稻田不同种植模式对土壤养分表观平衡和氮素生产效率的影响
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摘要
通过在湖南长沙双季稻田开展的冬闲-双季稻(CK)、黑麦草-双季稻(Ry-R-R)、紫云英-双季稻(Mv-R-R)和油菜-双季稻(Ra-R-R)4个种植模式的长期定位试验,分析不同种植模式对土壤养分含量、水稻产量、氮素生产效率和土壤养分表观平衡的影响.结果表明:Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R和Ra-R-R的土壤全氮和碱解氮含量显著高于CK,而土壤速效钾含量显著低于CK.与CK相比,Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R和Ra-R-R的晚稻氮肥偏生产力显著提升.Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R和Ra-R-R晚稻穗部的氮积累量显著高于CK;Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R和Ra-R-R茎叶的氮积累量均高于CK.Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R的水稻产量显著高于CK;水稻产量与土壤氮含量呈显著正相关.Ry-R-R、Mv-R-R的氮、磷盈余量显著高于CK;Ry-R-R、Ra-R-R的钾素盈余量显著高于CK.冬作物-双季稻模式提高了土壤养分含量和氮素生产效率,改善了土壤缺钾的状况,有利于维持稻田养分平衡,但土壤氮素盈余较多,还需减少氮肥的过量施用.
To investigate the effects of different planting patterns on soil nutrient contents, rice yield, nitrogen production efficiency, and apparent nutrient balance, a long-term field experiment was conducted in Changsha, Hunan, China. Four planting patterns were examined, including winter fallow-double cropping rice(CK), ryegrass-double cropping rice(Ry-R-R), Chinese milk vetch-double cropping rice(Mv-R-R), rape-double cropping rice(Ra-R-R). Compared with CK, soil total nitrogen(N) and available N were significantly higher under Ry-R-R, Mv-R-R and Ra-R-R. However, soil available potassium(K) content in CK was significantly higher than that in the other treatments. In addition, the N partial factor productivity in the late rice cropping was significantly higher under Ry-R-R, Mv-R-R and Ra-R-R. The N accumulation in panicles, stems and leaves of late rice under Ry-R-R, Mv-R-R and Ra-R-R were significantly higher than that in CK. Furthermore, the rice yield in Ry-R-R and Mv-R-R were significantly higher in comparison to CK. A significant positive correlation between grain yield and soil N content was observed. Compared with CK, Ry-R-R and Mv-R-R significantly increased the surplus of soil N and phosphorus content, but Ry-R-R and Ra-R-R increased the surplus of K content. Overall, winter crop-double rice cropping system could improve soil nutrient contents and N production efficiency, alleviate K deficiency, which would be beneficial to soil nutrient balance of paddy soils. Given the high surplus of N in paddy soils, N fertilizers should be reduced.
To investigate the effects of different planting patterns on soil nutrient contents, rice yield, nitrogen production efficiency, and apparent nutrient balance, a long-term field experiment was conducted in Changsha, Hunan, China. Four planting patterns were examined, including winter fallow-double cropping rice(CK), ryegrass-double cropping rice(Ry-R-R), Chinese milk vetch-double cropping rice(Mv-R-R), rape-double cropping rice(Ra-R-R). Compared with CK, soil total nitrogen(N) and available N were significantly higher under Ry-R-R, Mv-R-R and Ra-R-R. However, soil available potassium(K) content in CK was significantly higher than that in the other treatments. In addition, the N partial factor productivity in the late rice cropping was significantly higher under Ry-R-R, Mv-R-R and Ra-R-R. The N accumulation in panicles, stems and leaves of late rice under Ry-R-R, Mv-R-R and Ra-R-R were significantly higher than that in CK. Furthermore, the rice yield in Ry-R-R and Mv-R-R were significantly higher in comparison to CK. A significant positive correlation between grain yield and soil N content was observed. Compared with CK, Ry-R-R and Mv-R-R significantly increased the surplus of soil N and phosphorus content, but Ry-R-R and Ra-R-R increased the surplus of K content. Overall, winter crop-double rice cropping system could improve soil nutrient contents and N production efficiency, alleviate K deficiency, which would be beneficial to soil nutrient balance of paddy soils. Given the high surplus of N in paddy soils, N fertilizers should be reduced.
引文
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[10] Gao J-S (高菊生), Xu M-G (徐明岗), Dong C-H (董春华), et al. Effects of long-term rice-rice-green manure cropping rotation on rice yield and soil fertility. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2013, 39(2): 343-349 (in Chinese)
[11] Pramanik P, Haque MM, Kim SY, et al. C and N accumulations in soil aggregates determine nitrous oxide emissions from cover crop treated rice paddy soils during fallow season. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 490: 622-628
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[13] Zhang S (张姗), Shi Z-L (石祖梁), Yang S-J (杨四军), et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates and straw returning on nutrient balance and grain yield of late sowing wheat in rice-wheat rotation. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(9): 2714-2720 (in Chinese)
[14] Tang H-M (唐海明), Xiao X-P (肖小平), Tang W-G (汤文光), et al. Effects of covering paddy field by crop straw in winter on nutrition accumulation and translocation of rice plant. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (中国农业科技导报), 2018, 20(8): 63-73 (in Chinese)
[15] Gao H-J (高洪军), Zhu P (朱平), Peng C (彭畅), et al. Effects of partially replacement of inorganic N with organic materials on nitrogen efficiency of spring maize and soil inorganic nitrogen content under same N input. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(2): 318-325 (in Chinese)
[16] Hoorens B, Aerts R, Stroetenga M. Litter quality and interactive effects in litter mixtures: More negative interactions under elevated CO2? Journal of Ecology, 2002, 90: 1009-1016
[17] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2003 (in Chinese)
[18] Gao J-S (高菊生), Huang J (黄晶), Dong C-H (董春华). Effects of long-term combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil available nutrients. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2014, 51(2): 314-324 (in Chinese)
[19] Yang Z-P (杨曾平), Xu M-G (徐明岗), Nie J (聂军), et al. Effect of long-term winter planting-green manure on reddish paddy soil quality and its comprehensive evaluation under double-rice cropping system. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2011, 25(3): 92-97, 102 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhang J-T (张珺穜), Cao W-D (曹卫东), Xu C-X (徐昌旭), et al. Effects of incorporation of milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus) on microbial populations and enzyme activities of paddy soil in Jiangxi. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China (中国土壤与肥料), 2012(1): 19-25 (in Chinese)
[21] Wang S-L (王淑兰), Wang H (王浩), Li J (李娟), et al. Effects of long-term straw mulching on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and moisture and spring maize yield on rain-fed croplands under different patterns of soil tillage practice. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(5): 1530-1540 (in Chinese)
[22] Thomsen IK, Christensen BT. Yields of wheat and soil carbon and nitrogen contents following long-term incorporation of barley straw and ryegrass catch crops. Soil Use and Management, 2004, 20: 432-438
[23] Zhao X-J (赵小军), Li Z-H (李志洪), Liu L (刘龙), et al. Effects of maize straw returning on soil phosphorus availability and organic phosphorus forms under the mode of planting and returning. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2017, 31(1): 243-247 (in Chinese)
[24] Li J-M (李继明), Huang Q-H (黄庆海), Yuan T-Y (袁天佑), et al. Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 17(3): 563-570 (in Chinese)
[25] Chen D-L (陈冬林), Yi Z-X (易镇邪), Zhou W-X (周文新), et al. Effects of straw return on soil nutrients and microorganisms in late rice under different soil tillage systems. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae (环境科学学报), 2010, 30(8): 1722-1728 (in Chinese)
[26] Palm CA, Gachengo CN, Delve RJ, et al. Organic inputs for soil fertility management in tropical agroecosystems: Application of an organic resource database. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2001, 83: 27-42
[27] Lu Y-H (鲁艳红), Liao Y-L (廖育林), Nie J (聂军), et al. Effect of different incorporation of Chinese milk vetch coupled with urea or controlled release urea on yield and nitrogen and potassium nutrient use efficiency in double-cropping rice system. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(2): 360-368 (in Chinese)
[2] Liu F (刘芬), Tong Y-A (同延安), Wang X-Y (王小英), et al. Effect of N, P and K fertilization on wheat yield and fertilizer use efficiency in Weibei rainfed highland. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2013, 19(3): 552-558 (in Chinese)
[3] Zhang X-L (张小莉), Meng L (孟琳), Wang Q-J (王秋君), et al. Effects of organic-inorganic mixed fertilizers on rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2009, 20(3): 624-630 (in Chinese)
[4] Motta ACV, Reeves DW, Touchton JT. Tillage intensity effects on chemical indicators of soil quality in two coas-tal plain soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2002, 33: 913-932
[5] Wang L-H (王丽宏), Zeng Z-H (曾昭海), Yang G-L (杨光立), et al. Effects of former stubble winter cover crop on microbial characteristics in paddy soil. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2007, 21(1): 164-167 (in Chinese)
[6] Wang X-J (王秀娟), Xie Z-J (解占军), He Z-G (何志刚), et al. Effects of reducing phosphorus application on maize yield, phosphorus use efficiency and soil phosphorus content under straw returning condition. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences (河南农业科学), 2018, 47(8): 39-44 (in Chinese)
[7] Liao Y-L (廖育林), Zheng S-X (郑圣先), Nie J (聂军), et al. Potassium efficiency and balance of the rice-rice cropping system in different types of ecosystems. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2008, 39(3): 612-618 (in Chinese)
[8] Zhu B (朱波), Hu Y-G (胡跃高), Zeng Z-H (曾昭海), et al. Cover crop effects on the soil microbial biomass in double-rice cropping system. Ecology and Environment (生态环境学报), 2008, 17(5): 2074-2077 (in Chinese)
[9] Gao S-J (高嵩涓), Cao W-D (曹卫东), Bai J-S (白金顺), et al. Long-term application of winter green manures changed the soil microbial biomass properties in red paddy soil. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2015, 52(4): 902-910 (in Chinese)
[10] Gao J-S (高菊生), Xu M-G (徐明岗), Dong C-H (董春华), et al. Effects of long-term rice-rice-green manure cropping rotation on rice yield and soil fertility. Acta Agronomica Sinica (作物学报), 2013, 39(2): 343-349 (in Chinese)
[11] Pramanik P, Haque MM, Kim SY, et al. C and N accumulations in soil aggregates determine nitrous oxide emissions from cover crop treated rice paddy soils during fallow season. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 490: 622-628
[12] Eichler LB, Schiemenz K, Makadi M, et al. Nutrient cycling by using residues of bio-energy production: Effects of biomass ashes on plant and soil parameters. Cereal Research Communications, 2008, 36: 1259-1262
[13] Zhang S (张姗), Shi Z-L (石祖梁), Yang S-J (杨四军), et al. Effects of nitrogen application rates and straw returning on nutrient balance and grain yield of late sowing wheat in rice-wheat rotation. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(9): 2714-2720 (in Chinese)
[14] Tang H-M (唐海明), Xiao X-P (肖小平), Tang W-G (汤文光), et al. Effects of covering paddy field by crop straw in winter on nutrition accumulation and translocation of rice plant. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology (中国农业科技导报), 2018, 20(8): 63-73 (in Chinese)
[15] Gao H-J (高洪军), Zhu P (朱平), Peng C (彭畅), et al. Effects of partially replacement of inorganic N with organic materials on nitrogen efficiency of spring maize and soil inorganic nitrogen content under same N input. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2015, 21(2): 318-325 (in Chinese)
[16] Hoorens B, Aerts R, Stroetenga M. Litter quality and interactive effects in litter mixtures: More negative interactions under elevated CO2? Journal of Ecology, 2002, 90: 1009-1016
[17] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2003 (in Chinese)
[18] Gao J-S (高菊生), Huang J (黄晶), Dong C-H (董春华). Effects of long-term combined application of organic and chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil available nutrients. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2014, 51(2): 314-324 (in Chinese)
[19] Yang Z-P (杨曾平), Xu M-G (徐明岗), Nie J (聂军), et al. Effect of long-term winter planting-green manure on reddish paddy soil quality and its comprehensive evaluation under double-rice cropping system. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2011, 25(3): 92-97, 102 (in Chinese)
[20] Zhang J-T (张珺穜), Cao W-D (曹卫东), Xu C-X (徐昌旭), et al. Effects of incorporation of milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus) on microbial populations and enzyme activities of paddy soil in Jiangxi. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China (中国土壤与肥料), 2012(1): 19-25 (in Chinese)
[21] Wang S-L (王淑兰), Wang H (王浩), Li J (李娟), et al. Effects of long-term straw mulching on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and moisture and spring maize yield on rain-fed croplands under different patterns of soil tillage practice. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2016, 27(5): 1530-1540 (in Chinese)
[22] Thomsen IK, Christensen BT. Yields of wheat and soil carbon and nitrogen contents following long-term incorporation of barley straw and ryegrass catch crops. Soil Use and Management, 2004, 20: 432-438
[23] Zhao X-J (赵小军), Li Z-H (李志洪), Liu L (刘龙), et al. Effects of maize straw returning on soil phosphorus availability and organic phosphorus forms under the mode of planting and returning. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation (水土保持学报), 2017, 31(1): 243-247 (in Chinese)
[24] Li J-M (李继明), Huang Q-H (黄庆海), Yuan T-Y (袁天佑), et al. Effects of long-term green manure application on rice yield and soil nutrients in paddy soil. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2011, 17(3): 563-570 (in Chinese)
[25] Chen D-L (陈冬林), Yi Z-X (易镇邪), Zhou W-X (周文新), et al. Effects of straw return on soil nutrients and microorganisms in late rice under different soil tillage systems. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae (环境科学学报), 2010, 30(8): 1722-1728 (in Chinese)
[26] Palm CA, Gachengo CN, Delve RJ, et al. Organic inputs for soil fertility management in tropical agroecosystems: Application of an organic resource database. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 2001, 83: 27-42
[27] Lu Y-H (鲁艳红), Liao Y-L (廖育林), Nie J (聂军), et al. Effect of different incorporation of Chinese milk vetch coupled with urea or controlled release urea on yield and nitrogen and potassium nutrient use efficiency in double-cropping rice system. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(2): 360-368 (in Chinese)
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