洱海流域不同轮作与施肥方式对农田氮磷径流损失的影响
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摘要
为了探讨洱海流域不同轮作与施肥方式对农田土壤径流氮磷损失的影响,在洱海地区利用田间小区试验,研究了7种轮作模式(大蒜-玉米、大麦-水稻、油菜-水稻、蚕豆-烤烟、大蒜-烤烟、蚕豆-水稻、大蒜-水稻)和3种施肥方式(速效肥、缓释掺混肥、不施肥)下的作物产量以及地表径流氮磷损失特征。与习惯施肥处理(CF)相比,施用缓释掺混肥(BB)能够减少肥料使用量,氮、磷肥减少量分别为9.85%～47.49%和10.81%～63.33%;同时部分作物产量有明显提高,大麦-水稻轮作下水稻产量提高19.69%,蚕豆-水稻轮作下蚕豆产量提高16.99%,大蒜-水稻轮作下大蒜产量提高24.32%,油菜-水稻轮作下油菜产量提高35.79%。7种轮作模式下施用BB肥均能降低土壤径流中氮磷损失,BB处理较CF处理土壤径流总氮和总磷流失量分别降低10.72%～28.80%和17.13%～47.87%。种植烤烟施肥量偏高,易造成土壤径流氮磷流失,总氮和总磷流失量分别达到5 907.00g·hm-2和821.25 g·hm-2;油菜-水稻轮作易造成土壤径流磷损失,总磷损失量达到1 045.77 g·hm-2。研究表明,在洱海地区,施用相应作物专用BB肥能够有效降低土壤径流氮磷损失,蚕豆-水稻轮作是一种较好的减少氮磷面源污染的种植模式。
This study explored the influence of different crop rotations and fertilization methods on the nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses in Erhai Lake basin. Field plot experiments were conducted to investigate the crop yields and characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses under seven different rotation systems: Garlic-corn, barley-rice, oilseed rape-rice, broad bean-tobacco, garlic-tobacco, broad bean-rice, and garlic-rice, combined with three fertilization methods: Fast-release fertilizer(CF), slow-release bulk blending fertilizer(BB), and no fertilizer(CK). Compared with CF, application of BB reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer by 9.85%～47.49% and 10.81%～63.33%, respectively, and there were obvious yield increases: 19.69% for rice in the barley-rice rotation, 16.99% for broad beans in the broad bean-rice rotation, 24.32% for garlic in the garlic-rice rotation, and 35.79% for oilseed rape in the oilseed raperice rotation. Under the seven rotation systems, the total amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses in BB treatments were lower by10.72%～28.80% and 17.13%～47.87%, respectively, than those in the CF treatments. Higher amounts of fertilizer applied to flue-cured tobacco resulted in increased runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus of 5 907.00 g·hm-2 and 821.25 g·hm-2, respectively. The oilseed raperice rotation resulted in high runoff loss of phosphorus(1 045.77 g·hm-2). Our results indicated that BB fertilizers specifically tailored for targeted crops and soils could effectively reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses. Broad bean-rice is a good rotation system for decreasing non-point pollution from nitrogen and phosphorus in Erhai Lake basin.
This study explored the influence of different crop rotations and fertilization methods on the nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses in Erhai Lake basin. Field plot experiments were conducted to investigate the crop yields and characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses under seven different rotation systems: Garlic-corn, barley-rice, oilseed rape-rice, broad bean-tobacco, garlic-tobacco, broad bean-rice, and garlic-rice, combined with three fertilization methods: Fast-release fertilizer(CF), slow-release bulk blending fertilizer(BB), and no fertilizer(CK). Compared with CF, application of BB reduced the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer by 9.85%～47.49% and 10.81%～63.33%, respectively, and there were obvious yield increases: 19.69% for rice in the barley-rice rotation, 16.99% for broad beans in the broad bean-rice rotation, 24.32% for garlic in the garlic-rice rotation, and 35.79% for oilseed rape in the oilseed raperice rotation. Under the seven rotation systems, the total amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses in BB treatments were lower by10.72%～28.80% and 17.13%～47.87%, respectively, than those in the CF treatments. Higher amounts of fertilizer applied to flue-cured tobacco resulted in increased runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus of 5 907.00 g·hm-2 and 821.25 g·hm-2, respectively. The oilseed raperice rotation resulted in high runoff loss of phosphorus(1 045.77 g·hm-2). Our results indicated that BB fertilizers specifically tailored for targeted crops and soils could effectively reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses. Broad bean-rice is a good rotation system for decreasing non-point pollution from nitrogen and phosphorus in Erhai Lake basin.
引文
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[2]汤秋香,刘宏斌,雷宝坤,等.洱海北部地区环境友好型种植模式筛选[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(12):2375-2383.TANG Qiu-xiang,LIU Hong-bin,LEI Bao-kun,et al.Screening of environment-friendly cropping mode in the northern region of Erhai Lake[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(12):2375-2383.
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[4]王晓玲,李建生,李松敏,等.生态塘对稻田降雨径流中氮磷的拦截效应研究[J].水利学报,2017,48(3):291-298.WANG Xiao-ling,LI Jian-sheng,LI Song-min,et al.Study on the interception effects of ecological pond on nitrogen and phosphorus in the rainfall runoff of rice field[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2017,48(3):291-298.
[5]张闻涛.洱海缓冲带对农业径流中氮磷的去除效果及机理分析[D].北京：北京科技大学,2015.ZHANG Wen-tao.Effect and mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from agricultural runoff by the buffer zone of Erhai Lake[D].Beijing:University of Science and Technology Beijing,2015.
[6]佘冬立,阿力木·阿布来提,韩笑,等.不同入流条件下植被过滤带对坡面径流氮、磷的拦截效果[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(10):3425-3432.SHE Dong-li,ALIMU A Bulaiti,HAN Xiao,et al.Effects of vegetative filter strip on overland flow nitrogen and phosphorus intercepting under different inflow conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(10):3425-3432.
[7]王睿,刘汝亮,赵天成,等.缓-控释肥侧条施用对水稻产量与农学性状的影响[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(6):1-5.WANG Rui,LIU Ru-liang,ZHAO Tian-cheng,et al.Effect of side bar application of slow-controlled release fertilizers on rice yield and agronomic characters[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2017,33(6):1-5.
[8]斯圆丽,朱少威,王季丰,等.施用包膜尿素对水稻生长和氮磷流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018(3):48-53.SI Yuan-li,ZHU Shao-wei,WANG Ji-feng,et al.Effects of coated urea application on rice growth and runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus from paddy field[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018(3):48-53.
[9]陈安强,雷宝坤,刘宏斌,等.洱海近岸不同种植类型农田沟渠径流氮磷流失特征[J].生态与农村环境学报,2017,33(8):697-705.CHEN An-qiang,LEI Bao-kun,LIU Hong-bin,et al.Characteristics of N and P losses from ditch runoff in farmlands different in planting patterns offshore of Lake Erhai[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2017,33(8):697-705.
[10]黄慧君,王永平,李庆红.洱海流域近50年气候变化特征及其对洱海水资源的影响[J].气象,2013,39(4):436-442.HUANG Hui-jun,WANG Yong-ping,LI Qing-hong.Climatic characteristics over Erhai Lake basin in the late 50 years and the impacts on water resources of Erhai Lake[J].Meteorological Monthly,2013,39(4):436-442.
[11]郭海刚.华北地区冬小麦牛场废水灌溉模式研究[D].北京：中国农业科学院,2012.GUO Hai-gang.Dairy wastewater irrigation pattern of winter wheat in north China[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2012.
[12]刘书起,甄英肖,董建普.无机包膜肥料的制备及电导法对其养分释放率的测定[J].现代农业科技,2010(19):241-242.LIU Shu-qi,ZHEN Ying-xiao,DONG Jian-pu.The preparation of inorganic coated fertilizer and determination of nutrient releasing rate by electric conductivity[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2010(19):241-242.
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