有机肥氮投入比例对双季稻田根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的影响
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摘要
为探明不同有机肥氮素占总氮投入的百分比对双季稻区早、晚稻各生育时期稻田根际土壤微生物的影响,本研究以大田定位试验为平台,应用氯仿熏蒸-K_2SO_4提取法和化学分析法系统分析了施用化肥N(M_1)、30%有机肥N(M_2)、50%有机肥N(M_3)、100%有机肥N(M_4)和无N对照(M_0)5个不同施肥处理双季稻田根际土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)和微生物熵的差异.结果表明:在早稻和晚稻各主要生育时期,施肥措施均能提高稻田根际土壤MBC、MBN和微生物熵,各施肥处理根际土壤MBC、MBN和微生物熵均随水稻生育期推进呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,均于齐穗期达到最大值,成熟期为最低值;其中,各处理双季稻田根际土壤MBC、MBN、MBC/MBN值和微生物熵一般均表现为M_4>M_3>M_2>M_1>M_0,M_2、M_3和M_4处理间均无显著差异,但均显著高于M_0处理.可见,单独施用化肥措施对提高根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵效果有限,施用有机肥或有机无机肥配施提高根际土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和微生物熵的效果较好.
To explore the characteristics of rhizosphere soil microorganisms in paddy fields with different manure nitrogen(N) input ratios at different growth stages of early and late rice in double-cropping rice system, a field experiment was conducted with five different treatments: 1) 100% N of chemical fertilizer(M_1), 2) 30% N of organic matter and 70% N of chemical fertilizer(M_2), 3) 50% N of organic matter and 50% N of chemical fertilizer(M_3), 4) 100% N of organic matter(M_4), and 5) no N fertilizer input as a control(M_0). The rhizosphere soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN), and microbial quotient(SQ) of the paddy fields were measured using the fumigation-extraction and chemical analysis methods. The results showed that the rhizosphere MBC, MBN, and SQ of the paddy fields at main different growth stages of early and late rice were increased by fertilization, which increased first and then decreased with the development of rice growth period, peaked at the heading stage, and reached the minimum value at the maturity stage. The effects of different fertilization treatments were in order of M_4>M_3>M_2>M_1>M_0, with no significant difference among M_2, M_3 and M_4, but being significantly higher than M_0. Therefore, the application of organic matter, and combined application of chemical fertilizer with organic matter could significantly increase the rhizosphere MBC, MBN, and SQ of the paddy fields at early and late rice growth period, while chemical fertilizer alone had little effect.
To explore the characteristics of rhizosphere soil microorganisms in paddy fields with different manure nitrogen(N) input ratios at different growth stages of early and late rice in double-cropping rice system, a field experiment was conducted with five different treatments: 1) 100% N of chemical fertilizer(M_1), 2) 30% N of organic matter and 70% N of chemical fertilizer(M_2), 3) 50% N of organic matter and 50% N of chemical fertilizer(M_3), 4) 100% N of organic matter(M_4), and 5) no N fertilizer input as a control(M_0). The rhizosphere soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN), and microbial quotient(SQ) of the paddy fields were measured using the fumigation-extraction and chemical analysis methods. The results showed that the rhizosphere MBC, MBN, and SQ of the paddy fields at main different growth stages of early and late rice were increased by fertilization, which increased first and then decreased with the development of rice growth period, peaked at the heading stage, and reached the minimum value at the maturity stage. The effects of different fertilization treatments were in order of M_4>M_3>M_2>M_1>M_0, with no significant difference among M_2, M_3 and M_4, but being significantly higher than M_0. Therefore, the application of organic matter, and combined application of chemical fertilizer with organic matter could significantly increase the rhizosphere MBC, MBN, and SQ of the paddy fields at early and late rice growth period, while chemical fertilizer alone had little effect.
引文
[1] Chen A-L (陈安磊), Wang K-R (王凯荣), Xie X-L (谢小立). Effects of fertilization systems and nutrient recycling on microbial biomass C, N and P in a reddish paddy soil. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2005, 24(6): 1094-1099 (in Chinese)
[2] Peng P-Q (彭佩钦), Wu J-S (吴金水), Huang D-Y (黄道友), et al. Microbial biomass C, N, P of farmland soils in different land uses and cropping systems in Dongting Lake region. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2006, 26(7): 2262-2266 (in Chinese)
[3] Ekenler M, Tabatabai MA. Effects of liming and tillage systems on microbial biomass and glycosidases in soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2003, 39: 51-61
[4] Li H (李卉), Li B-Z (李宝珍), Zou D-S (邹冬生), et al. Impacts of rice straw and its biochar product on the amounts of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and the mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in subtropical croplands. Research of Agricultural Modernization (农业现代化研究), 2015, 36(2): 303-308 (in Chinese)
[5] Cai X-H (蔡晓红), Yang J-P (杨京平), Ma W-N (马维那), et al. Effects of nitrogen supply levels and water schemes on rice rhizosphere microbial biomass carbon in rice development stage at paddy field. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agricultural and Life Sciences) (浙江大学学报: 农业与生命科学版), 2008, 34(6): 662-668 (in Chinese)
[6] Liu E-K (刘恩科), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), Li X-Y (李秀英), et al. Microbial C and N biomass and soil community analysis using DGGE of 16S rDNA V3 fragment PCR products under different long term fertilization systems. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2007, 27(3): 1079-1085 (in Chinese)
[7] Bai Z (白震), Zhang M (张明), Song D-Y (宋斗妍), et al. Effect of different fertilization on microbial community in an arable mollisol. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2008, 28(7): 3244-3253 (in Chinese)
[8] Zhang Q-C (张奇春), Wang G-H (王光火), Fang B (方斌). Influence of fertilization treatment on nutrients uptake by rice and soil ecological characteristics of soil microorganism in paddy field. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2005, 42(1): 116-121 (in Chinese)
[9] Li W-J (李文军), Peng B-F (彭保发), Yang Q-Y (杨奇勇). Effects of long-term fertilization on organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation and activity in a paddy soil in double cropping rice area in Dongting Lake of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(3): 488-500 (in Chinese)
[10] Chen X-F (陈晓芬), Li Z-P (李忠佩), Liu M (刘明), et al. Effects of different fertilizations on organic carbon and nitrogen contents in water-stable aggregates and microbial biomass content in paddy soil of subtropical China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2013, 46(5): 950-960 (in Chinese)
[11] Hao X-H (郝晓晖), Hu R-G (胡荣桂), Wu J-S (吴金水), et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on paddy soils organic nitrogen, microbial biomass, and microbial functional diversity. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2010, 21(6): 1477-1484 (in Chinese)
[12] Bu H-Z (卜洪震), Wang L-H (王丽宏), You J-C (尤金成), et al. Impact of long-term fertilization on the microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial communities in paddy red soil. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2010, 43(16): 3340-3347 (in Chinese)
[13] Zhou W-J (周卫军), Zeng X-B (曾希柏), Zhang Y-Z (张杨珠), et al. Effects of fertilization on microbial biomass C and N in paddy soils derived from different parent materials. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2007, 18(5): 1043-1048 (in Chinese)
[14] Tang H-M (唐海明), Xiao X-P (肖小平), Li W-Y (李微艳), et al. Effects of long-term different fertilization regimes on the rhizospheric microbial community functional diversity in paddy field. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2016, 25(3): 402-408 (in Chinese)
[15] Xu Y-L (徐一兰), Tang H-M (唐海明), Xiao X-P (肖小平), et al. Effects of different long-term fertilization regimes on the soil microbiological properties of a paddy field. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2016, 36(18): 5847-5855 (in Chinese)
[16] Wu J-S (吴金水), Lin Q-M (林启美), Huang Q-Y (黄巧云), et al. Method and Application of Determination of Soil Microbial Biomass. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2006: 54-68 (in Chinese)
[17] Liu S-L (刘守龙), Su Y-R (苏以荣), Huang D-Y (黄道友), et al. Response of Cmic-to-Corg to land use and fertilization in subtropical region of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2006, 39(7): 1411-1418 (in Chinese)
[18] Sun R-L (孙瑞莲), Zhu L-S (朱鲁生), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on soil microorganism and its role in adjusting and controlling soil fertility. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2004, 15(10): 1907-1910 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhu H-P (朱海平), Yao H-Y (姚槐应), Zhang Y-Y (张勇勇), et al. Effect of fertilizer system on soil microbial ecology. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2003, 34(2): 140-142 (in Chinese)
[20] Li J (李娟), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), Li X-Y (李秀英), et al. Effects of long-term combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil microbiological properties and soil fertility. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(1): 144-152 (in Chinese)
[21] Xu Y-C (徐阳春), Shen Q-R (沈其荣), Ran W (冉炜). Effects of zero-tillage and application of manure on soil microbial biomass C, N, and P after sixteen years of cropping. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2002, 39(1): 89-96 (in Chinese)
[22] Spedding TA, Hamel C, Mehuys GR, et al. Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004, 36: 499-512
[23] Ramirez KS, Craine JM, Fierer N. Consistent effects of nitrogen amendments on soil microbial communities and processes across biomes. Global Change Biology, 2012, 18: 1918-1927
[24] Xu Y-C (徐阳春), Shen Q-R (沈其荣), Lei B-K (雷宝坤), et al. Effect of long-term no-tillage and application of organic manure on some properties of soil fertility in rice/wheat rotation. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2000, 11(4): 549-552 (in Chinese)
[25] Tang HM, Xiao XP, Tang WG, et al. Dynamic change of soil enzyme activities and soil microbe during rice main growth stages in different long-term fertilizer regimes. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2017, 11: 649-660
[26] Goyal S, Chander K, Mundra MC, et al. Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1999, 29: 196-200
[27] Marschnera P, Kandeler E, Marschner B. Structure and function of the soil microbial community in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2003, 35: 453-461
[28] Ren T-Z (任天志), Grego S. Soil bio-indicators in sustainable agriculture. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2000, 33(1): 68-75 (in Chinese)
[29] Tang HM, Xiao XP, Tang WG, et al. Long-term effects of NPK fertilizers and organic manures on soil organic carbon and carbon management index under a double-cropping rice system in Southern China. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2018, 49: 1976-1989
[2] Peng P-Q (彭佩钦), Wu J-S (吴金水), Huang D-Y (黄道友), et al. Microbial biomass C, N, P of farmland soils in different land uses and cropping systems in Dongting Lake region. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2006, 26(7): 2262-2266 (in Chinese)
[3] Ekenler M, Tabatabai MA. Effects of liming and tillage systems on microbial biomass and glycosidases in soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2003, 39: 51-61
[4] Li H (李卉), Li B-Z (李宝珍), Zou D-S (邹冬生), et al. Impacts of rice straw and its biochar product on the amounts of soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen and the mineralization of soil organic nitrogen in subtropical croplands. Research of Agricultural Modernization (农业现代化研究), 2015, 36(2): 303-308 (in Chinese)
[5] Cai X-H (蔡晓红), Yang J-P (杨京平), Ma W-N (马维那), et al. Effects of nitrogen supply levels and water schemes on rice rhizosphere microbial biomass carbon in rice development stage at paddy field. Journal of Zhejiang University (Agricultural and Life Sciences) (浙江大学学报: 农业与生命科学版), 2008, 34(6): 662-668 (in Chinese)
[6] Liu E-K (刘恩科), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), Li X-Y (李秀英), et al. Microbial C and N biomass and soil community analysis using DGGE of 16S rDNA V3 fragment PCR products under different long term fertilization systems. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2007, 27(3): 1079-1085 (in Chinese)
[7] Bai Z (白震), Zhang M (张明), Song D-Y (宋斗妍), et al. Effect of different fertilization on microbial community in an arable mollisol. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2008, 28(7): 3244-3253 (in Chinese)
[8] Zhang Q-C (张奇春), Wang G-H (王光火), Fang B (方斌). Influence of fertilization treatment on nutrients uptake by rice and soil ecological characteristics of soil microorganism in paddy field. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2005, 42(1): 116-121 (in Chinese)
[9] Li W-J (李文军), Peng B-F (彭保发), Yang Q-Y (杨奇勇). Effects of long-term fertilization on organic carbon and nitrogen accumulation and activity in a paddy soil in double cropping rice area in Dongting Lake of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2015, 48(3): 488-500 (in Chinese)
[10] Chen X-F (陈晓芬), Li Z-P (李忠佩), Liu M (刘明), et al. Effects of different fertilizations on organic carbon and nitrogen contents in water-stable aggregates and microbial biomass content in paddy soil of subtropical China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2013, 46(5): 950-960 (in Chinese)
[11] Hao X-H (郝晓晖), Hu R-G (胡荣桂), Wu J-S (吴金水), et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on paddy soils organic nitrogen, microbial biomass, and microbial functional diversity. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2010, 21(6): 1477-1484 (in Chinese)
[12] Bu H-Z (卜洪震), Wang L-H (王丽宏), You J-C (尤金成), et al. Impact of long-term fertilization on the microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial communities in paddy red soil. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2010, 43(16): 3340-3347 (in Chinese)
[13] Zhou W-J (周卫军), Zeng X-B (曾希柏), Zhang Y-Z (张杨珠), et al. Effects of fertilization on microbial biomass C and N in paddy soils derived from different parent materials. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2007, 18(5): 1043-1048 (in Chinese)
[14] Tang H-M (唐海明), Xiao X-P (肖小平), Li W-Y (李微艳), et al. Effects of long-term different fertilization regimes on the rhizospheric microbial community functional diversity in paddy field. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2016, 25(3): 402-408 (in Chinese)
[15] Xu Y-L (徐一兰), Tang H-M (唐海明), Xiao X-P (肖小平), et al. Effects of different long-term fertilization regimes on the soil microbiological properties of a paddy field. Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报), 2016, 36(18): 5847-5855 (in Chinese)
[16] Wu J-S (吴金水), Lin Q-M (林启美), Huang Q-Y (黄巧云), et al. Method and Application of Determination of Soil Microbial Biomass. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 2006: 54-68 (in Chinese)
[17] Liu S-L (刘守龙), Su Y-R (苏以荣), Huang D-Y (黄道友), et al. Response of Cmic-to-Corg to land use and fertilization in subtropical region of China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2006, 39(7): 1411-1418 (in Chinese)
[18] Sun R-L (孙瑞莲), Zhu L-S (朱鲁生), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), et al. Effects of long-term fertilization on soil microorganism and its role in adjusting and controlling soil fertility. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2004, 15(10): 1907-1910 (in Chinese)
[19] Zhu H-P (朱海平), Yao H-Y (姚槐应), Zhang Y-Y (张勇勇), et al. Effect of fertilizer system on soil microbial ecology. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2003, 34(2): 140-142 (in Chinese)
[20] Li J (李娟), Zhao B-Q (赵秉强), Li X-Y (李秀英), et al. Effects of long-term combined application of organic and mineral fertilizers on soil microbiological properties and soil fertility. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2008, 41(1): 144-152 (in Chinese)
[21] Xu Y-C (徐阳春), Shen Q-R (沈其荣), Ran W (冉炜). Effects of zero-tillage and application of manure on soil microbial biomass C, N, and P after sixteen years of cropping. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2002, 39(1): 89-96 (in Chinese)
[22] Spedding TA, Hamel C, Mehuys GR, et al. Soil microbial dynamics in maize-growing soil under different tillage and residue management systems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004, 36: 499-512
[23] Ramirez KS, Craine JM, Fierer N. Consistent effects of nitrogen amendments on soil microbial communities and processes across biomes. Global Change Biology, 2012, 18: 1918-1927
[24] Xu Y-C (徐阳春), Shen Q-R (沈其荣), Lei B-K (雷宝坤), et al. Effect of long-term no-tillage and application of organic manure on some properties of soil fertility in rice/wheat rotation. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2000, 11(4): 549-552 (in Chinese)
[25] Tang HM, Xiao XP, Tang WG, et al. Dynamic change of soil enzyme activities and soil microbe during rice main growth stages in different long-term fertilizer regimes. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 2017, 11: 649-660
[26] Goyal S, Chander K, Mundra MC, et al. Influence of inorganic fertilizers and organic amendments on soil organic matter and soil microbial properties under tropical conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 1999, 29: 196-200
[27] Marschnera P, Kandeler E, Marschner B. Structure and function of the soil microbial community in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2003, 35: 453-461
[28] Ren T-Z (任天志), Grego S. Soil bio-indicators in sustainable agriculture. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2000, 33(1): 68-75 (in Chinese)
[29] Tang HM, Xiao XP, Tang WG, et al. Long-term effects of NPK fertilizers and organic manures on soil organic carbon and carbon management index under a double-cropping rice system in Southern China. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2018, 49: 1976-1989
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