用3种测定方法分析排土场复垦区的表层土壤的饱和导水率
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摘要
排土场是一种典型人工松散堆积体,其复垦区土壤饱和导水率对排土场地表径流形成及土壤侵蚀过程具有重要影响,也对认识该区域土壤水分运动规律及水分渗漏特征具有重要意义。目前,关于排土场土壤饱和导水率的测定方法较多,但其测定结果的准确程度有待提高。作者采用Hood入渗仪测定排土场3种复垦植被类型表层土壤饱和导水率,分析土壤理化性质对饱和导水率的影响,阐明室内环刀法和双环入渗法测定结果的差异性及其原因,探讨土壤饱和导水率的最优测定方法。结果表明:排土场不同复垦植被土壤含水率为13. 51%～15. 48%,土壤密度依次为刺槐林地>荒草地>榆树林地,土壤有机质为6. 17～8. 05 g/kg。刺槐林地、榆树林地和荒草地表层土壤饱和导水率依次为0. 77、0. 54和0. 48 mm/min,不同测定方法的结果表现为Hood入渗仪<双环入渗法<室内环刀法。排土场表层土壤导水性能依次为榆树林地(0. 523)>刺槐林地(0. 501)>荒草地(0. 488)。Hood入渗仪法在排土场表层土壤饱和导水率测定中有较好的适用性。
[Background] Domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a lot of researches on the selection and adaptability of reclaimed vegetation,infiltration characteristics and hydrological effects of reclaimed mine soil,water-holding capacity of soil,and the restoration of soil fertility in the dump.However,it is lack of study on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of reclaimed soil with different reclaimed vegetations in the dump. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of reclaimed soil has an important impact on the formation of surface runoff and soil erosion in the dump,and it is of great significance to understand the soil water movement and the characteristics water leakage in this area. At present,there are many methods for determining the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity of a dump,but the accuracy of the measurement results needs to be improved. [Methods] In the present study,saturated hydraulic conductivity of surface soil with 3 types of reclaimed vegetations( Robinia pseudoacacia forest land,Ulmus pumila forest land,and weeds) was measured and calculated by indoorring infiltration method,double-ring infiltration method and Hood infiltrometer,and 3 samples of every forests sample plot were taken. The soil water content,bulk density,porosity and gravel content were measured indoor and their effects on saturated hydraulic conductivity were analyzed. Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity of surface soil in the reclaimed soil was evaluated by analytic hierarchy process.The differences and its reasons of the results by indoor-ring infiltration method and double-ring infiltration method were clarified,and the optimal method of saturated water conductivity was discussed. [Results]1) Soil moisture content with different reclaimed vegetations was 13. 51%-15. 48%,and soil bulk density was R. pseudoacacia forest land > weeds > U. pumila forest land. The soil organic matter was6. 17-8. 05 g/kg. The gravel content of R. pseudoacacia forest land,U. pumila forest land and weeds were 52. 39%,47. 52%,and 54. 03%,respectively. The sand content of three reclaimed vegetations was 36. 80%-41. 43%,silt content was 48. 87%-54. 27%,and clay content was 8. 30%-9. 70%.2) The soil saturated hydraulic conductivity increased significantly with the increasing reclamation years,which was due to the improvement of soil structure by vegetation restoration. The surface soil saturated hydraulic conductivity of R. pseudoacacia forest land,U. pumila forest land,and weeds were 0. 77,0. 54,0. 48 mm/min,respectively,and there was no significant difference among three reclaimed vegetations( P > 0. 05). 3) The results of different measurement methods were Hood infiltrometer R.pseudoacacia forest land( 0. 501) > weeds( 0. 488). [Conclusions] The soil saturated hydraulic conductivity is shown as follows U. pumila forest land > R. pseudoacacia forest land > weeds. The results of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity measured by the three methods differed. The dispersion degree and error of the results measured by Hood infiltrator are less than those measured by indoor-ring infiltration method and double-ring infiltration method,there is no need to disturb soil and no head pressure,which is more in line with the actual process of soil water infiltration. Hood infiltrometer shows better applicability in measuring surface soil saturated hydraulic conductivity.
[Background] Domestic and foreign scholars have conducted a lot of researches on the selection and adaptability of reclaimed vegetation,infiltration characteristics and hydrological effects of reclaimed mine soil,water-holding capacity of soil,and the restoration of soil fertility in the dump.However,it is lack of study on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of reclaimed soil with different reclaimed vegetations in the dump. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of reclaimed soil has an important impact on the formation of surface runoff and soil erosion in the dump,and it is of great significance to understand the soil water movement and the characteristics water leakage in this area. At present,there are many methods for determining the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity of a dump,but the accuracy of the measurement results needs to be improved. [Methods] In the present study,saturated hydraulic conductivity of surface soil with 3 types of reclaimed vegetations( Robinia pseudoacacia forest land,Ulmus pumila forest land,and weeds) was measured and calculated by indoorring infiltration method,double-ring infiltration method and Hood infiltrometer,and 3 samples of every forests sample plot were taken. The soil water content,bulk density,porosity and gravel content were measured indoor and their effects on saturated hydraulic conductivity were analyzed. Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity of surface soil in the reclaimed soil was evaluated by analytic hierarchy process.The differences and its reasons of the results by indoor-ring infiltration method and double-ring infiltration method were clarified,and the optimal method of saturated water conductivity was discussed. [Results]1) Soil moisture content with different reclaimed vegetations was 13. 51%-15. 48%,and soil bulk density was R. pseudoacacia forest land > weeds > U. pumila forest land. The soil organic matter was6. 17-8. 05 g/kg. The gravel content of R. pseudoacacia forest land,U. pumila forest land and weeds were 52. 39%,47. 52%,and 54. 03%,respectively. The sand content of three reclaimed vegetations was 36. 80%-41. 43%,silt content was 48. 87%-54. 27%,and clay content was 8. 30%-9. 70%.2) The soil saturated hydraulic conductivity increased significantly with the increasing reclamation years,which was due to the improvement of soil structure by vegetation restoration. The surface soil saturated hydraulic conductivity of R. pseudoacacia forest land,U. pumila forest land,and weeds were 0. 77,0. 54,0. 48 mm/min,respectively,and there was no significant difference among three reclaimed vegetations( P > 0. 05). 3) The results of different measurement methods were Hood infiltrometer
引文
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[2]王子龙，赵勇钢，赵世伟，等．退耕典型草地土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究[J]．草地学报，2016,24(6):1254.WANG Zilong,ZHAO Yonggang,ZHAO Shiwei,et al.Study on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and its influencing factors in typical grassland of farmland conversion[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(6):1254.
[3]刘春利，邵明安．黄土高原坡地表层土壤饱和导水率和水分含量空间变异特征[J]．中国水土保持科学，2009,7(1):13.LIU Chunli,SHAO Mingan. Spatial variation of saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water of the surface layer of a slope on the Loess Plateau[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,7(1):13.
[4] GWENZI W,HINZ C,HOLMES K,et al. Field-scale spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on a recently constructed artificial ecosystem[J]. Geoderma,2011,166(1):43.
[5] NOVAK V,KNAVA K,SIMUNEK J. Determining the influence of stones on hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils using numerical method[J]. Geoderma,2011,161(3/4):177.
[6] LADO M,PAZ A,BENHUR M. Organic matter and aggregate-size interactions in saturated hydraulic conductivity[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(1):234.
[7]梁向锋，赵世伟，张扬，等．子午岭植被恢复对土壤饱和导水率的影响[J]．生态学报，2009,29(2):636.LIANG Xiangfeng,ZHAO Shiwei,ZHANG Yang,et al.Effects of vegetation rehabilitation on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in Ziwuling Forest Area[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(2):636.
[8]张川，陈洪松，张伟，等．喀斯特坡面表层土壤含水量、容重和饱和导水率的空间变异特征[J]．应用生态学报，2014,25(6):1585.ZHANG Chuan,CHEN Hongsong,ZHANG Wwei,et al.Spatial variation characteristics of surface soil water content,bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on Karst slopes[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(6):1585.
[9]朱良君，张光辉，任宗萍．4种土壤入渗测定方法的比较[J]．水土保持通报，2012,32(6):163.ZHU Liangjun, ZHANG Guanghui, REN Zongping.Comparing four methods for soil infiltration measurement[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,32(6):163.
[10] REYNOLDS W D,ELRICK D E. Determination of hydraulic conductivity using a tension infiltrometer[J].Soil Science of America Journal,1991,55(3):633.
[11]王红兰，宋松柏，唐翔宇．基于Guelph法的土壤饱和导水率测定方法对比[J]．农业工程学报，2012,28(24):99.WANG Honglan,SONG Songbai,TANG Xiangyu. Comparison of determination methods for saturated soil hydraulic conductivity with Guelph infiltrometer[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(24):99.
[12] SCHWARZEL K,PUNZEL J. Hood infiltrometer:A new type of tension infiltrometer[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2007,71(5):1438.
[13] MORET-FERNANDEZ D,LATORRE B,PENA C,et al. A modified hood infiltrometer to estimate the soil hydraulic properties from the transient water flow measurements[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2015,530:554.
[14]高朝侠，徐学选，宇苗子，等．黄土塬区土地利用方式对土壤大孔隙特征的影响[J]．应用生态学报，2014,25(6):1578.GAO Chaoxia,XU Xuexuan,YU Miaozi,et al. Impact of land use types on soil macropores in the loess region[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(6):1578.
[15]覃淼，翟禄新，周正朝．桂北地区土地利用类型对土壤饱和导水率和持水能力的影响研究[J]．水土保持研究，2015,22(3):28.QIN Miao,ZHAI Luxin,ZHOU Zhengchao. Influence of land use types on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention in northern Guangxi[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(3):28.
[16]李俊杰，白中科，赵景逵，等．“矿山工程扰动土”人工再造的概念、方法、特点与影响因素[J]．土壤，2007,39(2):216.LI Junjie,BAI Zhongke,ZHAO Jingkui,et al. Concept,methods,characteristics and influential factors of artificial rebuilding of mining engineering disturbed soil[J].Soils,2007,39(2):216.
[17] JONATHAND A,LACHLANJ I,PETERD S. Influence of reclamation management practices on microbial biomass carbon and soil organic carbon accumulation in semiarid mined lands of Wyoming[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2008,40(2):387.
[18]杨永刚，苏帅，焦文涛．煤矿复垦区土壤水动力学特性对下渗过程的影响[J]．生态学报，2018,38(16):5876.YANG Yonggang,SU Shuai,JIAO Wentao. The influence of hydrodynamic characteristics on the infiltration process of soil water in a coal mine reclamation area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(16):5876.
[19] HERRICK J E,SCHUMAN G E,RANGO A. Monitoring ecological processes for restoration projects[J]. Journal for Nature Conservation,2006,14(3/4):161.
[20] AHIRWAL J,MAITI S K. Assessment of soil properties of different land uses generated due to surface coal mining activities in tropical Sal(Shorea robusta)forest,India[J]. Catena,2016,140:155.
[21]王洪丹，王金满，曹银贵，等．黄土区露天煤矿排土场土壤与地形因子对植被恢复的影响[J]．生态学报，2016,36(16):5098.WANG Hongdan,WANG Jinman,CAO Yingui,et al.Effcet of soil and topography on vegetation restoration in an opencast coal mine dump in a loess area[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(16):5098.
[22]杨国敏，王力．黑岱沟矿区排土场土壤水的氢氧稳定性同位素特征及入渗规律[J]．煤炭学报，2015,40(4):944.YANG Guomin,WANG Li. Characteristics of stable isotopes and infiltration rule of soil water at dumping site in Heidaigou opencast coal mine[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(4):944.
[23]吕刚，王磊，卢喜平，等．不同复垦方式排土场砾石对饱和导水率和贮水能力的影响[J]．土壤学报，2017,54(6):1414.LGang,WANG Lei,LU Xiping,et al. The effect of gravel on saturated hydraulic conductivity and water storage capacity in reclaimed dump relative to reclamation mode[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(6):1414.
[24] WOODING R A. Steady Infiltration from a Shallow Circular Pond[J]. Water Resources Research,1968,4(4):1259.
[25]曹瑞雪，邵明安，贾小旭．层状土壤饱和导水率影响的试验研究[J]．水土保持学报，2015,29(3):18.CAOI Ruixue,SHAO Mingan,JIA Xiaoxu. Experimental study on effects of layered soils on saturated hydraulic conductivity[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(3):18.
[26]张汪寿，李晓秀，黄文江，等．不同土地利用条件下土壤质量综合评价方法[J]．农业工程学报，2010,26(12):311.ZHANG Wangshou,LI Xiaoxiu,HUANG Wenjiang,et al. Comprehensive assessment methodology of soil quality under different land use conditions[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(12):311.
[27]丁文峰，张平仓，任洪玉，等．秦巴山区小流域水土保持综合治理对土壤入渗的影响[J]．水土保持通报，2007,27(1):11.DING Wenfeng,ZHANG Pingchang,REN Hongyu,et al.Effect of comprehensive watershed control on infiltration rate in the Qinba mountain area[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,27(1):11.
[28]吕春娟，白中科．露天排土场的岩土侵蚀特征及水保效应分析[J]．水土保持研究，2010,17(6):14.LChunjuan,BAI Zhongke. Soil and rock erosion and soil and water conservation effects of opencast mine dump[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(6):14.
[29]雷廷武，张婧，王伟，等．土壤环式入渗仪测量效果分析[J]．农业机械学报，2013,44(12):99.LEI Tingwu,ZHANG Jing,WANG Wei,et al. Assessment on soil infiltration rates measured by ring infiltrometer[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2013,44(12):99.
[30]李红星，樊贵盛．非饱和土壤有压和无压入渗稳定入渗率间的关系研究[J]．灌溉排水学报，2010,29(2):17.LI Hongxing,FAN Guisheng. The quantitative relation of stable infiltration rates between the pressured and nonpressured water infiltration in unsaturated soils[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(2):17.
[2]王子龙，赵勇钢，赵世伟，等．退耕典型草地土壤饱和导水率及其影响因素研究[J]．草地学报，2016,24(6):1254.WANG Zilong,ZHAO Yonggang,ZHAO Shiwei,et al.Study on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and its influencing factors in typical grassland of farmland conversion[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(6):1254.
[3]刘春利，邵明安．黄土高原坡地表层土壤饱和导水率和水分含量空间变异特征[J]．中国水土保持科学，2009,7(1):13.LIU Chunli,SHAO Mingan. Spatial variation of saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water of the surface layer of a slope on the Loess Plateau[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,7(1):13.
[4] GWENZI W,HINZ C,HOLMES K,et al. Field-scale spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on a recently constructed artificial ecosystem[J]. Geoderma,2011,166(1):43.
[5] NOVAK V,KNAVA K,SIMUNEK J. Determining the influence of stones on hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils using numerical method[J]. Geoderma,2011,161(3/4):177.
[6] LADO M,PAZ A,BENHUR M. Organic matter and aggregate-size interactions in saturated hydraulic conductivity[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2004,68(1):234.
[7]梁向锋，赵世伟，张扬，等．子午岭植被恢复对土壤饱和导水率的影响[J]．生态学报，2009,29(2):636.LIANG Xiangfeng,ZHAO Shiwei,ZHANG Yang,et al.Effects of vegetation rehabilitation on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in Ziwuling Forest Area[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(2):636.
[8]张川，陈洪松，张伟，等．喀斯特坡面表层土壤含水量、容重和饱和导水率的空间变异特征[J]．应用生态学报，2014,25(6):1585.ZHANG Chuan,CHEN Hongsong,ZHANG Wwei,et al.Spatial variation characteristics of surface soil water content,bulk density and saturated hydraulic conductivity on Karst slopes[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(6):1585.
[9]朱良君，张光辉，任宗萍．4种土壤入渗测定方法的比较[J]．水土保持通报，2012,32(6):163.ZHU Liangjun, ZHANG Guanghui, REN Zongping.Comparing four methods for soil infiltration measurement[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,32(6):163.
[10] REYNOLDS W D,ELRICK D E. Determination of hydraulic conductivity using a tension infiltrometer[J].Soil Science of America Journal,1991,55(3):633.
[11]王红兰，宋松柏，唐翔宇．基于Guelph法的土壤饱和导水率测定方法对比[J]．农业工程学报，2012,28(24):99.WANG Honglan,SONG Songbai,TANG Xiangyu. Comparison of determination methods for saturated soil hydraulic conductivity with Guelph infiltrometer[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(24):99.
[12] SCHWARZEL K,PUNZEL J. Hood infiltrometer:A new type of tension infiltrometer[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal,2007,71(5):1438.
[13] MORET-FERNANDEZ D,LATORRE B,PENA C,et al. A modified hood infiltrometer to estimate the soil hydraulic properties from the transient water flow measurements[J]. Journal of Hydrology,2015,530:554.
[14]高朝侠，徐学选，宇苗子，等．黄土塬区土地利用方式对土壤大孔隙特征的影响[J]．应用生态学报，2014,25(6):1578.GAO Chaoxia,XU Xuexuan,YU Miaozi,et al. Impact of land use types on soil macropores in the loess region[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(6):1578.
[15]覃淼，翟禄新，周正朝．桂北地区土地利用类型对土壤饱和导水率和持水能力的影响研究[J]．水土保持研究，2015,22(3):28.QIN Miao,ZHAI Luxin,ZHOU Zhengchao. Influence of land use types on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and water retention in northern Guangxi[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,22(3):28.
[16]李俊杰，白中科，赵景逵，等．“矿山工程扰动土”人工再造的概念、方法、特点与影响因素[J]．土壤，2007,39(2):216.LI Junjie,BAI Zhongke,ZHAO Jingkui,et al. Concept,methods,characteristics and influential factors of artificial rebuilding of mining engineering disturbed soil[J].Soils,2007,39(2):216.
[17] JONATHAND A,LACHLANJ I,PETERD S. Influence of reclamation management practices on microbial biomass carbon and soil organic carbon accumulation in semiarid mined lands of Wyoming[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2008,40(2):387.
[18]杨永刚，苏帅，焦文涛．煤矿复垦区土壤水动力学特性对下渗过程的影响[J]．生态学报，2018,38(16):5876.YANG Yonggang,SU Shuai,JIAO Wentao. The influence of hydrodynamic characteristics on the infiltration process of soil water in a coal mine reclamation area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(16):5876.
[19] HERRICK J E,SCHUMAN G E,RANGO A. Monitoring ecological processes for restoration projects[J]. Journal for Nature Conservation,2006,14(3/4):161.
[20] AHIRWAL J,MAITI S K. Assessment of soil properties of different land uses generated due to surface coal mining activities in tropical Sal(Shorea robusta)forest,India[J]. Catena,2016,140:155.
[21]王洪丹，王金满，曹银贵，等．黄土区露天煤矿排土场土壤与地形因子对植被恢复的影响[J]．生态学报，2016,36(16):5098.WANG Hongdan,WANG Jinman,CAO Yingui,et al.Effcet of soil and topography on vegetation restoration in an opencast coal mine dump in a loess area[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(16):5098.
[22]杨国敏，王力．黑岱沟矿区排土场土壤水的氢氧稳定性同位素特征及入渗规律[J]．煤炭学报，2015,40(4):944.YANG Guomin,WANG Li. Characteristics of stable isotopes and infiltration rule of soil water at dumping site in Heidaigou opencast coal mine[J]. Journal of China Coal Society,2015,40(4):944.
[23]吕刚，王磊，卢喜平，等．不同复垦方式排土场砾石对饱和导水率和贮水能力的影响[J]．土壤学报，2017,54(6):1414.LGang,WANG Lei,LU Xiping,et al. The effect of gravel on saturated hydraulic conductivity and water storage capacity in reclaimed dump relative to reclamation mode[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(6):1414.
[24] WOODING R A. Steady Infiltration from a Shallow Circular Pond[J]. Water Resources Research,1968,4(4):1259.
[25]曹瑞雪，邵明安，贾小旭．层状土壤饱和导水率影响的试验研究[J]．水土保持学报，2015,29(3):18.CAOI Ruixue,SHAO Mingan,JIA Xiaoxu. Experimental study on effects of layered soils on saturated hydraulic conductivity[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(3):18.
[26]张汪寿，李晓秀，黄文江，等．不同土地利用条件下土壤质量综合评价方法[J]．农业工程学报，2010,26(12):311.ZHANG Wangshou,LI Xiaoxiu,HUANG Wenjiang,et al. Comprehensive assessment methodology of soil quality under different land use conditions[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(12):311.
[27]丁文峰，张平仓，任洪玉，等．秦巴山区小流域水土保持综合治理对土壤入渗的影响[J]．水土保持通报，2007,27(1):11.DING Wenfeng,ZHANG Pingchang,REN Hongyu,et al.Effect of comprehensive watershed control on infiltration rate in the Qinba mountain area[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,27(1):11.
[28]吕春娟，白中科．露天排土场的岩土侵蚀特征及水保效应分析[J]．水土保持研究，2010,17(6):14.LChunjuan,BAI Zhongke. Soil and rock erosion and soil and water conservation effects of opencast mine dump[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(6):14.
[29]雷廷武，张婧，王伟，等．土壤环式入渗仪测量效果分析[J]．农业机械学报，2013,44(12):99.LEI Tingwu,ZHANG Jing,WANG Wei,et al. Assessment on soil infiltration rates measured by ring infiltrometer[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2013,44(12):99.
[30]李红星，樊贵盛．非饱和土壤有压和无压入渗稳定入渗率间的关系研究[J]．灌溉排水学报，2010,29(2):17.LI Hongxing,FAN Guisheng. The quantitative relation of stable infiltration rates between the pressured and nonpressured water infiltration in unsaturated soils[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(2):17.
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