基于最小数据集的紫色丘陵区坡耕地耕层土壤质量评价
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摘要
耕层土壤质量直接影响坡耕地土地生产力,为准确评价紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤质量特征,本文以云南楚雄、广西桂林、江西兴国和广东南雄4个区域紫色土坡耕地耕层(0～20 cm)土壤为研究对象,利用主成分分析、相关分析相结合方法对12个土壤属性指标筛选,建立坡耕地耕层土壤质量最小数据集并对耕层土壤质量评价。结果表明:1)紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤养分较为贫瘠,土壤有机质(14. 89 g/kg)和全氮(0. 85 g/kg)为四级水平,有效磷(28. 84 mg/kg)为二级水平,p H值显弱酸性;土壤密度为0. 93～1. 62 g/cm~3,耕层厚度在15～30 cm变化,总体看土壤化学指标变异性大于物理指标变异性,2)紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤质量评价最小数据集由土壤密度、有效磷、有机质、饱和导水率、贯入阻力、砂粒、耕层厚度7个指标构成,可反映紫色土耕层土壤质量有效信息,评价结果具有较好准确性,3)紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤质量表现为云南楚雄>广西桂林>江西兴国>广东南雄。研究结果可为紫色土坡耕地耕层土壤改良和合理耕层构建提供科学参数。
[Background]The soil quality of a plowing layer directly affects the productivity of sloping farmland,in order to accurately evaluate the soil quality characteristics of a plowing layer for purple sloping farmland,objectively evaluate the soil quality in the plowing layer of purple soil sloping farmland is an important basis for preventing the soil erosion and degradation of purple soil sloping farmland and ensuring the high efficiency and stability of the soil productivity in plowing layer. [Methods] The plowing-layer( 0-20 cm) soil of purple sloping farmland of Chuxiong-Yunnan, Guilin-Guangxi,Xingguo-Jiangxi and Nanxiong-Guangdong were collected as the research objects. The minimum data set( MDS) was established and the cultivated-layer soil quality was evaluated by the combination of principal component analysis( PCA) and correlation analysis based on the 12 soil property indexes which were selected. [Results] 1) Soil quality of cultivated-layer for sloping farmland varied significantly among different purple soil sites. Soil nutrients of cultivated-layer were poor relatively,soil organic matter( 14. 89 g/kg) and total nitrogen( 0. 85 g/kg) were on the fourth level,and available phosphorus( 28. 84 mg/kg) on the secondary level of the classification criterion of soil nutrient,p H value was faintly acidity. The ranges of soil bulk density was 0. 93-1. 62 g/cm~3,and the cultivated-layer thickness varied of 15-30 cm,The variability of soil bulk density,silt content,cultivated-layer thickness,pH value variability were small. Sand content,penetration resistance,shear strength and total nitrogen with general variability,and the clay content,saturated water conductivity,organic matter and available P were in large variability. In general the variability of soil chemical indexes were greater than that of physical indexes. 2) The MDS on soil quality evaluation included the seven indexes of soil bulk density,available phosphorus,organic matter,saturated hydraulic conductivity,penetrate resistance,sand content and cultivated-layer thickness,which reflected the effective information of soil quality of cultivated-layer with accuracy evaluation result for soil and water conservation fertilizer conservation and yield-increasing potential. 3) The soil quality of cultivated-layer for purple sloping farmland was ordered as ChuxiongYunnan > Guilin-Guangxi > Xingguo-Jiangxi > Nanxiong-Guangdong. The obstacles of cultivated-layer with low penetrate resistance and soil bulk density in Chuxiong-Yunnan,lower organic matter and cultivated-layer thinning were the obstacles of cultivated-layer for Guilin-Guangxi and NanxiongGuangdong seperately,Xingguo-Jiangxi with the obstacle of slightly higher sand content and lower saturated water conductivity. [Conclusions]The results may provide some useful scientific supports not only for the soil quality recovery of the cultivated-layer but for the sustainable utilization of crop growth and the control of soil and water loss of purple soil sloping farmland,which are also conducive to soil improvement,reasonable cultivated layer construction and sustainable utilization of the sloping farmland recourses in purple hilly area.
[Background]The soil quality of a plowing layer directly affects the productivity of sloping farmland,in order to accurately evaluate the soil quality characteristics of a plowing layer for purple sloping farmland,objectively evaluate the soil quality in the plowing layer of purple soil sloping farmland is an important basis for preventing the soil erosion and degradation of purple soil sloping farmland and ensuring the high efficiency and stability of the soil productivity in plowing layer. [Methods] The plowing-layer( 0-20 cm) soil of purple sloping farmland of Chuxiong-Yunnan, Guilin-Guangxi,Xingguo-Jiangxi and Nanxiong-Guangdong were collected as the research objects. The minimum data set( MDS) was established and the cultivated-layer soil quality was evaluated by the combination of principal component analysis( PCA) and correlation analysis based on the 12 soil property indexes which were selected. [Results] 1) Soil quality of cultivated-layer for sloping farmland varied significantly among different purple soil sites. Soil nutrients of cultivated-layer were poor relatively,soil organic matter( 14. 89 g/kg) and total nitrogen( 0. 85 g/kg) were on the fourth level,and available phosphorus( 28. 84 mg/kg) on the secondary level of the classification criterion of soil nutrient,p H value was faintly acidity. The ranges of soil bulk density was 0. 93-1. 62 g/cm~3,and the cultivated-layer thickness varied of 15-30 cm,The variability of soil bulk density,silt content,cultivated-layer thickness,pH value variability were small. Sand content,penetration resistance,shear strength and total nitrogen with general variability,and the clay content,saturated water conductivity,organic matter and available P were in large variability. In general the variability of soil chemical indexes were greater than that of physical indexes. 2) The MDS on soil quality evaluation included the seven indexes of soil bulk density,available phosphorus,organic matter,saturated hydraulic conductivity,penetrate resistance,sand content and cultivated-layer thickness,which reflected the effective information of soil quality of cultivated-layer with accuracy evaluation result for soil and water conservation fertilizer conservation and yield-increasing potential. 3) The soil quality of cultivated-layer for purple sloping farmland was ordered as ChuxiongYunnan > Guilin-Guangxi > Xingguo-Jiangxi > Nanxiong-Guangdong. The obstacles of cultivated-layer with low penetrate resistance and soil bulk density in Chuxiong-Yunnan,lower organic matter and cultivated-layer thinning were the obstacles of cultivated-layer for Guilin-Guangxi and NanxiongGuangdong seperately,Xingguo-Jiangxi with the obstacle of slightly higher sand content and lower saturated water conductivity. [Conclusions]The results may provide some useful scientific supports not only for the soil quality recovery of the cultivated-layer but for the sustainable utilization of crop growth and the control of soil and water loss of purple soil sloping farmland,which are also conducive to soil improvement,reasonable cultivated layer construction and sustainable utilization of the sloping farmland recourses in purple hilly area.
引文
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[5]刘占锋，傅伯杰，刘国华，等．土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价[J]．生态学报，2006,26(3):901.LIU Zhanfeng,FU Bojie,LIU Guohua,et al. Soil quality:Concept,indicators and its assessment[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(3):901.
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[7]张华，张甘霖．土壤质量指标和评价方法[J]．土壤，2001,33(6):326.ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Ganlin. Indexes and estimate methods for soil quality[J]. Soils,2001,33(6):326.
[8] LARSON W E,PIERCE F J. Conservation and enhancement of soil quality. In Proc. the Int. Workshop on evaluation for sustainable land management in the developing world. International Board for Soil Resaxrce and Management(IBSRAM)[J]. Proceeding no. 123 vol. 2. Bangkok,Thailand,1991.
[9] DORAN J W,PARKIN T B. Defining and assessing soil quality∥Doran J W,Coleman D C,Bezdicek D F,et al. eds. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. SSSA Spec. Publ. 35,Am. Soc. Agron.,Madison,WI,1994:3.
[10]郑粉莉，张锋，王彬．近100年植被破坏侵蚀环境下土壤质量退化过程的定量评价[J]．生态学报，2010,30(22):6044.ZHENG Fili,ZHANG Feng,WANG Bin. Quantifying soil quality degradation over 100 years after deforestation under erosional environments[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(22):6044.
[11]段兴武，谢云，冯艳杰，等．东北黑土区土壤生产力评价方法研究[J]．中国农业科学，2009,42(5):1656.DUAN Xingwu,XIE Yun,FENG Yanjie,et al. Study on the method of soil productivity assessment in northeast black soil regions of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(5):1656.
[12]伍宇春，傅瓦利，程辉，等．岩溶区坡耕地土壤肥力综合评价:以重庆中梁山坡耕地样区为例[J]．中国岩溶，2014,33(2):223.WU Yuchun,FU Wali,CHENG Hui,et al. Soil fertility evaluation of slope farmland in karst area:A case study of slope farmland in Zhongliang mountain in Chongqing[J].Carsologica Sinica,2014,33(2):223.
[13]史东梅，蒋光毅，蒋平，等．土壤侵蚀因素对紫色丘陵区坡耕地耕层质量影响[J]．农业工程学报，2017,33(13):270.SHI Dongmei, JIANG Guangyi, JIANG Ping, et al.Effects of soil erosion factors on cultivated-layer quality of slope farmland in purple hilly area[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(13):270.
[14]杨剑虹，王成林，代亨林．土壤农化分析与环境监测[M]．中国大地出版社，2008.YANG Jianhong,WANG Chenglin,DAI Henglin. Soil agrochemical analysis and environmental monitoring[M].China Land Publishing House,2008.
[15]孙刘平，钱吴永．基于主成分分析法的综合评价方法的改进[J]．数学的实践与认识，2009,39(18):15.SUN Liuping,QIAN Wuyong. An improved method based on principal component analysis for the comprehensive evaluation[J]. Mathematics in Practice and Theory,2009,39(18):15.
[16]邓绍欢，曾令涛，关强，等．基于最小数据集的南方地区冷浸田土壤质量评价[J]．土壤学报，2016,53(5):1326.DENG Shaohuan,ZENG Lingtao,GUAN Qiang,et al.Minimum dataset-based soil quality assessment of waterlogged paddy field in South China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(5):1326.
[17]吴春生，刘高焕，黄翀，等．基于MDS和模糊逻辑的黄河三角洲土壤质量评估[J]．资源科学，2016,38(7):1275.WU Chunsheng,LIU Gaohuan,HUANG Wei,et al. Soil quality assessment of the Yellow River Delta based on MDS and fuzzy logic model[J]. Resources Science,2016,38(7):1275.
[18]张汪寿，李晓秀，黄文江，等．不同土地利用条件下土壤质量综合评价方法[J]．农业工程学报，2010,26(12):311.ZHANG Wangshou,LI Xiaoxiu,HUANG Wenjiang,et al. Comprehensive assessment methodology of soil quality under different land use conditions[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(12):311.
[19]贡璐，张雪妮，冉启洋．基于最小数据集的塔里木河上游绿洲土壤质量评价[J]．土壤学报，2015(3):682.GONG Lu,ZHANG Xueni,RAN Qiyang. Quality assessment of oasis soil in the upper reaches of tarim river based on minimum data set[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015(3):682.
[20]许明祥，刘国彬，赵允格．黄土丘陵区土壤质量评价指标研究[J]．应用生态学报，2005,16(10):1843.XU Mingxiang,LIU Guobin,ZHAO Yunge. Assessment indicators of soil quality in hilly Loess Plateau[J]. CHINESE Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(10):1843.
[21]刘世梁，傅伯杰，刘国华，等．我国土壤质量及其评价研究的进展[J]．土壤通报，2006,37(1):137.LIU Shiliang,FU Bojie,LIU Guohua,et al. Research review of quantitative evaluation of soil quality in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(1):137.
[22]章家恩，徐琪．三峡库区退化土壤的恢复与重建研究[J]．长江流域资源与环境，1998(3):248.ZHANG Jiaen,XU Qi. The restoration and reconstruction of degraded soils in the Three Gorge Reservoir area[J].Resources and Environment in The Yangtze Basin,1998(3):248.
[23]董杰，段艺芳，许玉凤，等．三峡库区紫色土坡地土壤退化程度评价及驱动机制[J]．水土保持通报，2009,29(4):51.DONG Jie,DUAN Yifang,XU Yufeng,et al. Evaluation and driving mechanism of land degradation in a sloping field of purple soil in Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,29(4):51.
[24]刘刚才．紫色土侵蚀规律及其防治技术[M]．成都:四川大学出版社，2008:1.LIU Gangcai. Purple soil erosion law and its prevention and control technology[M]. Chengdu:Sichuan University Press,2008:1.
[25]李强，许明祥，赵允格，等．黄土高原坡耕地沟蚀土壤质量评价[J]．自然资源学报，2012,27(6):1001.LI Qiang,XU Mingxiang,ZHAO Yunge,et al. Gully erosion soil quality assessment on the cultivated slope land in the Loess Plateau region,China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(6):1001.
[2]骆东奇，侯春霞，魏朝富，等．紫色土团聚体抗蚀特征研究[J]．水土保持学报，2003,17(2):20.LUO Dongqi,HOU Chunxia,WEI Chaofu,et al. Study on characteristics of purple soils aggregates erosion-resistant[J]. Journal of soil and Water Conservation,2003,17(2):20.
[3]韩晓增，邹文秀，陆欣春，等．旱作土壤耕层及其肥力培育途径[J]．土壤与作物，2015(4):145.HAN Xiaozeng,ZOU Wenxiu,LU Xinchun,et al. The soil cultivated layer in dryland and technical patterns in cultivating soil fertility[J]. Soil and Crop,2015,4(4):145.
[4]裴泽莲，王福义，程晋，等．土壤肥沃耕层构建模式[J]．农业科技与装备，2014(7):68.YAN Zelian,WANG Fuyi,CHENG Jin,et al. Construction model for fertile topsoil[J]. Agricultural Science&Technology and Equipment,2014(7):68.
[5]刘占锋，傅伯杰，刘国华，等．土壤质量与土壤质量指标及其评价[J]．生态学报，2006,26(3):901.LIU Zhanfeng,FU Bojie,LIU Guohua,et al. Soil quality:Concept,indicators and its assessment[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(3):901.
[6] ZALIDIS G,STAMATIADIS S,TAKAVAKOGLOU V,et al. Impacts of agricultural practices on soil and water quality in the Mediterranean region and proposed assessment methodology[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems&Environment,2002,88(2):137.
[7]张华，张甘霖．土壤质量指标和评价方法[J]．土壤，2001,33(6):326.ZHANG Hua, ZHANG Ganlin. Indexes and estimate methods for soil quality[J]. Soils,2001,33(6):326.
[8] LARSON W E,PIERCE F J. Conservation and enhancement of soil quality. In Proc. the Int. Workshop on evaluation for sustainable land management in the developing world. International Board for Soil Resaxrce and Management(IBSRAM)[J]. Proceeding no. 123 vol. 2. Bangkok,Thailand,1991.
[9] DORAN J W,PARKIN T B. Defining and assessing soil quality∥Doran J W,Coleman D C,Bezdicek D F,et al. eds. Defining soil quality for a sustainable environment. SSSA Spec. Publ. 35,Am. Soc. Agron.,Madison,WI,1994:3.
[10]郑粉莉，张锋，王彬．近100年植被破坏侵蚀环境下土壤质量退化过程的定量评价[J]．生态学报，2010,30(22):6044.ZHENG Fili,ZHANG Feng,WANG Bin. Quantifying soil quality degradation over 100 years after deforestation under erosional environments[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(22):6044.
[11]段兴武，谢云，冯艳杰，等．东北黑土区土壤生产力评价方法研究[J]．中国农业科学，2009,42(5):1656.DUAN Xingwu,XIE Yun,FENG Yanjie,et al. Study on the method of soil productivity assessment in northeast black soil regions of China[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(5):1656.
[12]伍宇春，傅瓦利，程辉，等．岩溶区坡耕地土壤肥力综合评价:以重庆中梁山坡耕地样区为例[J]．中国岩溶，2014,33(2):223.WU Yuchun,FU Wali,CHENG Hui,et al. Soil fertility evaluation of slope farmland in karst area:A case study of slope farmland in Zhongliang mountain in Chongqing[J].Carsologica Sinica,2014,33(2):223.
[13]史东梅，蒋光毅，蒋平，等．土壤侵蚀因素对紫色丘陵区坡耕地耕层质量影响[J]．农业工程学报，2017,33(13):270.SHI Dongmei, JIANG Guangyi, JIANG Ping, et al.Effects of soil erosion factors on cultivated-layer quality of slope farmland in purple hilly area[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(13):270.
[14]杨剑虹，王成林，代亨林．土壤农化分析与环境监测[M]．中国大地出版社，2008.YANG Jianhong,WANG Chenglin,DAI Henglin. Soil agrochemical analysis and environmental monitoring[M].China Land Publishing House,2008.
[15]孙刘平，钱吴永．基于主成分分析法的综合评价方法的改进[J]．数学的实践与认识，2009,39(18):15.SUN Liuping,QIAN Wuyong. An improved method based on principal component analysis for the comprehensive evaluation[J]. Mathematics in Practice and Theory,2009,39(18):15.
[16]邓绍欢，曾令涛，关强，等．基于最小数据集的南方地区冷浸田土壤质量评价[J]．土壤学报，2016,53(5):1326.DENG Shaohuan,ZENG Lingtao,GUAN Qiang,et al.Minimum dataset-based soil quality assessment of waterlogged paddy field in South China[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(5):1326.
[17]吴春生，刘高焕，黄翀，等．基于MDS和模糊逻辑的黄河三角洲土壤质量评估[J]．资源科学，2016,38(7):1275.WU Chunsheng,LIU Gaohuan,HUANG Wei,et al. Soil quality assessment of the Yellow River Delta based on MDS and fuzzy logic model[J]. Resources Science,2016,38(7):1275.
[18]张汪寿，李晓秀，黄文江，等．不同土地利用条件下土壤质量综合评价方法[J]．农业工程学报，2010,26(12):311.ZHANG Wangshou,LI Xiaoxiu,HUANG Wenjiang,et al. Comprehensive assessment methodology of soil quality under different land use conditions[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(12):311.
[19]贡璐，张雪妮，冉启洋．基于最小数据集的塔里木河上游绿洲土壤质量评价[J]．土壤学报，2015(3):682.GONG Lu,ZHANG Xueni,RAN Qiyang. Quality assessment of oasis soil in the upper reaches of tarim river based on minimum data set[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015(3):682.
[20]许明祥，刘国彬，赵允格．黄土丘陵区土壤质量评价指标研究[J]．应用生态学报，2005,16(10):1843.XU Mingxiang,LIU Guobin,ZHAO Yunge. Assessment indicators of soil quality in hilly Loess Plateau[J]. CHINESE Journal of Applied Ecology,2005,16(10):1843.
[21]刘世梁，傅伯杰，刘国华，等．我国土壤质量及其评价研究的进展[J]．土壤通报，2006,37(1):137.LIU Shiliang,FU Bojie,LIU Guohua,et al. Research review of quantitative evaluation of soil quality in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(1):137.
[22]章家恩，徐琪．三峡库区退化土壤的恢复与重建研究[J]．长江流域资源与环境，1998(3):248.ZHANG Jiaen,XU Qi. The restoration and reconstruction of degraded soils in the Three Gorge Reservoir area[J].Resources and Environment in The Yangtze Basin,1998(3):248.
[23]董杰，段艺芳，许玉凤，等．三峡库区紫色土坡地土壤退化程度评价及驱动机制[J]．水土保持通报，2009,29(4):51.DONG Jie,DUAN Yifang,XU Yufeng,et al. Evaluation and driving mechanism of land degradation in a sloping field of purple soil in Three Gorges Reservoir area[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,29(4):51.
[24]刘刚才．紫色土侵蚀规律及其防治技术[M]．成都:四川大学出版社，2008:1.LIU Gangcai. Purple soil erosion law and its prevention and control technology[M]. Chengdu:Sichuan University Press,2008:1.
[25]李强，许明祥，赵允格，等．黄土高原坡耕地沟蚀土壤质量评价[J]．自然资源学报，2012,27(6):1001.LI Qiang,XU Mingxiang,ZHAO Yunge,et al. Gully erosion soil quality assessment on the cultivated slope land in the Loess Plateau region,China[J]. Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(6):1001.
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