禁牧对半干旱草地土壤氮循环功能基因丰度和氮储量的影响
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摘要
以黄土高原云雾山不同禁牧(0、7、18、27和35年)草地为对象,研究禁牧对不同土层(0～10、10～20、20～40和40～60 cm)土壤氮循环微生物功能基因(nifH、amoA-AOA、amoA-AOB、narG、nirK、nirS和nosZ)丰度的影响,并分析了土壤氮循环微生物功能基因与土壤氮储量之间的关系.结果表明:与放牧相比,禁牧35年提高了nifH和amoA-AOB的基因丰度,分别增加了67.8%和17.6%;禁牧降低了nirK基因丰度.表层土壤(0～10 cm)nifH、narG和nirS基因丰度显著高于深层土壤(20～40和40～60 cm),表明nifH、narG和nirS基因具有表聚效应.禁牧提高了土壤氮储量,在27年时0～60 cm土层土壤氮储量最高(20.96 mg·hm~(-2)),说明27年可能为最适禁牧年限.nifH、amoA-AOA和amoA-AOB基因丰度与氮储量具有显著线性关系,表明含有这些基因的微生物对于提高土壤氮储量具有重要作用.土壤全氮、容重以及速效磷含量是影响土壤氮循环基因的主要因素.本研究结果为深入理解土壤氮循环过程及退化草地的恢复提供了科学参考.
We investigated the effects of grazing exclusion on the abundance of functional genes(nifH, amoA-AOA, amoA-AOB, narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ) involved in soil nitrogen cycling in soil profiles(0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) from a chronosequence of grazing exclusion(0, 7, 18, 27 and 35 years) in the semiarid grasslands of the Loess Plateau. The relationship between abundance of functional genes and soil nitrogen storage was evaluated. The results showed that 35 years exclusion increased the abundance of nifH and amoA-AOB genes by 67.8% and 17.6% compared with the grazed grassland, respectively, and decreased that of nirK genes. The abundance of nifH, narG, and nirS genes in surface soil(0-10 cm) were significantly higher than that in deep soil(20-40 and 40-60 cm), indicating that those genes had surface accumulation effects. Grazing exclusion increased soil nitrogen storage. Soil nitrogen storage in 0-60 cm layer was the highest at 27 years(20.96 mg·hm~(-2)), indicating that 27 years might be the optimum for grazing exclusion. The abundance of nifH, amoA-AOA and amoA-AOB had a significant linear relationship with nitrogen storage, suggesting that microbes harboring these genes played an important role in soil nitrogen accumulation. Total nitrogen, bulk density, and available phosphorus content were the dominant factors affecting the abundance of functional genes involved in soil nitrogen cycling. Our results provided a scientific reference for understanding soil nitrogen cycling and restoration of degraded grassland.
We investigated the effects of grazing exclusion on the abundance of functional genes(nifH, amoA-AOA, amoA-AOB, narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ) involved in soil nitrogen cycling in soil profiles(0-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) from a chronosequence of grazing exclusion(0, 7, 18, 27 and 35 years) in the semiarid grasslands of the Loess Plateau. The relationship between abundance of functional genes and soil nitrogen storage was evaluated. The results showed that 35 years exclusion increased the abundance of nifH and amoA-AOB genes by 67.8% and 17.6% compared with the grazed grassland, respectively, and decreased that of nirK genes. The abundance of nifH, narG, and nirS genes in surface soil(0-10 cm) were significantly higher than that in deep soil(20-40 and 40-60 cm), indicating that those genes had surface accumulation effects. Grazing exclusion increased soil nitrogen storage. Soil nitrogen storage in 0-60 cm layer was the highest at 27 years(20.96 mg·hm~(-2)), indicating that 27 years might be the optimum for grazing exclusion. The abundance of nifH, amoA-AOA and amoA-AOB had a significant linear relationship with nitrogen storage, suggesting that microbes harboring these genes played an important role in soil nitrogen accumulation. Total nitrogen, bulk density, and available phosphorus content were the dominant factors affecting the abundance of functional genes involved in soil nitrogen cycling. Our results provided a scientific reference for understanding soil nitrogen cycling and restoration of degraded grassland.
引文
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[3] Yin Y-L (尹亚丽),Wang Y-Q (王玉琴),Li S-X (李世雄),et al.Effects of enclosing on soil microbial community diversity and soil stoichiometric characteristics in a degraded alpine meadow.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2019,30(1):127-136 (in Chinese)
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[6] Zhang P-L (张鹏莉),Chen J (陈俊),Cui S-J (崔树娟),et al.The community characteristics of different types of grassland under grazing prohibition condition.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2013,33(2):425-434 (in Chinese)
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[8] Wang Q-L (王启兰),Wang C-T (王长庭),Du Y-G (杜岩功).Grazing impact on soil microbial biomass carbon and relationships with soil environment in alpine Kobresia meadow.Acta Partaculturae Sinica (草业学报),2008,17(2):39-46 (in Chinese)
[9] Hu B (胡斌),Duan C-Q (段昌群),Wang Z-H (王震洪).Effect of vegetation rehabilitation measures on soil fertility and soil enzymatic activity in degraded ecosystem.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2002,39(4):604-608 (in Chinese)
[10] Srikanthasamy T,Leloup J,N’Dri AB,et al.Contrasting effects of grasses and trees on microbial N-cycling in an African humid savanna.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,117:153-163
[11] Che RX,Qin JL,Tahmasbian I,et al.Litter amendment rather than phosphorus can dramatically change inorganic nitrogen pools in a degraded grassland soil by affecting nitrogen-cycling microbes.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,120:145-152
[12] Levy-Booth DJ,Prescott CE,Grayston SJ.Microbial functional genes involved in nitrogen fixation,nitrification and denitrification in forest ecosystems.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,75:11-25
[13] Deng L,Wang KB,Shangguan ZP.Long-term natural succession improves nitrogen storage capacity of soil on the Loess Plateau,China.Soil Research,2014,52:262-270
[14] Dong Y-Z (董云中),Wang Y-L (王永亮),Zhang J-J (张建杰),et al.Soil carbon and nitrogen storage of different land use types in northwestern Shanxi Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2014,25(4):955-960 (in Chinese)
[15] Hassett JE,Zak DR.Aspen harvest intensity decreases microbial biomass,extracellular enzyme activity,and soil nitrogen cycling.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69:227-235
[16] Evans RD,Rimer R,Sperry L,et al.Exotic plant invasion alters nitrogen dynamics in an arid grassland.Ecological Applications,2001,11:1301-1310
[17] Lu R-K (鲁如坤).Soil and Argrochemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999 (in Chinese)
[18] Liu J-G (刘建国),Liu W-G (刘卫国).Advances in microbial-mediated nitrogen cycling.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2018,26(2):277-283 (in Chinese)
[19] Tang YQ,Yu GR,Zhang XY,et al.Changes in nitrogen-cycling microbial communities with depth in temperate and subtropical forest soils.Applied Soil Ecology,2018,124:218-228
[20] Zhao Y-G (赵勇钢),Zhao S-W (赵世伟),Hua J (华娟),et al.Soil structural properties of enclosed steppe in the semiarid area.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2009,17(1):106-112 (in Chinese)
[21] Li J-F (李金芬),Cheng J-M (程积民),Liu W (刘伟),et al.Distribution of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of grassland in Yunwu Mountain of Loess Pla-teau.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2010,18(5):661-668 (in Chinese)
[22] Su YZ,Zhao HL,Zhang TH,et al.Soil properties following cultivation and non-grazing of a semi-arid sandy grassland in northern China.Soil and Tillage Research,2004,75:27-36
[23] Zheng C-L (郑翠玲),Cao Z-L (曹子龙),Wang X (王贤),et al.Effects of enclosure on vegetations recovery in desertified grassland in Hulunbeir.Science of Soil and Water Conservation (中国水土保持科学),2005,3(3):78-81 (in Chinese)
[24] Zhang D-J (张东杰),Du Y-T (都耀庭).Effect of enclosure and grazing prohibition on the improvement of deteriorated grassland.Grassland and Turf (草原与草坪),2006(4):52-54 (in Chinese)
[25] Wang Y-N (王亚男),Zeng X-B (曾希柏),Wang Y-Z (王玉忠),et al.Effects of vegetable cultivation years on microbial biodiversity and abundance of nitrogen cycling in greenhouse soils.Chinese Journal of Applied Eco-logy (应用生态学报),2014,25(4):1115-1124 (in Chinese)
[26] Ding K,Zhong L,Xin XP,et al.Effect of grazing on the abundance of functional genes associated with N cycling in three types of grassland in Inner Mongolia.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15:683-693
[27] Li DD,Zhang XY,Green SM,et al.Nitrogen functional gene activity in soil profiles under progressive vegetative recovery after abandonment of agriculture at the Puding Karst Critical Zone Observatory,SW China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,125:93-102
[28] Xu YQ,Wang SQ,Cheng WX,et al.Impacts of grazing intensity on denitrification and N2O production in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem.Biogeochemistry,2008,88:103-115
[29] Yang YF,Wu LW,Lin QY,et al.Responses of the functional structure of soil microbial community to livestock grazing in the Tibetan alpine grassland.Global Change Biology,2013,19:637-648
[30] Zhang C,Liu GB,Song ZL,et al.Interactions of soil bacteria and fungi with plants during long-term grazing exclusion in semiarid grasslands.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,124:47-58
[31] Cheng JM,Jing GH,Wei L,et al.Long-term grazing exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics,soil properties and bacterial communities in the semi-arid grasslands of China.Ecological Engineering,2016,97:170-178
[32] Wang Q-K (王清奎),Wang S-L (汪思龙),Feng Z-W (冯宗炜),et al.Active soil organic matter and its relationship with soil quality.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2005,25(3):513-519 (in Chinese)
[33] Shi XM,Li XG,Li CT,et al.Grazing exclusion decreases soil organic C storage at an alpine grassland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Ecological Engineering,2013,57:183-187
[34] Li W (李文),Cao W-X (曹文侠),Shi S-L (师尚礼),et al.Changes in organic carbon and nitrogen sto-rage in alpine meadows under different grazing management regimes.Acta Partaculturae Sinica (草业学报),2016,25(11):25-33 (in Chinese)
[35] Li Y-S (李元寿),Wang G-X (王根绪),Ding Y-J (丁永建),et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in alpine meadow area of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Advances in Water Science (水科学进展),2008,19(1):61-67 (in Chinese)
[36] Zhu Z-L (朱兆良).Research on soil nitrogen in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2008,25(5):778-783 (in Chinese)
[37] Zhong L,Du R,Ding K,et al.Effects of grazing on N2O production potential and abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying microbial communities in meadow steppe grassland in northern China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,69:1-10
[38] Li N (黎宁),Li H-X (李华兴),Zhu F-J (朱凤娇),et al.Relationships between soil microbial ecological characteristics and physical-chemical properties of vegetable garden soil.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2006,17(2):285-290 (in Chinese)
[39] Yang D (杨丹),Yu X (余旋),Liu X (刘旭),et al.Effect of afforestation modes on soil microbial community and nitrogen functional genes in Hippophae rhamnoides plantation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(12):3634-3640 (in Chinese)
[2] Gao Y-Z (高英志),Han X-G (韩兴国),Wang S-P (汪诗平).The effects of grazing on grassland soils.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2004,24(4):790-797 (in Chinese)
[3] Yin Y-L (尹亚丽),Wang Y-Q (王玉琴),Li S-X (李世雄),et al.Effects of enclosing on soil microbial community diversity and soil stoichiometric characteristics in a degraded alpine meadow.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2019,30(1):127-136 (in Chinese)
[4] Bird SB,Herrick JE,Wander MM,et al.Multi-scale variability in soil aggregate stability:Implications for understanding and predicting semi-arid grassland degradation.Geoderma,2007,140:106-118
[5] Fang Y (方瑛),An S-S (安韶山),Ma R-T (马任甜).Ecological stoichiometric characteristics of plants and soil in grassland under different restoration types in Yunwu Mountain,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2017,28(1):80-88 (in Chinese)
[6] Zhang P-L (张鹏莉),Chen J (陈俊),Cui S-J (崔树娟),et al.The community characteristics of different types of grassland under grazing prohibition condition.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2013,33(2):425-434 (in Chinese)
[7] Yan Y-C (闫玉春),Tang H-P (唐海萍).Effects of exclosure on typical steppe community properties in Inner Mongolia.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica (西北植物学报),2007,27(6):1225-1232 (in Chinese)
[8] Wang Q-L (王启兰),Wang C-T (王长庭),Du Y-G (杜岩功).Grazing impact on soil microbial biomass carbon and relationships with soil environment in alpine Kobresia meadow.Acta Partaculturae Sinica (草业学报),2008,17(2):39-46 (in Chinese)
[9] Hu B (胡斌),Duan C-Q (段昌群),Wang Z-H (王震洪).Effect of vegetation rehabilitation measures on soil fertility and soil enzymatic activity in degraded ecosystem.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2002,39(4):604-608 (in Chinese)
[10] Srikanthasamy T,Leloup J,N’Dri AB,et al.Contrasting effects of grasses and trees on microbial N-cycling in an African humid savanna.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,117:153-163
[11] Che RX,Qin JL,Tahmasbian I,et al.Litter amendment rather than phosphorus can dramatically change inorganic nitrogen pools in a degraded grassland soil by affecting nitrogen-cycling microbes.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,120:145-152
[12] Levy-Booth DJ,Prescott CE,Grayston SJ.Microbial functional genes involved in nitrogen fixation,nitrification and denitrification in forest ecosystems.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,75:11-25
[13] Deng L,Wang KB,Shangguan ZP.Long-term natural succession improves nitrogen storage capacity of soil on the Loess Plateau,China.Soil Research,2014,52:262-270
[14] Dong Y-Z (董云中),Wang Y-L (王永亮),Zhang J-J (张建杰),et al.Soil carbon and nitrogen storage of different land use types in northwestern Shanxi Loess Plateau.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2014,25(4):955-960 (in Chinese)
[15] Hassett JE,Zak DR.Aspen harvest intensity decreases microbial biomass,extracellular enzyme activity,and soil nitrogen cycling.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69:227-235
[16] Evans RD,Rimer R,Sperry L,et al.Exotic plant invasion alters nitrogen dynamics in an arid grassland.Ecological Applications,2001,11:1301-1310
[17] Lu R-K (鲁如坤).Soil and Argrochemistry Analysis.Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,1999 (in Chinese)
[18] Liu J-G (刘建国),Liu W-G (刘卫国).Advances in microbial-mediated nitrogen cycling.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2018,26(2):277-283 (in Chinese)
[19] Tang YQ,Yu GR,Zhang XY,et al.Changes in nitrogen-cycling microbial communities with depth in temperate and subtropical forest soils.Applied Soil Ecology,2018,124:218-228
[20] Zhao Y-G (赵勇钢),Zhao S-W (赵世伟),Hua J (华娟),et al.Soil structural properties of enclosed steppe in the semiarid area.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2009,17(1):106-112 (in Chinese)
[21] Li J-F (李金芬),Cheng J-M (程积民),Liu W (刘伟),et al.Distribution of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen of grassland in Yunwu Mountain of Loess Pla-teau.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2010,18(5):661-668 (in Chinese)
[22] Su YZ,Zhao HL,Zhang TH,et al.Soil properties following cultivation and non-grazing of a semi-arid sandy grassland in northern China.Soil and Tillage Research,2004,75:27-36
[23] Zheng C-L (郑翠玲),Cao Z-L (曹子龙),Wang X (王贤),et al.Effects of enclosure on vegetations recovery in desertified grassland in Hulunbeir.Science of Soil and Water Conservation (中国水土保持科学),2005,3(3):78-81 (in Chinese)
[24] Zhang D-J (张东杰),Du Y-T (都耀庭).Effect of enclosure and grazing prohibition on the improvement of deteriorated grassland.Grassland and Turf (草原与草坪),2006(4):52-54 (in Chinese)
[25] Wang Y-N (王亚男),Zeng X-B (曾希柏),Wang Y-Z (王玉忠),et al.Effects of vegetable cultivation years on microbial biodiversity and abundance of nitrogen cycling in greenhouse soils.Chinese Journal of Applied Eco-logy (应用生态学报),2014,25(4):1115-1124 (in Chinese)
[26] Ding K,Zhong L,Xin XP,et al.Effect of grazing on the abundance of functional genes associated with N cycling in three types of grassland in Inner Mongolia.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2015,15:683-693
[27] Li DD,Zhang XY,Green SM,et al.Nitrogen functional gene activity in soil profiles under progressive vegetative recovery after abandonment of agriculture at the Puding Karst Critical Zone Observatory,SW China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,125:93-102
[28] Xu YQ,Wang SQ,Cheng WX,et al.Impacts of grazing intensity on denitrification and N2O production in a semi-arid grassland ecosystem.Biogeochemistry,2008,88:103-115
[29] Yang YF,Wu LW,Lin QY,et al.Responses of the functional structure of soil microbial community to livestock grazing in the Tibetan alpine grassland.Global Change Biology,2013,19:637-648
[30] Zhang C,Liu GB,Song ZL,et al.Interactions of soil bacteria and fungi with plants during long-term grazing exclusion in semiarid grasslands.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2018,124:47-58
[31] Cheng JM,Jing GH,Wei L,et al.Long-term grazing exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics,soil properties and bacterial communities in the semi-arid grasslands of China.Ecological Engineering,2016,97:170-178
[32] Wang Q-K (王清奎),Wang S-L (汪思龙),Feng Z-W (冯宗炜),et al.Active soil organic matter and its relationship with soil quality.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2005,25(3):513-519 (in Chinese)
[33] Shi XM,Li XG,Li CT,et al.Grazing exclusion decreases soil organic C storage at an alpine grassland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.Ecological Engineering,2013,57:183-187
[34] Li W (李文),Cao W-X (曹文侠),Shi S-L (师尚礼),et al.Changes in organic carbon and nitrogen sto-rage in alpine meadows under different grazing management regimes.Acta Partaculturae Sinica (草业学报),2016,25(11):25-33 (in Chinese)
[35] Li Y-S (李元寿),Wang G-X (王根绪),Ding Y-J (丁永建),et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture in alpine meadow area of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Advances in Water Science (水科学进展),2008,19(1):61-67 (in Chinese)
[36] Zhu Z-L (朱兆良).Research on soil nitrogen in China.Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报),2008,25(5):778-783 (in Chinese)
[37] Zhong L,Du R,Ding K,et al.Effects of grazing on N2O production potential and abundance of nitrifying and denitrifying microbial communities in meadow steppe grassland in northern China.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,69:1-10
[38] Li N (黎宁),Li H-X (李华兴),Zhu F-J (朱凤娇),et al.Relationships between soil microbial ecological characteristics and physical-chemical properties of vegetable garden soil.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2006,17(2):285-290 (in Chinese)
[39] Yang D (杨丹),Yu X (余旋),Liu X (刘旭),et al.Effect of afforestation modes on soil microbial community and nitrogen functional genes in Hippophae rhamnoides plantation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2015,26(12):3634-3640 (in Chinese)
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