北江清远段地表水及沉积物中酞酸酯的分布特征与风险评估
|
摘要
北江作为清远市居民的主要生活饮用水水源,水体中持久性有机污染物污染问题备受重视,但目前对于北江清远段水体中酞酸酯的研究较少。了解PAEs的分布、来源、健康及生态风险,对于保障北江清远段居民的饮用水安全具有重要意义,可为北江水生态环境保护管理提供参考。于2016年7月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)在北江清远段流域采集地表水和沉积物样品,采用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)法测定了北江清远段水和沉积物中酞酸酯含量,分析其污染水平和分布特征,并开展健康风险和生态风险评估。结果表明,北江清远段地表水中丰水期和枯水期PAEs质量浓度范围分别在nd-7.71μg?L~(-1)和0.55-7.92μg?L~(-1)之间,沉积物PAEs质量分数范围分别在0.346-3.31μg?g~(-1)和0.66-91.35μg?g~(-1)之间,与长江武汉段、第二松花江、珠江、法国塞纳河等国内外河流湖泊相比,北江清远段水中PAEs污染处于中等偏低的污染水平,而沉积物处于中等污染水平。丰水期水中PAEs主要来源于工业生产过程和当地居民生活垃圾,枯水期水中PAEs主要来源于生活垃圾和工业生产垃圾;丰枯两季沉积物中PAEs主要来源家庭塑料垃圾的排放。枯水期邻近坑口咀的采样点(BJ-3)∑PAEs和DEHP存在致癌风险,而其他采样点存在潜在非致癌风险;而沉积物中PAEs对水藻类和鱼类的毒害效应高于甲壳类。
Beijiang is the main source of drinking water for residents in Qingyuan, it has received increasing attention for its persistent organic pollutants(POPs) pollution conditions. Nevertheless, few studies on phthalic acid esters(PAEs) in water of Qingyuan section have been reported. It will be of great significance to understand the distribution, source, and health and ecological risks of PAEs for ensuring the drinking water saftey of residents in Qingyuan section of Beijiang River and providing reference for the protection and management of the ecology and environment of Beijiang River. In this study, surface water and sediment samples were collected in the Qingyuan section of the Beijiang River during the flood season(July) and dry season(December) in 2016. In this study, PAEs in the samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), the pollution level of PAEs in Beijiang River water environment was evaluated, health risk and ecological risk was accessed. The result showed that the mass concentration of PAEs ranged from not detected to 47.71 μg?L~(-1) in flood season and 0.55 to 7.92 μg?L~(-1) in dry season in Qingyuan section of Beijiang River. Compared with the rivers and lakes in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River, the Second Songhua River, the Pearl River and the Seine River in France, the PAEs pollution level in the surface water of the Qingyuan section of Beijiang River was at the moderate and low, whereas the PAEs pollution level in the sediments was moderate, and the mass fraction of PAEs ranged from 0.34 to 63.31 μg?g~(-1) in flood season and 0.66 to 91.35 μg?g~(-1) in dry season, respectively. PAEs in water phase in flood season mainly came from industrial production process and local household garbage, while household garbage in dry season. However, PAEs in sediments mainly came from the discharge of household plastic garbage. PAEs and DEHP at Kengkouju(BJ-3)sampling site in wet season arrived at carcinogenic risk level, while other sampling sites had potential non-carcinogenic risk.The toxic effect of PAEs in sediments on algae and fish was higher than that of crustaceans.
Beijiang is the main source of drinking water for residents in Qingyuan, it has received increasing attention for its persistent organic pollutants(POPs) pollution conditions. Nevertheless, few studies on phthalic acid esters(PAEs) in water of Qingyuan section have been reported. It will be of great significance to understand the distribution, source, and health and ecological risks of PAEs for ensuring the drinking water saftey of residents in Qingyuan section of Beijiang River and providing reference for the protection and management of the ecology and environment of Beijiang River. In this study, surface water and sediment samples were collected in the Qingyuan section of the Beijiang River during the flood season(July) and dry season(December) in 2016. In this study, PAEs in the samples were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), the pollution level of PAEs in Beijiang River water environment was evaluated, health risk and ecological risk was accessed. The result showed that the mass concentration of PAEs ranged from not detected to 47.71 μg?L~(-1) in flood season and 0.55 to 7.92 μg?L~(-1) in dry season in Qingyuan section of Beijiang River. Compared with the rivers and lakes in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River, the Second Songhua River, the Pearl River and the Seine River in France, the PAEs pollution level in the surface water of the Qingyuan section of Beijiang River was at the moderate and low, whereas the PAEs pollution level in the sediments was moderate, and the mass fraction of PAEs ranged from 0.34 to 63.31 μg?g~(-1) in flood season and 0.66 to 91.35 μg?g~(-1) in dry season, respectively. PAEs in water phase in flood season mainly came from industrial production process and local household garbage, while household garbage in dry season. However, PAEs in sediments mainly came from the discharge of household plastic garbage. PAEs and DEHP at Kengkouju(BJ-3)sampling site in wet season arrived at carcinogenic risk level, while other sampling sites had potential non-carcinogenic risk.The toxic effect of PAEs in sediments on algae and fish was higher than that of crustaceans.
引文
DARGNAT C,BLANCHARD M,CHEVREUIL M,et al.,2009.Occurrence of phthalate esters in the Seine River estuary(France)[J].Hydrological Processes,23(8):1192-1201.
DAVIS B J,WEAVER R,GAINES L J,et al.,1994.Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate suppresses estradiol production independent of FSH-cAMPstimulation in rat granulosa cells[J].Toxicology&Applied Pharmacology,128(2):224-228.
DUTY S M,SINGH N P,SILVA M J,et al,2003.The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,111(9):1164-1169.
KIM Y J,KIM E Y,RYU J C,2011.Identification of estrogenic genes responding to phthalate esters treatment in human MCF-7 cells[J].Molecular&Cellular Toxicology,7(2):163-170.
KONIECKI D,WANG R,MOODY R P,et al.,2011.Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products:Concentrations and possible dermal exposure[J].Environmental Research,111(3):329-336.
MATSUMOTO M,HIRATA-KOIZUMI M,EMA M,2008.Potential adverse effects of phthalic acid esters on human health:A review of recent studies on reproduction[J].Regul Toxicol Pharmacol,50(1):37-49.
BILITY M T,JERRY T T,RICHARD H M,et al.,2004.Activation of Mouse and Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors(PPARs)by Phthalate Monoesters[J].Toxicological Sciences,82:170-182.
PARVEEN M,INOUE A,ISE R,et al.,2008.Evaluation of estrogenic activity of phthalate esters by gene expression profiling using a focused microarray(EstrArray)[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,27(6):1416-1425.
PEIJNENBURG W J G M,STRUIJS J,2006.Occurrence of phthalate esters in the environment of the Netherlands[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,63(2):204-215.
STAPLES C A,PETERSON D R,PARKERTON T F,et al.,1997.The environmental fate of phthalate esters:A literature review[J].Chemosphere,35(4):667-749.
TAN G H,1995.Residue levels of phthalate esters in water and sediment samples from the Klang River basin[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,54(2):171-176.
THOMPSON C J,ROSS S M,GAIDO K W,2004.Di(n-butyl)phthalate impairs cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis in the fetal rat testis through a rapid and reversible mechanism[J].Endocrinology,145(3):1227-1237.
U.S.EPA,1992.Guidelines for Exposure Assessment[R].Washington DC:Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,U.S.EPA.186.
U.S.EPA,2010.New Assessments or Under External Peer-Review[EB/OL].[2010-04-07].http://www.Epa.Gov/nvea/iris/index.hrml.
WOLF C,LAMBRIGHT C,MANN P,et al.,1999.Administration of potentially antiandrogenic pesticides(procymidone,linuron,iprodione,chlozolinate,p,p'-DDE,and ketoconazole)and toxic substances(dibutyl-and diethylhexyl phthalate,PCB 169,and ethane dimethane sulphonate)during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformations in the male rat[J].Toxicology&Industrial Health,15(1-2):94-118.
ZHANG L F,DONG L,REN L J,et al.,2012.Concentration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in the surface water of the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,24(2):335-342.
陈雯,罗韬,2015.邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯对离体人成熟精子功能的影响[J].中国细胞生物学学报,37(10):1394-1399.CHEN W,LUO T,2015.Effect of Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate on the Functions of Human Spermatozoa In Vitro[J].Chinese Journal of Cell Biology,37(10):1394-1399.
董继元,王式功,尚可政,2010.黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物健康风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,29(5):963-968.DONG J Y,WANG S G,SHANG K Z,2010.Water environmental health risk assessment of phthalic acid esters in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,29(5):963-968.
耿梦娇,昌盛,刘琰,等,2016.滹沱河冲洪积扇深层孔隙水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的污染水平与饮水健康风险评估[J].中国环境科学,36(12):3824-3830.GENG M J,CHANG S,LIU Y,et al.,2016.Pollution status and health risks of drinking water of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate esters in the deep shallow pore water of Hutuo River Pluvial Fan[J].China Environment Science,36(12):3824-3830.
韩向云,昌盛,付青,等,2018.北江汛期清远段多环芳烃的污染特征与风险评估[J].环境科学研究,31(1):61-69.HAN X Y,CHANG S,FU Q,et al.,2018.Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in qingyuan section of Beijiang River in flood season[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,31(1):61-69.
韩向云,2018.北江清远段典型持久性有机污染物的分布特征与风险评估[D].石家庄:河北师范大学.HAN X Y,2018.Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of typical persistent organic pollutants in the Beijiang River of Qingyuan section[D].Shejiazhuang:He Bei Normal University.
李庆玲,徐晓琴,黎先春,等,2006.加速溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱测定海洋沉积物中的痕量多环芳烃[J].分析测试学报,25(5):33-37.LI Q L,XU X Q,LI X C,et al.,2006.The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments with ASE/GC-MS[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,25(5):33-37.
李婷,2014.珠江河口水体和沉积物中6种邻苯二甲酸酯污染及初步风险评价[D].广州:暨南大学.LI T,2014.Pollution Levels and Risk Assessment of 6 Priority Phthalate Esters in Water and Sediments from Estuaries of the Pearl River Delta[D].Guangzhou:Jinan University.
陆继龙,郝立波,王春珍,等,2007.第二松花江中下游水体邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征[J].环境科学与技术,30(12):35-37.LU J L,HAO L B,WANG C Z,et al.,2007.Distribution Characteristics of Phthalic Acid Esters in Middle and Lower Reaches of No.2 Songhua River[J].Environmental Science&Technology,30(12):35-37.
沙玉娟,夏星辉,肖翔群,2006.黄河中下游水体中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布特征[J].中国环境科学,26(1):120-124.SHA Y J,XIA X H,XIAO X Q,2006.Distribution characters of phthalic acid ester in the waters middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River[J].China Environmental Science,26(1):120-124.
王道玮,赵世民,金伟,等,2013.加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱/质谱法测定沉积物中多氯联苯和多环芳烃[J].分析化学,41(6):861-868.WANG D W,ZHAO S M,JIN W,et al.,2013.Simultaneous Determination of 28 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments Using ASE-SPE-GC-QqQ-MS/MS[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,41(6):861-868.
王凡,沙玉娟,夏星辉,等,2008.长江武汉段水体邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征研究[J].环境科学,29(5):1163-1169.WANG F,SHA Y J,XIA X H,et al.,2008.Distribution Characteristics of Phthalic Acid Esters in the Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River[J].Environmental Science,29(5):1163-1169.王若师,张娴,许秋瑾,等,2012.东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地有机污染物健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,32(11):2874-2883.WANG R S,ZHANG X,XU Q J,et al.,2012.Health risk assessment of organic pollutants in typical township drinking water sources of Dongjiang River Basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,32(11):2874-2883.
王志,李洁,李振国,2009.加速溶剂萃取凝胶色谱净化气相色谱-质谱联用测定土壤中多环芳烃[J].光谱实验室,26(4):831-833.WANG Z,LI J,LI Z G,2009.Determination of Polycycl ic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soilby GC/MS with Accelerated Solvent Extractionand Gel Permeation Chromatographic Cleanup[J].Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory,26(4):831-833.
徐刚,李发生,汪群慧,2006.模拟酸雨对聚氯乙烯农膜中增塑剂析出的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,25(6):1625-1630.LI G,LI F S,WANG Q H,2006.Effect of Simulated Acid Rain on Release of Plasticizer in PVC Film[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,25(6):1625-1630.
徐怀洲,宋宁慧,张圣虎,等,2017.骆马湖邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及健康风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,33(10):928-934.XU H Z,SONG N H,ZHANG S H,et al.,2017.Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in Lake Luoma[J].Journal of Ecology&Rural Environment,33(10):928-934.
郑红燕,饶凯敏,姜英,等,2012.邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基)己酯对MCF-7细胞DNA的氧化损伤[J].癌变?畸变?突变,24(1):25-29.ZHENG H Y,RAO K M,JIANG Y,et al.,2012.Effects of mono-2-ethylexyl phthalate on oxidative DNA damage in MCF-7 cells[J].Carcinogenesis Teratogenesis&Mutagenesis,24(1):25-29.
中华人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,成人卷2013[M].北京:中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of chinese population,adults2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
中华人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,儿童卷0-5岁2013[M].北京:中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population,children 0?5 2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
中华人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,儿童卷6-17岁2013[M].北京:中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population,children 6?17 2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
朱媛媛,田靖,王伟,等,2009.土壤中15种酞酸酯类化合物测定[J].中国环境监测,25(2):79-83.ZHU Y Y,TIAN J,WANG W,et al.,2009.Determination of 15 kinds of phthalate in soil[J].Environment al Monitoring in China,25(2):79-83.
DAVIS B J,WEAVER R,GAINES L J,et al.,1994.Mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate suppresses estradiol production independent of FSH-cAMPstimulation in rat granulosa cells[J].Toxicology&Applied Pharmacology,128(2):224-228.
DUTY S M,SINGH N P,SILVA M J,et al,2003.The relationship between environmental exposures to phthalates and DNA damage in human sperm using the neutral comet assay[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,111(9):1164-1169.
KIM Y J,KIM E Y,RYU J C,2011.Identification of estrogenic genes responding to phthalate esters treatment in human MCF-7 cells[J].Molecular&Cellular Toxicology,7(2):163-170.
KONIECKI D,WANG R,MOODY R P,et al.,2011.Phthalates in cosmetic and personal care products:Concentrations and possible dermal exposure[J].Environmental Research,111(3):329-336.
MATSUMOTO M,HIRATA-KOIZUMI M,EMA M,2008.Potential adverse effects of phthalic acid esters on human health:A review of recent studies on reproduction[J].Regul Toxicol Pharmacol,50(1):37-49.
BILITY M T,JERRY T T,RICHARD H M,et al.,2004.Activation of Mouse and Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors(PPARs)by Phthalate Monoesters[J].Toxicological Sciences,82:170-182.
PARVEEN M,INOUE A,ISE R,et al.,2008.Evaluation of estrogenic activity of phthalate esters by gene expression profiling using a focused microarray(EstrArray)[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,27(6):1416-1425.
PEIJNENBURG W J G M,STRUIJS J,2006.Occurrence of phthalate esters in the environment of the Netherlands[J].Ecotoxicology&Environmental Safety,63(2):204-215.
STAPLES C A,PETERSON D R,PARKERTON T F,et al.,1997.The environmental fate of phthalate esters:A literature review[J].Chemosphere,35(4):667-749.
TAN G H,1995.Residue levels of phthalate esters in water and sediment samples from the Klang River basin[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination&Toxicology,54(2):171-176.
THOMPSON C J,ROSS S M,GAIDO K W,2004.Di(n-butyl)phthalate impairs cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis in the fetal rat testis through a rapid and reversible mechanism[J].Endocrinology,145(3):1227-1237.
U.S.EPA,1992.Guidelines for Exposure Assessment[R].Washington DC:Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,U.S.EPA.186.
U.S.EPA,2010.New Assessments or Under External Peer-Review[EB/OL].[2010-04-07].http://www.Epa.Gov/nvea/iris/index.hrml.
WOLF C,LAMBRIGHT C,MANN P,et al.,1999.Administration of potentially antiandrogenic pesticides(procymidone,linuron,iprodione,chlozolinate,p,p'-DDE,and ketoconazole)and toxic substances(dibutyl-and diethylhexyl phthalate,PCB 169,and ethane dimethane sulphonate)during sexual differentiation produces diverse profiles of reproductive malformations in the male rat[J].Toxicology&Industrial Health,15(1-2):94-118.
ZHANG L F,DONG L,REN L J,et al.,2012.Concentration and source identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalic acid esters in the surface water of the Yangtze River Delta,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,24(2):335-342.
陈雯,罗韬,2015.邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯对离体人成熟精子功能的影响[J].中国细胞生物学学报,37(10):1394-1399.CHEN W,LUO T,2015.Effect of Di(2-Ethylhexyl)Phthalate on the Functions of Human Spermatozoa In Vitro[J].Chinese Journal of Cell Biology,37(10):1394-1399.
董继元,王式功,尚可政,2010.黄河兰州段邻苯二甲酸酯类有机污染物健康风险评价[J].农业环境科学学报,29(5):963-968.DONG J Y,WANG S G,SHANG K Z,2010.Water environmental health risk assessment of phthalic acid esters in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,29(5):963-968.
耿梦娇,昌盛,刘琰,等,2016.滹沱河冲洪积扇深层孔隙水中多环芳烃和酞酸酯的污染水平与饮水健康风险评估[J].中国环境科学,36(12):3824-3830.GENG M J,CHANG S,LIU Y,et al.,2016.Pollution status and health risks of drinking water of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate esters in the deep shallow pore water of Hutuo River Pluvial Fan[J].China Environment Science,36(12):3824-3830.
韩向云,昌盛,付青,等,2018.北江汛期清远段多环芳烃的污染特征与风险评估[J].环境科学研究,31(1):61-69.HAN X Y,CHANG S,FU Q,et al.,2018.Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in qingyuan section of Beijiang River in flood season[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,31(1):61-69.
韩向云,2018.北江清远段典型持久性有机污染物的分布特征与风险评估[D].石家庄:河北师范大学.HAN X Y,2018.Distribution characteristics and risk assessment of typical persistent organic pollutants in the Beijiang River of Qingyuan section[D].Shejiazhuang:He Bei Normal University.
李庆玲,徐晓琴,黎先春,等,2006.加速溶剂萃取/气相色谱-质谱测定海洋沉积物中的痕量多环芳烃[J].分析测试学报,25(5):33-37.LI Q L,XU X Q,LI X C,et al.,2006.The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments with ASE/GC-MS[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,25(5):33-37.
李婷,2014.珠江河口水体和沉积物中6种邻苯二甲酸酯污染及初步风险评价[D].广州:暨南大学.LI T,2014.Pollution Levels and Risk Assessment of 6 Priority Phthalate Esters in Water and Sediments from Estuaries of the Pearl River Delta[D].Guangzhou:Jinan University.
陆继龙,郝立波,王春珍,等,2007.第二松花江中下游水体邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征[J].环境科学与技术,30(12):35-37.LU J L,HAO L B,WANG C Z,et al.,2007.Distribution Characteristics of Phthalic Acid Esters in Middle and Lower Reaches of No.2 Songhua River[J].Environmental Science&Technology,30(12):35-37.
沙玉娟,夏星辉,肖翔群,2006.黄河中下游水体中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布特征[J].中国环境科学,26(1):120-124.SHA Y J,XIA X H,XIAO X Q,2006.Distribution characters of phthalic acid ester in the waters middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River[J].China Environmental Science,26(1):120-124.
王道玮,赵世民,金伟,等,2013.加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取净化-气相色谱/质谱法测定沉积物中多氯联苯和多环芳烃[J].分析化学,41(6):861-868.WANG D W,ZHAO S M,JIN W,et al.,2013.Simultaneous Determination of 28 Polychlorinated Biphenyls and 16 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments Using ASE-SPE-GC-QqQ-MS/MS[J].Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry,41(6):861-868.
王凡,沙玉娟,夏星辉,等,2008.长江武汉段水体邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征研究[J].环境科学,29(5):1163-1169.WANG F,SHA Y J,XIA X H,et al.,2008.Distribution Characteristics of Phthalic Acid Esters in the Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River[J].Environmental Science,29(5):1163-1169.王若师,张娴,许秋瑾,等,2012.东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地有机污染物健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,32(11):2874-2883.WANG R S,ZHANG X,XU Q J,et al.,2012.Health risk assessment of organic pollutants in typical township drinking water sources of Dongjiang River Basin[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,32(11):2874-2883.
王志,李洁,李振国,2009.加速溶剂萃取凝胶色谱净化气相色谱-质谱联用测定土壤中多环芳烃[J].光谱实验室,26(4):831-833.WANG Z,LI J,LI Z G,2009.Determination of Polycycl ic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soilby GC/MS with Accelerated Solvent Extractionand Gel Permeation Chromatographic Cleanup[J].Chinese Journal of Spectroscopy Laboratory,26(4):831-833.
徐刚,李发生,汪群慧,2006.模拟酸雨对聚氯乙烯农膜中增塑剂析出的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,25(6):1625-1630.LI G,LI F S,WANG Q H,2006.Effect of Simulated Acid Rain on Release of Plasticizer in PVC Film[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,25(6):1625-1630.
徐怀洲,宋宁慧,张圣虎,等,2017.骆马湖邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征及健康风险评价[J].生态与农村环境学报,33(10):928-934.XU H Z,SONG N H,ZHANG S H,et al.,2017.Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in Lake Luoma[J].Journal of Ecology&Rural Environment,33(10):928-934.
郑红燕,饶凯敏,姜英,等,2012.邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基)己酯对MCF-7细胞DNA的氧化损伤[J].癌变?畸变?突变,24(1):25-29.ZHENG H Y,RAO K M,JIANG Y,et al.,2012.Effects of mono-2-ethylexyl phthalate on oxidative DNA damage in MCF-7 cells[J].Carcinogenesis Teratogenesis&Mutagenesis,24(1):25-29.
中华人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,成人卷2013[M].北京:中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of chinese population,adults2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
中华人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,儿童卷0-5岁2013[M].北京:中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population,children 0?5 2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
中华人民共和国环境保护部,2013.中国人群暴露参数手册,儿童卷6-17岁2013[M].北京:中国环境出版社.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China,2013.Exposure factors handbook of Chinese population,children 6?17 2013[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
朱媛媛,田靖,王伟,等,2009.土壤中15种酞酸酯类化合物测定[J].中国环境监测,25(2):79-83.ZHU Y Y,TIAN J,WANG W,et al.,2009.Determination of 15 kinds of phthalate in soil[J].Environment al Monitoring in China,25(2):79-83.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |