光照强度与埋深对外来植物曼陀罗幼苗生长的影响
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摘要
光照强度与埋深是诸多环境因素中影响外来植物幼苗出土与生长的主要因素。为了探查外来植物幼苗对光照强度与埋深的生长响应,以曼陀罗(Datura stramonium L.)为实验材料,分别研究两种光照强度(100%光照和35%光照)和五种种子埋深(1、3、5、7和9 cm)处理对曼陀罗幼苗生长特征的影响。结果表明:(1)100%光照强度处理下曼陀罗幼苗的叶片总生物量、根冠比(R/S)、相对生长速率(RGR)和总生物量显著高于35%光照强度处理。相反,幼苗的总叶面积、比叶面积(SLA)和叶面积比(LAR)和叶片生物量比(LMR)显著低于35%光照强度处理。(2)曼陀罗幼苗的出土率、首苗出土所需时间、株高、根长、总生物量及相对生长速率(RGR)等指标均在埋深3 cm处理获得最大值,埋深大于或低于3cm均导致上述指标下降,埋深7cm处理呈现最小值;埋深对幼苗根冠比(R/S)无显著影响,但显著增加地下下胚轴长度。这表明曼陀罗幼苗更偏好入侵光照强度较高和较低埋深(≤3 cm)的环境,遮阴或过深的埋深不利于曼陀罗幼苗出土和生长。因此,提出曼陀罗入侵农田的防控建议为:1)在曼陀罗种子结实前进行铲除,从源头控制曼陀罗蔓延; 2)早春作物播种前进行深耕,将土壤里的曼陀罗种子翻耕到深层土壤中。
Light intensity and burial depth are the main environmental factors that affect seedling emergence and growth of the alien plants. In order to investigate the responses of alien plants to light intensity and burial depth, Datura stramonium L.was selected as experimental materials to study the effects of two light intensities(100% and 35%) and five burial depths(1,3, 5, 7 and 9 cm) on seedling growth characteristics, respectively. The results showed that(1) the total leaf biomass, root to shoot ratio(R/S), relative growth rate(RGR) and total biomass of D. stramonium seedlings under 100% light intensity treatment were significantly higher than those under 35% light intensity treatment. In contrast, the total leaf area, specific leaf area(SLA), leaf area ratio(LAR) and leaf mass ratio(LMR) of seedlings under 100% light intensity were significantly lower than those under 35% light intensity treatment.(2) The emergence rate, timing of first seedling emergence, seedling height, root length, total biomass and relative growth rate(RGR) of D. stramonium seedlings reached the highest value at 3 cm burial depth, while these parameters decreased at other burial depth, with the lowest value at 7 cm depth. Burial depth treatment had insignificant effect on root to shoot ratio(R/S), but increased the length of belowground hypocotyl significantly. These results indicate that D. stramonium plants prefer to invade in natural environments with relative high light intensity and low burial depth(≤3 cm), and shading or deep burial conditions was harmful to seedling emergence and growth of D. stramonium. Therefore, we recommend the following suggestions for prevention and control of D. stramonium invasion to farmland by eradicating D. stramonium plants before seed setting to prevent its spreading from the sources, and deep ploughing before sowing crops in spring to move D. stramonium seeds into deep soils.
Light intensity and burial depth are the main environmental factors that affect seedling emergence and growth of the alien plants. In order to investigate the responses of alien plants to light intensity and burial depth, Datura stramonium L.was selected as experimental materials to study the effects of two light intensities(100% and 35%) and five burial depths(1,3, 5, 7 and 9 cm) on seedling growth characteristics, respectively. The results showed that(1) the total leaf biomass, root to shoot ratio(R/S), relative growth rate(RGR) and total biomass of D. stramonium seedlings under 100% light intensity treatment were significantly higher than those under 35% light intensity treatment. In contrast, the total leaf area, specific leaf area(SLA), leaf area ratio(LAR) and leaf mass ratio(LMR) of seedlings under 100% light intensity were significantly lower than those under 35% light intensity treatment.(2) The emergence rate, timing of first seedling emergence, seedling height, root length, total biomass and relative growth rate(RGR) of D. stramonium seedlings reached the highest value at 3 cm burial depth, while these parameters decreased at other burial depth, with the lowest value at 7 cm depth. Burial depth treatment had insignificant effect on root to shoot ratio(R/S), but increased the length of belowground hypocotyl significantly. These results indicate that D. stramonium plants prefer to invade in natural environments with relative high light intensity and low burial depth(≤3 cm), and shading or deep burial conditions was harmful to seedling emergence and growth of D. stramonium. Therefore, we recommend the following suggestions for prevention and control of D. stramonium invasion to farmland by eradicating D. stramonium plants before seed setting to prevent its spreading from the sources, and deep ploughing before sowing crops in spring to move D. stramonium seeds into deep soils.
引文
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[2]屈冉,李俊生.外来物种入侵的负面生态效应及防治策略[J].环境保护,2007,31-33.
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[9]高贤明,唐廷贵,梁宇,等.外来植物黄顶菊的入侵警报及防控对策[J].生物多样性,2004,12(2):274-279.
[10]程月琴,王红卫,段景勉,等.入侵杂草曼陀罗对作物化感机理的初步研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2011,45(2):215-219.
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[12]高燕,曹伟.中国东北外来入侵植物的现状与防治对策[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2010,27(2):191-198.
[13]段磊.曼陀罗对大豆生长的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
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[15]冯玉龙,曹坤芳,冯志立,等.四种热带雨林树种幼苗比叶重,光合特性和暗呼吸对生长光环境的适应[J]．生态学报,2002,22(6):901-910.
[16]MAUN M A.Adaptations of plants to burial in coastal stand dunes[J].Canadian Journal Botany,1998,76(5):713-738.
[17]HARPER J L.Population biology of plants[M].London,Academic Press,1977.
[18]WESTOBY M,JURADO E,LEISHMAN M.Comparative evolutionary ecology of seed size[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1992,7(11):368-372.
[19]KAZUO TOBE,LI X,KENJI OMASA.Seed germination and radicle growth of a Halophyte,Kalidium caspicum(Chenopodiaceae)[J].Annals of Botany,2000,85:391-396.
[20]杜宁,张秀茹,王玮,等.荆条叶性状对野外不同光环境的表型可塑性[J].生态学报,2011,31(20):6049-6059.
[21]李冬林,向其柏.光照条件对浙江楠幼苗生长及光合特性的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(5):27-31.
[22]RICHARD G,TOSHIO N.Early growth and photosynthetic responses to light in seedlings of three tropical species differing in successional strategies[J].New Forests,2007,33:217-236.
[23]全国明,刘莹莹,毛丹鹃,等.降雨量变化对入侵植物豚草植株生长的影响[J].生态科学,2018,37(2):138-146.
[24]陈文,王桔红,朱慧,等.遮荫和氮养分对三裂叶蟛蜞菊生长、构件生物量分配和叶片PSⅡ功能的影响[J].生态科学,2018,37(4):160-167.
[25]魏巍,侯玉平,彭少麟,等.不同光照强度对入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)和飞机草(Chromolaena odlorata)生长及生物量分配的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(18):6021-6028.
[26]王蕊,孙备,李建东,等.不同光强对入侵种三裂叶豚草表型可塑性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(7):1797-1802.
[27]尹慧,安莹,陈雅君,等.不同遮阴强度下白三叶形态特征和生长动态[J].中国草地学报,2015,37(5):86-91.
[28]CAMPBELL D R,ROCHEFORT L.Germination and seedling growth of bog plants in relation to the decolonization of milled peatlands[J].Plant Ecology,2003,169:7l-84.
[29]NATHAN S B,RENE C V A.The effects of depth and fluctuating soil moisture on the emergence of eight annual and six perennial plant species[J].Weed Science,2003,51:725-730.
[30]SYKES M T,WILSON J B.Dark tolerance in plants of dunes[J].Functional Ecology,1990,4:799-805.
[31]GRUNDY A C,MEAD A,BOND W.Modeling the effect of weed-seed distribution in the soil profile on seedling emergence[J].Weed Research,1996,36:375-384.
[32]FORCELLA F,BENECH A R L,SANCHEZ R,et al.Modeling seedling emergence[J].Field Crops Research,2000,67:123-139.
[33]杨慧玲,曹志平,董鸣,等.沙埋对无芒雀麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2438-2443.
[34]周兵,闫小红,肖宜安,等.播种深度对入侵植物三叶鬼针草种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响[J].井冈山大学学报(自然科学版),2012,33(6):96-101.
[35]朱雅娟,董鸣,黄振英.沙埋和种子大小对固沙禾草沙鞭的种子萌发与幼苗出土的影响[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(5):730-739.
[36]李秋艳,赵文智.五种荒漠植物幼苗出土及生长对沙埋深度的响应[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):1802-1808.
[37]刘海江,郭柯.沙埋对中间锦鸡儿幼苗生长发育的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(10):2550-2555.
[38]MAUN M A.Adaptations enhancing survival and establishment of seedlings on coastal dune systems[J].Vegetatio,1994,111:59-70.
[2]屈冉,李俊生.外来物种入侵的负面生态效应及防治策略[J].环境保护,2007,31-33.
[3]丁晖,徐海根,强胜,等.中国生物入侵的现状与趋势[J].生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(3):35-41.
[4]闫小玲,寿海洋,马金双.中国外来入侵植物研究现状与存在的问题[J].植物分类与资源学报,2012,34(3):287-313.
[5]周世玲.中国每年因外来物种损失千亿元[N].南方都市报,2017-7-25(AA05).
[6]ALPERT P,BONE E,HOZAPFEL C.Invasiveness,invisibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of nonnative plants[J].Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution and Systematics,2000,3:52-66.
[7]胡隐昌,宋红梅,牟希东,等.浅议我国外来物种入侵问题及其防治对策[J].生态安全学报,2012,21(4):256-261.
[8]刘宏奇,张晨,王世停.如何应对外来物种入侵?[EB/OL].2010-10-14.http://zj.people.com.cn/GB/12953801.html.
[9]高贤明,唐廷贵,梁宇,等.外来植物黄顶菊的入侵警报及防控对策[J].生物多样性,2004,12(2):274-279.
[10]程月琴,王红卫,段景勉,等.入侵杂草曼陀罗对作物化感机理的初步研究[J].河南农业大学学报,2011,45(2):215-219.
[11]孙仓,王志明,图力古尔,等.吉林省外来入侵生物的危害及防治对策[J].吉林农业大学学报,2007,29(4):384-388.
[12]高燕,曹伟.中国东北外来入侵植物的现状与防治对策[J].中国科学院研究生院学报,2010,27(2):191-198.
[13]段磊.曼陀罗对大豆生长的影响[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2011.
[14]BAZZAZ F A.Plant in changing environments:Linking physiological,population and community ecology[M].London:Cambridge University Press,1996.
[15]冯玉龙,曹坤芳,冯志立,等.四种热带雨林树种幼苗比叶重,光合特性和暗呼吸对生长光环境的适应[J]．生态学报,2002,22(6):901-910.
[16]MAUN M A.Adaptations of plants to burial in coastal stand dunes[J].Canadian Journal Botany,1998,76(5):713-738.
[17]HARPER J L.Population biology of plants[M].London,Academic Press,1977.
[18]WESTOBY M,JURADO E,LEISHMAN M.Comparative evolutionary ecology of seed size[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,1992,7(11):368-372.
[19]KAZUO TOBE,LI X,KENJI OMASA.Seed germination and radicle growth of a Halophyte,Kalidium caspicum(Chenopodiaceae)[J].Annals of Botany,2000,85:391-396.
[20]杜宁,张秀茹,王玮,等.荆条叶性状对野外不同光环境的表型可塑性[J].生态学报,2011,31(20):6049-6059.
[21]李冬林,向其柏.光照条件对浙江楠幼苗生长及光合特性的影响[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2004,28(5):27-31.
[22]RICHARD G,TOSHIO N.Early growth and photosynthetic responses to light in seedlings of three tropical species differing in successional strategies[J].New Forests,2007,33:217-236.
[23]全国明,刘莹莹,毛丹鹃,等.降雨量变化对入侵植物豚草植株生长的影响[J].生态科学,2018,37(2):138-146.
[24]陈文,王桔红,朱慧,等.遮荫和氮养分对三裂叶蟛蜞菊生长、构件生物量分配和叶片PSⅡ功能的影响[J].生态科学,2018,37(4):160-167.
[25]魏巍,侯玉平,彭少麟,等.不同光照强度对入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)和飞机草(Chromolaena odlorata)生长及生物量分配的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(18):6021-6028.
[26]王蕊,孙备,李建东,等.不同光强对入侵种三裂叶豚草表型可塑性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(7):1797-1802.
[27]尹慧,安莹,陈雅君,等.不同遮阴强度下白三叶形态特征和生长动态[J].中国草地学报,2015,37(5):86-91.
[28]CAMPBELL D R,ROCHEFORT L.Germination and seedling growth of bog plants in relation to the decolonization of milled peatlands[J].Plant Ecology,2003,169:7l-84.
[29]NATHAN S B,RENE C V A.The effects of depth and fluctuating soil moisture on the emergence of eight annual and six perennial plant species[J].Weed Science,2003,51:725-730.
[30]SYKES M T,WILSON J B.Dark tolerance in plants of dunes[J].Functional Ecology,1990,4:799-805.
[31]GRUNDY A C,MEAD A,BOND W.Modeling the effect of weed-seed distribution in the soil profile on seedling emergence[J].Weed Research,1996,36:375-384.
[32]FORCELLA F,BENECH A R L,SANCHEZ R,et al.Modeling seedling emergence[J].Field Crops Research,2000,67:123-139.
[33]杨慧玲,曹志平,董鸣,等.沙埋对无芒雀麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(11):2438-2443.
[34]周兵,闫小红,肖宜安,等.播种深度对入侵植物三叶鬼针草种子出苗和幼苗生长的影响[J].井冈山大学学报(自然科学版),2012,33(6):96-101.
[35]朱雅娟,董鸣,黄振英.沙埋和种子大小对固沙禾草沙鞭的种子萌发与幼苗出土的影响[J].植物生态学报,2005,29(5):730-739.
[36]李秋艳,赵文智.五种荒漠植物幼苗出土及生长对沙埋深度的响应[J].生态学报,2006,26(6):1802-1808.
[37]刘海江,郭柯.沙埋对中间锦鸡儿幼苗生长发育的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(10):2550-2555.
[38]MAUN M A.Adaptations enhancing survival and establishment of seedlings on coastal dune systems[J].Vegetatio,1994,111:59-70.
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