鄱阳湖五河流域入湖口沉积物中微塑料的赋存特征
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摘要
微塑料是指直径小于5 mm的塑料颗粒,因其性质稳定,在环境中易大量积累,已成为新型环境污染物.本研究在鄱阳湖流域重点区域设置6个样点,于3月、7月、12月等3个不同水期采集底泥沉积物样品,利用连续流动分离浮选装置分离得到微塑料,借助金相显微镜进行鉴定,按照形态特征划分微塑料类型,分析微塑料的赋存特征.结果表明,依据不同样点微塑料的形态特征可将鄱阳湖流域的微塑料主要类型划分为碎片、薄膜、纤维和发泡类等4种类型,且4种不同类型的微塑料在各样点中均有分布,但不同类型微塑料的丰度存在差异,以碎片类微塑料占主体.鄱阳湖流域的微塑料丰度值在不同时段存在显著差异,枯水期微塑料的平均丰度值最高,达1105.0 ng·kg~(-1);平水期的平均丰度值为729.5 ng·kg~(-1);而丰水期的平均丰度值为599.0 ng·kg~(-1).鄱阳湖流域不同区域微塑料的丰度值也存在显著差异,以赣江中支微塑料的平均丰度值最高,达到1455 ng·kg~(-1);以南矶山自然保护区内的微塑料丰度最低,仅54.6 ng·kg~(-1).
Microplastics refer to plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They are stable and can accumulate into large amount in the environment, and thus have become a new class of environmental pollutants. In this study, six sampling sites were set up in the key areas of Poyang Lake Basin, and sediment samples were taken in March, July, and December of the same year. The microplastics were separated from the samples by a continuous flow separation flotation device, and then examined with a metallographic microscope. The microplastics in the basin of Poyang Lake were classified according to their morphological characteristics, and the occurrence characteristics of microplastics were analyzed. The results showed that all the microplastics in the basin of Poyang Lake could be divided into four different types according to the morphological classification, including fragments, films, fibers, and foams. The above four different microplastics were found in all the sampling sites, but the amounts of different microplastics in different sampling sites were different, and fragments were the most abundant microplastics. The distribution characteristic of different microplastics in the sediments of Poyang Lake Basin were different significantly. The abundance of microplastics was the highest in the dry season, the average abundance value was 1105.0 ng·kg~(-1), the abundance of microplastics was 729.5 ng·kg~(-1) in the normal season, and the abundance of microplastics was the least in the wet season, the average abundance value was 599.0 ng·kg~(-1). The abundances of microplastics in different regions of the Poyang Lake Basin were also significantly different. The abundance of microplastics was the highest in the sampling sites at the middle branch of Ganjiang River, where the average abundance value was 1455 ng·kg~(-1). The abundance of microplastics was the lowest in the sampling sites at Nanjishan Nature Reserve, where the average abundance value was 54.6 ng·kg~(-1).
Microplastics refer to plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They are stable and can accumulate into large amount in the environment, and thus have become a new class of environmental pollutants. In this study, six sampling sites were set up in the key areas of Poyang Lake Basin, and sediment samples were taken in March, July, and December of the same year. The microplastics were separated from the samples by a continuous flow separation flotation device, and then examined with a metallographic microscope. The microplastics in the basin of Poyang Lake were classified according to their morphological characteristics, and the occurrence characteristics of microplastics were analyzed. The results showed that all the microplastics in the basin of Poyang Lake could be divided into four different types according to the morphological classification, including fragments, films, fibers, and foams. The above four different microplastics were found in all the sampling sites, but the amounts of different microplastics in different sampling sites were different, and fragments were the most abundant microplastics. The distribution characteristic of different microplastics in the sediments of Poyang Lake Basin were different significantly. The abundance of microplastics was the highest in the dry season, the average abundance value was 1105.0 ng·kg~(-1), the abundance of microplastics was 729.5 ng·kg~(-1) in the normal season, and the abundance of microplastics was the least in the wet season, the average abundance value was 599.0 ng·kg~(-1). The abundances of microplastics in different regions of the Poyang Lake Basin were also significantly different. The abundance of microplastics was the highest in the sampling sites at the middle branch of Ganjiang River, where the average abundance value was 1455 ng·kg~(-1). The abundance of microplastics was the lowest in the sampling sites at Nanjishan Nature Reserve, where the average abundance value was 54.6 ng·kg~(-1).
引文
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[10] 周雪玲,熊建秋,简敏菲,等.乐安河-鄱阳湖湿地优势水生植物对重金属污染物的富集作用[J].江西师范大学学报(自然版),2013,37(2):210-215.ZHOU X L,XIONG J Q,JIAN M F,et al.Heavy metals accumulation of dominant aquatic plants in the wetland of Lean River and Poyang Lake [J].Journal of Jiangxi Normal University (Natural Science),2013,37(2):210-215(in Chinese).
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[14] 周倩.典型滨海潮滩及近海环境中微塑料污染特征与生态风险[D].烟台:中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,2016.ZHOU Q.Occurrences and ecological risks of microplastics in the typical coastal beaches and seas[D].Yantai:Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research,2016(in Chinese).
[15] COLLARD F,GILBERT B,EPPE G,et al.Detection of anthropogenic particles in fish stomachs:An isolation method adapted to identification by Raman spectroscopy[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,69(3):331-339.
[16] ANDRADY A L.Microplastics in the marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(8):1596-1605.
[17] 周隆胤,简敏菲,余厚平,等.乐安河-鄱阳湖段底泥微塑料的分布特征及其来源[J].土壤学报,2018,55(5):1222-1232.ZHOU L Y,JIAN M F,YU H P,et al.Distribution of Microplastics and its Source in the Sediments of the Le′an River in Poyang Lake.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(5):1222-1232(in Chinese).
[18] CORCORAN P L,BIESINGER M C,GRIFI M.Plastics and beaches:A degrading relationship[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(1):80.
[19] 王丽斯,吴应林,刘文华,等.榕江入海口自然沙滩微型塑料污染调查研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(2):582-589.WANG L S,WU Y L,LI W H,et al.Micro-plastic pollution of unspoiled beaches around Rongjiang River estuary [J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(2):582-589(in Chinese).
[20] ZHOU Q,ZHANG H,FU C,et al.The distribution and morphology of microplastics in coastal soils adjacent to the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea[J].Geoderma,2018,322(7):201-208.
[21] 吕剑,骆永明,章海波.中国海岸带污染问题与防治措施[J].中国科学院院刊,2016,31(10):1175-1181.LV J,LUO Y M,ZHANG H B.Coastal zone pollution and its prevention and treatment measures in China[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016,31(10):1175-1181(in Chinese).
[22] MATHALON A,HILL P.Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor,Nova Scotia[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2014,81:69-79.
[2] 王昆,林坤德,袁东星.环境样品中微塑料的分析方法研究进展[J].环境化学,2017,36(1):27-36.WANG K,LIN K D,YUAN D X.Research progress on the analysis of microplastics in the environment [J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(1):27-36(in Chinese).
[3] 周倩,章海波,周阳,等.滨海潮滩土壤中微塑料的分离及其表面微观特征[J].科学通报,2016,61(14):1604-1611.ZHOU Q,ZHANG H B,ZHOU Y,et al.Separation of microplastics from a coastal soil and their surface microscopic features [J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2016,61(14):1604-1611(in Chinese).
[4] SONG Y K,HONG S H,JANG M,et al.Large accumulation of micro-sized synthetic polymer particles in the sea surface microlayer.[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2014,48(16):9014-9021.
[5] ZHAO S,ZHU L,LI D.Microplastic in three urban estuaries,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2015,206:597-604.
[6] 汤桂兰,胡彪,康在龙,等.废旧塑料回收利用现状及问题[J].再生资源与循环经济,2013,6(1):31-35.TANG G L,HU B,KANG Z L,et al.Current status and problems on waste plastic recycling[J].Renewable Resources and Circular Economy,2013,6(1):31-35(in Chinese).
[7] 廖琴,曲建升,王金平,等.世界海洋环境中的塑料污染现状分析及治理建议[J].世界科技研究与发展,2015,37(2):206-211.LIAO Q,QU J S WANG J P,et al.Pollution analysis of plastic and improving proposal in marine environment[J].World Sci-Tech R & D,2015,37(2):206-211(in Chinese).
[8] 方春明,曹文洪,毛继新,等.鄱阳湖与长江关系及三峡蓄水的影响[J].水利学报,2012,43(2):175-181.FANG C M,CAO W H,MAO J X,et al.Relationship between Poyang Lake and Yangtze River and influence of Three Georges Reservoir [J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(2):175-181(in Chinese).
[9] 胡振鹏,葛刚,刘成林.越冬候鸟对鄱阳湖水文过程的响应[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(10):1770-1779.HU Z P,GE G,LIU C L.Response of wintering migratory birds to hydrological processes in Poyang Lake[J].Journal of Natural Resouces,2014,29(10):1770-1779(in Chinese).
[10] 周雪玲,熊建秋,简敏菲,等.乐安河-鄱阳湖湿地优势水生植物对重金属污染物的富集作用[J].江西师范大学学报(自然版),2013,37(2):210-215.ZHOU X L,XIONG J Q,JIAN M F,et al.Heavy metals accumulation of dominant aquatic plants in the wetland of Lean River and Poyang Lake [J].Journal of Jiangxi Normal University (Natural Science),2013,37(2):210-215(in Chinese).
[11] 王圣瑞,舒俭民,倪兆奎,等.鄱阳湖水污染现状调查及防治对策[J].环境工程技术学报,2013,3(4):342-349.WANG S L,SHU J M,NI Z K,et al.Investigation on pollution situation and countermeasures in Poyang Lake[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology,2013,3(4):342-349(in Chinese).
[12] CLAESSENS M,DE MEESTER S,VAN LANDUYT L,et al.Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgiancoast[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62:2199-2204.
[13] DESFORGES J P,GALBRAITH M,DANGERFIELD N,et al.Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,79(1-2):94-99.
[14] 周倩.典型滨海潮滩及近海环境中微塑料污染特征与生态风险[D].烟台:中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,2016.ZHOU Q.Occurrences and ecological risks of microplastics in the typical coastal beaches and seas[D].Yantai:Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research,2016(in Chinese).
[15] COLLARD F,GILBERT B,EPPE G,et al.Detection of anthropogenic particles in fish stomachs:An isolation method adapted to identification by Raman spectroscopy[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,69(3):331-339.
[16] ANDRADY A L.Microplastics in the marine environment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(8):1596-1605.
[17] 周隆胤,简敏菲,余厚平,等.乐安河-鄱阳湖段底泥微塑料的分布特征及其来源[J].土壤学报,2018,55(5):1222-1232.ZHOU L Y,JIAN M F,YU H P,et al.Distribution of Microplastics and its Source in the Sediments of the Le′an River in Poyang Lake.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(5):1222-1232(in Chinese).
[18] CORCORAN P L,BIESINGER M C,GRIFI M.Plastics and beaches:A degrading relationship[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2009,58(1):80.
[19] 王丽斯,吴应林,刘文华,等.榕江入海口自然沙滩微型塑料污染调查研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(2):582-589.WANG L S,WU Y L,LI W H,et al.Micro-plastic pollution of unspoiled beaches around Rongjiang River estuary [J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(2):582-589(in Chinese).
[20] ZHOU Q,ZHANG H,FU C,et al.The distribution and morphology of microplastics in coastal soils adjacent to the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea[J].Geoderma,2018,322(7):201-208.
[21] 吕剑,骆永明,章海波.中国海岸带污染问题与防治措施[J].中国科学院院刊,2016,31(10):1175-1181.LV J,LUO Y M,ZHANG H B.Coastal zone pollution and its prevention and treatment measures in China[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2016,31(10):1175-1181(in Chinese).
[22] MATHALON A,HILL P.Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor,Nova Scotia[J].Mar Pollut Bull,2014,81:69-79.
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