贵州典型电厂粉煤灰的放射性安全评估
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摘要
贵州是华南最重要的煤电和粉煤灰生产省份,粉煤灰的放射性安全评估是综合利用的基础。对贵州不同产煤区域典型电厂粉煤灰进行了放射性核素比活度测定并根据国标GB6566-2001进行了安全性评估,结果表明:西部纳雍电厂粉煤灰内照射指数IRa和外照射指数Iγ均较低,使用范围不受限制;中部大方、金沙电厂和东部黔东电厂粉煤灰I_(Ra)较低而I_γ接近限值,可以作为建筑主体材料(其中大方一级灰仅限于空心率大于25%的主体材料)和A类装修材料;北部桐梓和二郎电厂粉煤灰I_(Ra)和I_γ均超出限值,分别可作为B类和C类装修材料,作为建筑主体材料应严格控制掺量比例。综合本次研究和前人数据,确证了粉煤灰中U、Th含量和相关放射性核素比活度具有良好相关性,推导了利用粉煤灰U、Th含量(C_U,C_(Th),×10~(-6))进行快速评估的经验公式:I_(Ra)=0. 0616×C_U+0. 0049;I_γ=0. 0341×C_U+0. 0159×C_(Th)+0. 0517。
Guizhou is the most important coal-producing and power production province in south China,and the radioactivity safety assessment is the basis of comprehensive utilization of the fly ash. The specific activity of radionuclide in the fly ash of typical power plants in different coal producing areas in Guizhou was measured and the safety evaluation was carried out according to the national standard GB6566-2001. The results show: the fly ash in the Nayong power plant of west Guizhou has a low level of radioactivity and such can be used with no restriction; the fly ashes in Jinsha and Dafang power plants of central Guizhou and the Qiandong power plant of east Guizhou have high levels of radioactivity,they can be used as body-building materials and A class decoration materials,but the first-class fly ash in Dafang is only suit to the material with an empty rate greater than 25%. The fly ashes in Erlang and Tongzi power plants of north Guizhou have the highest level of radioactivity,they can be used as B and C decoration materials only,and should be controlled strictly as body-building materials such as composite Portland cement. Combined with previous data,this study found that contents of uranium and thorium in fly ashes correlated well with the relative activity of radionuclides,and estimated empirical formulas( I_(Ra)= 0. 0616×C_U+0. 0049; I_γ= 0. 0341×C_U+0. 0159×C_(Th)+0. 0517) to fast evaluate the internal and external irradiation indices base on contents of uranium and thorium( C_U,C_(Th),10~(-6)) in the fly ash.
Guizhou is the most important coal-producing and power production province in south China,and the radioactivity safety assessment is the basis of comprehensive utilization of the fly ash. The specific activity of radionuclide in the fly ash of typical power plants in different coal producing areas in Guizhou was measured and the safety evaluation was carried out according to the national standard GB6566-2001. The results show: the fly ash in the Nayong power plant of west Guizhou has a low level of radioactivity and such can be used with no restriction; the fly ashes in Jinsha and Dafang power plants of central Guizhou and the Qiandong power plant of east Guizhou have high levels of radioactivity,they can be used as body-building materials and A class decoration materials,but the first-class fly ash in Dafang is only suit to the material with an empty rate greater than 25%. The fly ashes in Erlang and Tongzi power plants of north Guizhou have the highest level of radioactivity,they can be used as B and C decoration materials only,and should be controlled strictly as body-building materials such as composite Portland cement. Combined with previous data,this study found that contents of uranium and thorium in fly ashes correlated well with the relative activity of radionuclides,and estimated empirical formulas( I_(Ra)= 0. 0616×C_U+0. 0049; I_γ= 0. 0341×C_U+0. 0159×C_(Th)+0. 0517) to fast evaluate the internal and external irradiation indices base on contents of uranium and thorium( C_U,C_(Th),10~(-6)) in the fly ash.
引文
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[14]顾洪坤，郑汝宽，章文英，等．北京市燃煤电厂燃煤和粉煤灰及其建材制品中的天然放射性水平[J]．辐射防护，1996(04):309-316.
[15]贵州省统计局．贵州省统计年鉴[M]．北京:中国统计出版社，2017.
[16]张覃，毛健全，肖喜生．粉煤灰的放射性及防护[J]．粉煤灰，2001(05):25-26,29.
[17]雷鸣，王成琼，彭元贵．贵州省含煤渣建材的放射性污染调查[J]．华东地质学院学报，2001(02):123-126.
[18]刘向御，邱跃琴，张覃．贵州典型粉煤灰天然放射性水平分析[J]．中国煤炭，2009(10):93-95,104.
[19]杨钦元．新国标GB6566-2001《建筑材料放射性核素限量》的主要内容及简要说明[J]．粉煤灰，2002(03):38-40.
[20]李荣华，宋光林，袁波，等．贵州省市售水泥放射性抽样调查[J]．中国新技术新产品，2011(03):11.
[21]徐红．粉煤灰微量元素含量和放射性安全评价──粉煤灰建筑砂浆的基础研究之三[J]．电力环境保护，2000(01):10-12,34.
[22]黎飞虎，翟建平，付晓茹，等．长兴电厂粉煤灰的微量元素含量及其安全性评价———长兴电厂粉煤灰综合利用对策研究之二[J]．粉煤灰综合利用，2005(04):6-9.
[23]傅晓茹，邹继兴．脱硫灰中有毒、有害元素含量及使用安全性评价[J]．河北理工学院学报，2004(01):156-160.
[2] Wikipedia. Coal combustion products[EB/OL]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_combustion_products. 2018-03-22.
[3]李凤翔，金光宇，张建洲，等．61个电厂燃煤和灰分中的天然放射性水平及其对环境的辐射影响[J]．辐射防护，1987(04):260-272,259.
[4]中华人民共和国国家发展与改革委员会．中国资源综合利用年度报告[R]. 2012.
[5]中华人民共和国国家发展与改革委员会．中国资源综合利用年度报告[R]. 2014.
[6] Dai S,Finkelman R. Coal as a promising source of critical elements:Progress and future prospects[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology,2018,186:155-164.
[7] Zhang Y,Shi M,Wang J,et al. Occurrence of uranium in Chinese coals and its emissions from coal-fired power plants[J]. Fuel,2016,166:404-409.
[8] Huang W,Wan H,Finkelman R,et al. Distribution of uranium in the main coalfields of China[J]. Energy Exploration&Exploitation,2012,30(5):819-835.
[9]谢贵英，艾尔肯·阿不列木，艾克拜尔·吐合提．新疆部分燃煤和电厂粉煤灰中天然放射性水平分析[J]．核电子学与探测技术，2011(12):1354-1356+1373.
[10]李北城，赵孝文，吴珂，等．黑龙江省主要燃煤电厂粉煤灰天然放射性水平[J]．中国新技术新产品，2008(15):10.
[11]吴珂，赵孝文，范庆丽，等．哈尔滨某电厂粉煤灰的天然放射性水平测量[J]．中国新技术新产品，2009(24):24.
[12]张卫，郝玉怀，黄建英．山西省主要燃煤电厂粉煤灰和煤矿矸石中放射性水平[J]．中国环境监测，1987(02):26-29.
[13]张卫，刘普灵，郝玉怀，等．山西燃煤电厂粉煤灰及煤矿矸石中天然放射性核素含量测定[J]．环境科学与技术，1987(03):7-10.
[14]顾洪坤，郑汝宽，章文英，等．北京市燃煤电厂燃煤和粉煤灰及其建材制品中的天然放射性水平[J]．辐射防护，1996(04):309-316.
[15]贵州省统计局．贵州省统计年鉴[M]．北京:中国统计出版社，2017.
[16]张覃，毛健全，肖喜生．粉煤灰的放射性及防护[J]．粉煤灰，2001(05):25-26,29.
[17]雷鸣，王成琼，彭元贵．贵州省含煤渣建材的放射性污染调查[J]．华东地质学院学报，2001(02):123-126.
[18]刘向御，邱跃琴，张覃．贵州典型粉煤灰天然放射性水平分析[J]．中国煤炭，2009(10):93-95,104.
[19]杨钦元．新国标GB6566-2001《建筑材料放射性核素限量》的主要内容及简要说明[J]．粉煤灰，2002(03):38-40.
[20]李荣华，宋光林，袁波，等．贵州省市售水泥放射性抽样调查[J]．中国新技术新产品，2011(03):11.
[21]徐红．粉煤灰微量元素含量和放射性安全评价──粉煤灰建筑砂浆的基础研究之三[J]．电力环境保护，2000(01):10-12,34.
[22]黎飞虎，翟建平，付晓茹，等．长兴电厂粉煤灰的微量元素含量及其安全性评价———长兴电厂粉煤灰综合利用对策研究之二[J]．粉煤灰综合利用，2005(04):6-9.
[23]傅晓茹，邹继兴．脱硫灰中有毒、有害元素含量及使用安全性评价[J]．河北理工学院学报，2004(01):156-160.
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