Impact of tourism on Fuxian Lake water environment and its countermeasures[J].Journal of Yunnan Agricultural University(Natural Science),2014,29(4):597-601.
[6]叶许春,张世涛,李荫玺,等.抚仙湖东岸海镜—居乐段污染控制与湖滨带生态修复工程[J].生态经济,2005(12):106-109.YE X C,ZHANG S T,LI Y X,et al. Contamintaion control and aquatic terrestrial ecological restoration of eastern beach Fuxian Lake[J]. Ecological Economy,2005(12):106-109.
[7]李彪,荀凡,陈向超,等.抚仙湖表层沉积物AVS与SEM分布特征及其生态风险评估[J].湖泊科学,2019,31(1):72-80.LI B,XUN F,CHEN X C,et al. Distribution characteristic and ecological risk assessment of AVS and SEM in surface sediments of Lake Fuxian[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2019,31(1):72-80.
[8]抚仙湖流域水污染综合防治“十二五”规划[EB/OL].(2012-02-01)[2019-07-10]. http://www. doc88. com/p-4919274065030. html.
[9]许杰玉,赵晓飞,吕春英,等.高原湖泊流域水环境特征与污染防治综合整治研究[J].环境科学与管理,2015,40(3):49-52.XU J Y,ZHAO X F,LC Y,et al. Characteristics of water environment and comprehensive improvement research of pollution prevention in plateau lake basin[J]. Environmental Science and Management,2015,40(3):49-52.
[10]刘颖,孙惠玲,周晓娟,等.过去5 000 a以来抚仙湖沉积物有机质碳同位素的古环境指示意义[J].湖泊科学,2017,29(3):722-729.LIU Y,SUN H L,ZHOU X J,et al. Paleoenvironmental significance of organic carbon isotope in lacustrine sediments in Lake Fuxian during the past 5 ka[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(3):722-729.
[11]抚仙湖生态环境保护试点实施方案[R].北京:中国环境科学研究院,2017.
[12]侯长定,莫绍周,陈怀芬,等.抚仙湖富营养化与入湖河水处理研究[J].云南环境科学,2004(增刊2):98-100.HOU C D,MOU S Z,CHEN H F,et al. Research on eutrophication of Fuxian Lake and treatment of the river water flowing to Fuxian Lake[J]. Yunnan Environmental Science,2004(Suppl 2):98-100.
[13]胡元林.高原湖泊流域可持续发展理论及评价模型研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2010.
[14]金相灿.抚仙湖生态环境治理体系构建理论与技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2018.
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