玉米秸秆生物炭对秸秆腐熟进程、养分含量和CO_2排放量的影响
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摘要
生物炭具有良好的理化特性(富碳、呈碱性、孔隙丰富),能够有效调节其所在系统的理化性质.通过室内培养试验研究了玉米秸秆生物炭对玉米秸秆腐熟进程以及腐熟产物的理化性质、养分含量和CO_2气体排放的影响.试验设置4个处理:对照(CK);生物炭添加量5%(B_1,生物炭干基质量占玉米秸秆腐熟体系的干基质量分数);生物炭添加量10%(B_2);生物炭添加量20%(B_3).结果表明:生物炭能够提高秸秆腐熟体系的升温速率和温度峰值,加快秸秆腐熟进程;生物炭能够提高秸秆腐熟过程中微生物活跃时期的pH值,提高秸秆腐熟体系的电导率(EC),为微生物降解有机物提供更适宜的环境;生物炭能够促进秸秆腐熟体系有机质的降解,增加秸秆腐熟体系的总养分含量,提高秸秆腐熟产物的品质.另外,随着生物炭添加量的提高,氮(N)含量没有显著变化,磷(P_2O_5)含量和钾(K_2O)含量都显著提高.其中,B_3处理的P_2O_5和K_2O含量较CK分别提高了0.2%和0.9%.生物炭添加能够提高秸秆腐熟体系CO_2的排放通量,且CO_2排放通量与温度的变化趋势一致,进一步说明生物炭能够提高微生物降解有机物的强度.
Biochar has unique physicochemical properties of being rich in carbon, being alkaline, and exhibiting a highly porous structure, which can adjust features of different systems. A 90-day microcosm incubation experiment was performed to investigate the effects of corn straw biochar on the process, properties, nutrient contents, and CO_2 emissions during corn straw composting. There were four treatments, including control(CK), 5% biochar addition(B_1, as mass fractions of biochar), 10% biochar addition(B_2), and 20% biochar addition(B_3). The results showed that biochar significantly increased the temperature rise rate and temperature peak of the straw maturation system, and promoted straw decomposition. Biochar increased the pH of the microbial active period, and the electrical conductivity(EC) value of the straw decomposition system, which provided a more suitable environment for microbial degradation of the organics. Further more, biochar decreased the organic matter content, increased the total nutrient content of the straw decomposition system, and improved the quality of the straw decomposition products. In addition, nitrogen(N) content was not changed by increasing amount of biochar; however, both phosphorus(P_2O_5) and potassium(K_2O) content were significantly increased. Compared to control, the content of P_2O_5 and K_2O in B_3 treatment was increased by 0.2% and 0.9%, respectively. Biochar addition could improve CO_2 emission of the straw decomposition system. The CO_2 emission was consistent with the trend of temperature change, which provided solid evidence that biochar improve the degradation of organic matter by microbes in the system.
Biochar has unique physicochemical properties of being rich in carbon, being alkaline, and exhibiting a highly porous structure, which can adjust features of different systems. A 90-day microcosm incubation experiment was performed to investigate the effects of corn straw biochar on the process, properties, nutrient contents, and CO_2 emissions during corn straw composting. There were four treatments, including control(CK), 5% biochar addition(B_1, as mass fractions of biochar), 10% biochar addition(B_2), and 20% biochar addition(B_3). The results showed that biochar significantly increased the temperature rise rate and temperature peak of the straw maturation system, and promoted straw decomposition. Biochar increased the pH of the microbial active period, and the electrical conductivity(EC) value of the straw decomposition system, which provided a more suitable environment for microbial degradation of the organics. Further more, biochar decreased the organic matter content, increased the total nutrient content of the straw decomposition system, and improved the quality of the straw decomposition products. In addition, nitrogen(N) content was not changed by increasing amount of biochar; however, both phosphorus(P_2O_5) and potassium(K_2O) content were significantly increased. Compared to control, the content of P_2O_5 and K_2O in B_3 treatment was increased by 0.2% and 0.9%, respectively. Biochar addition could improve CO_2 emission of the straw decomposition system. The CO_2 emission was consistent with the trend of temperature change, which provided solid evidence that biochar improve the degradation of organic matter by microbes in the system.
引文
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[14] Hu H-W (胡红伟), Li L-M (李吕木), Qian K (钱坤), et al. Effect of doses of fermentation inoculums on physico-chemical properties and related enzymic activities during the composting process. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2013, 32(6): 1261-1270 (in Chinese)
[15] Chen W-F (陈温福), Liu J (刘金), Xu Z-J (徐正进). Manufacture and operation method of simple corncob carbonization furnace. China, 2007100865054. 2007 (in Chinese)
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[20] He H-X (何惠霞), Xu F-H (徐凤花), Zhao X-F (赵晓锋), et al. Effects of inoculating fermentation agent on cow dung compost temperature and microorganism at low temperature. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (东北农业大学学报), 2007, 38(1): 54-58 (in Chinese)
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[22] Su Y-N (栗亚宁). Study on Flower Culture Substratum in the Production of Organic Waste in Agriculture and Forestry. Master Thesis. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2011 (in Chinese)
[23] Liu Z, He T, Lan Y, et al. Maize stover biochar acce-lerated urea hydrolysis and short-term nitrogen turnover in soil. BioResources, 2017, 12: 6024-6039
[24] Qin L (秦莉), Li Y-C (李玉春), Li G-X (李国学), et al. Maturity indexes and operational parameters during composting municipal solid waste. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2006, 22(12): 189-194 (in Chinese)
[25] Chen G-Y (陈广银), Wang D-H (王德汉), Wu Y (吴艳), et al. Effects of mushroom residue on nutrient change of compost of deciduous cp-s316. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2007, 26(2): 764-769 (in Chinese)
[26] Shi C (施宠), Zhang X-E (张小娥), Shaypga M (沙依甫加玛丽), et al. Dynamic changes of total N, P, K and organic matter content of cow manure compost in different treatments. China Cattle Science (中国牛业科学), 2010, 36(4): 26-29 (in Chinese)
[27] E Y, Meng J, Hu H, et al. Chemical composition and potential bioactivity of volatile from fast pyrolysis of rice husk. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2015, 112: 394-400
[28] Hu H, Wu Y, E Y. Mechanism research on Beta-d-glucoside pyrolysis by Py-GC/MS. National Academy Science Letters, 2016, 39: 71-75
[29] Liu W (刘微), Zhang J (张津), Li B-W (李博文), et al. Effect of microorganism agents on tomato straw compost and changes of the NPK element forms. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China (中国土壤与肥料), 2014(3): 88-92 (in Chinese)
[30] Yan A-B (闫爱博), Li S-Q (李淑芹), Zhong Z-N (钟子楠), et al. Effects of temperature and adjuvant on CO2 release in pig manure composting. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (东北农业大学学报), 2009, 40(4): 45-47 (in Chinese)
[2] Yin H, Zhao W, Li T, et al. Balancing straw returning and chemical fertilizers in China: Role of straw nutrient resources. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018, 81: 2695-2702
[3] Wang B, Shen X, Chen S, et al. Distribution characte-ristics, resource utilization and popularizing demonstration of crop straw in southwest China: A comprehensive evaluation. Ecological Indicators, 2018, 93: 998-1004
[4] Bao J-C (包建财), Yu J-H (郁继华), Feng Z (冯致), et al. Situation of distribution and utilization of crop straw resources in seven western provinces, China. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(1): 181-187 (in Chinese)
[5] Yan M, Cheng K, Luo T, et al. Carbon footprint of grain crop production in China: Based on farm survey data. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015, 104: 130-138
[6] Sun J, Peng H, Chen J, et al. An estimation of CO2 emission via agricultural crop residue open field burning in China from 1996 to 2013. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2016, 112: 2625-2631
[7] Chen J, Li C, Ristovski Z, et al. A review of biomass burning: Emissions and impacts on air quality, health and climate in China. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 579: 1000-1034
[8] Chen X, Xu Y, Gao HJ, et al. Biochemical stabilization of soil organic matter in straw-amended, anaerobic and aerobic soils. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 625: 1065-1073
[9] Cui Y, Meng J, Wang Q, et al. Effects of straw and biochar addition on soil nitrogen, carbon, and super rice yield in cold waterlogged paddy soils of North China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 2017, 16: 1064-1074
[10] Chen Y-N (陈亚楠), Zhang C-H (张长华), Liang Y-J (梁永江), et al. Corn straw composting in the field and in situ fertilizer effect. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2014, 25(12): 3507-3513 (in Chinese)
[11] Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, et al. Biochar effects on soil biota: A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011, 43: 1812-1836
[12] Yuan J, Meng J, Liang X, et al. Organic molecules from biochar leacheates have a positive effect on rice seedling cold tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017, 8: 16-24
[13] Zhang X (张旭), Xi B-D (席北斗), Zhao Y (赵越), et al. Characteristics of organic nitrogen mineralization in organic waste compost-amended soil. Environmental Science (环境科学), 2013, 34(6): 2448-2455 (in Chinese)
[14] Hu H-W (胡红伟), Li L-M (李吕木), Qian K (钱坤), et al. Effect of doses of fermentation inoculums on physico-chemical properties and related enzymic activities during the composting process. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2013, 32(6): 1261-1270 (in Chinese)
[15] Chen W-F (陈温福), Liu J (刘金), Xu Z-J (徐正进). Manufacture and operation method of simple corncob carbonization furnace. China, 2007100865054. 2007 (in Chinese)
[16] Adediran JA, Mnkeni PNS, Mafu NC, et al. Changes in chemical properties and temperature during the composting of tobacco waste with other organic materials, and effects of resulting composts. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture, 2004, 22: 101-119
[17] Nanjing Agricultural College (南京农学院). Soil Agrochemical Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1990 (in Chinese)
[18] Yao Q-J (姚庆军), Zhan F (张范). Determination of Organic Matter in Municipal Solid Waste by Burning Method (CJ/T 96-1999). Beijing: China Standards Press, 1999 (in Chinese)
[19] Cui Y (崔勇), Yang F (杨帆), Li R (李荣), et al. Organic Fertilizer (NY 525-2012). Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2012 (in Chinese)
[20] He H-X (何惠霞), Xu F-H (徐凤花), Zhao X-F (赵晓锋), et al. Effects of inoculating fermentation agent on cow dung compost temperature and microorganism at low temperature. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (东北农业大学学报), 2007, 38(1): 54-58 (in Chinese)
[21] Liu S, Meng J, Jiang L, et al. Rice husk biochar impacts soil phosphorous availability, phosphatase activities and bacterial community characteristics in three different soil types. Applied Soil Ecology, 2017, 116: 12-22
[22] Su Y-N (栗亚宁). Study on Flower Culture Substratum in the Production of Organic Waste in Agriculture and Forestry. Master Thesis. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2011 (in Chinese)
[23] Liu Z, He T, Lan Y, et al. Maize stover biochar acce-lerated urea hydrolysis and short-term nitrogen turnover in soil. BioResources, 2017, 12: 6024-6039
[24] Qin L (秦莉), Li Y-C (李玉春), Li G-X (李国学), et al. Maturity indexes and operational parameters during composting municipal solid waste. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (农业工程学报), 2006, 22(12): 189-194 (in Chinese)
[25] Chen G-Y (陈广银), Wang D-H (王德汉), Wu Y (吴艳), et al. Effects of mushroom residue on nutrient change of compost of deciduous cp-s316. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2007, 26(2): 764-769 (in Chinese)
[26] Shi C (施宠), Zhang X-E (张小娥), Shaypga M (沙依甫加玛丽), et al. Dynamic changes of total N, P, K and organic matter content of cow manure compost in different treatments. China Cattle Science (中国牛业科学), 2010, 36(4): 26-29 (in Chinese)
[27] E Y, Meng J, Hu H, et al. Chemical composition and potential bioactivity of volatile from fast pyrolysis of rice husk. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2015, 112: 394-400
[28] Hu H, Wu Y, E Y. Mechanism research on Beta-d-glucoside pyrolysis by Py-GC/MS. National Academy Science Letters, 2016, 39: 71-75
[29] Liu W (刘微), Zhang J (张津), Li B-W (李博文), et al. Effect of microorganism agents on tomato straw compost and changes of the NPK element forms. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China (中国土壤与肥料), 2014(3): 88-92 (in Chinese)
[30] Yan A-B (闫爱博), Li S-Q (李淑芹), Zhong Z-N (钟子楠), et al. Effects of temperature and adjuvant on CO2 release in pig manure composting. Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (东北农业大学学报), 2009, 40(4): 45-47 (in Chinese)
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