放牧强度对荒漠草原建群种短花针茅空间异质性的影响
|
摘要
为探讨不同放牧强度下短花针茅种群密度空间分布的变化特点及差异,本研究以内蒙古四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原建群物种短花针茅为对象,分析了对照、轻度放牧、中度放牧和重度放牧4块样地短花针茅种群小尺度空间分布异质性.结果表明:短花针茅种群密度分别为重度放牧(27.81株·m~(-2))>中度放牧(22.17株·m~(-2))>对照(11.31株·m~(-2))>轻度放牧(10.76株·m~(-2)),中度与重度放牧显著增加了短花针茅种群密度;通过半方差函数进行模型拟合,对照、轻度放牧、中度放牧及重度放牧样地短花针茅种群分布分别符合指数模型、球状模型、指数模型和球状模型;通过对短花针茅种群的空间分布格局分析,各样地结构比分别为对照(99.7%)>重度放牧(94.7%)>轻度放牧(92.7%)>中度放牧(87.9%),表明4块草地空间自相关性程度均较高,主要受结构性因素影响,中度放牧草地短花针茅种群结构比最小,受随机性因素影响相对较大;通过分形维数分析,4块草地空间结构良好,空间分布简单,并随着放牧强度增大,空间分布更简单且均质化;结合2D及3D图看,轻度放牧及重度放牧均造成短花针茅种群空间分布从梯度分布变成斑块分布,并使空间异质性降低.
This study evaluated the changes of spatial distribution of the constructive species Stipa breviflora in the desert steppe under different grazing intensities(control, light, moderate, and heavy grazing) in Siziwang, Inner Mongolia. The small-scale spatial distribution of S. breviflora was measured. Results showed that population density of S. breviflora was following the order: heavy grazing(27.81 individuals·m~(-2)) > moderate grazing(22.17 individuals·m~(-2)) > control(11.31 individuals·m~(-2)) > light grazing(10.76 individuals·m~(-2)). The moderate and heavy grazing significantly increased population density of S. breviflora. According to the model fitting by semi-variance function, the population density of S. breviflora under the control, light, moderate and heavy gra-zing treatments were consistent with the exponential model, spherical model, exponential model and spherical model, respectively. Results from spatial distribution pattern analysis showed that structural ratio of S. breviflora population was control(99.7%) > heavy grazing(94.7%) > light grazing(92.7%) > moderate grazing(87.9%). Such a result indicated that the spatial autocorrelation of the four treatments was high, which were mainly affected by structural factors. In comparison, S. breviflora population structure ratio under moderate grazing treatment was the smallest, and partly affected by random factors. Based on fractal dimension analysis, spatial structure of the four treatments was good with simple spatial distribution. With the increases of grazing intensity, the spatial distribution was simpler and more homogeneous. Combined with 2D and 3D views, both light and heavy grazing changed spatial distribution of S. breviflora population from gradient distribution to patch distribution and resulted in the reduction of spatial heterogeneity.
This study evaluated the changes of spatial distribution of the constructive species Stipa breviflora in the desert steppe under different grazing intensities(control, light, moderate, and heavy grazing) in Siziwang, Inner Mongolia. The small-scale spatial distribution of S. breviflora was measured. Results showed that population density of S. breviflora was following the order: heavy grazing(27.81 individuals·m~(-2)) > moderate grazing(22.17 individuals·m~(-2)) > control(11.31 individuals·m~(-2)) > light grazing(10.76 individuals·m~(-2)). The moderate and heavy grazing significantly increased population density of S. breviflora. According to the model fitting by semi-variance function, the population density of S. breviflora under the control, light, moderate and heavy gra-zing treatments were consistent with the exponential model, spherical model, exponential model and spherical model, respectively. Results from spatial distribution pattern analysis showed that structural ratio of S. breviflora population was control(99.7%) > heavy grazing(94.7%) > light grazing(92.7%) > moderate grazing(87.9%). Such a result indicated that the spatial autocorrelation of the four treatments was high, which were mainly affected by structural factors. In comparison, S. breviflora population structure ratio under moderate grazing treatment was the smallest, and partly affected by random factors. Based on fractal dimension analysis, spatial structure of the four treatments was good with simple spatial distribution. With the increases of grazing intensity, the spatial distribution was simpler and more homogeneous. Combined with 2D and 3D views, both light and heavy grazing changed spatial distribution of S. breviflora population from gradient distribution to patch distribution and resulted in the reduction of spatial heterogeneity.
引文
[1] Xiao D-N (肖笃宁),Bu R-C (布仁仓),Li X-Z (李秀珍).Spatial ecology and landscape heterogeneity.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),1997,17(5):453-461 (in Chinese)
[2] Bai Y-F (白永飞),Xu Z-X (许志信),Li D-X (李德新).On the small scale spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture,carbon and nitrogen in Stipa communities of the Inner Mongolia Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2002,22(8):1215-1223 (in Chinese)
[3] Titus JH,Nowak RS,Smith SD.Soil resource heterogeneity in the Mojave Desert.Journal of Arid Environments,2002,52:269-292
[4] Levin SA.The problem of pattern and scale in ecology:The Robert H.MacArthur Award lecture.Ecology,1992,73:1943-1967
[5] Zhang X-H (张晓红),Zhang H-R (张会儒),Lu J (卢军),et al.Community structure characteristics and spatial distribution of dominant species of secondary Quercus mongolica forest in Changbai Mountains,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2019,30(5):1571-1579 (in Chinese)
[6] Kelly RB,Burke IC.Heterogeneity of soil organic matter following death of individual plants in shortgrass steppe.Ecology,1997,78:1256-1261
[7] Legendre P.Spatial auto correlation:Trouble or new paradigm?Ecology,1993,74:1659-1673
[8] Li D-X (李德新).Dynamics and ecological stability of Stipa breviflora desert steppe.Grassland of China (中国草地),1990(4):1-5 (in Chinese)
[9] Ma Z-H (马治华),Liu G-X (刘桂香),Li J-P (李景平),et al.The evaluation of desert steppe eco-environment quality in Inner Mongolia.Chinese Journal of Grassland (中国草地学报),2007,29(6):17-21 (in Chinese)
[10] Zhang H (张虎),Shi S-L (师尚礼),Wang S-X (王顺霞),et al.Effect of grazing intensities on plant community structure and grassland productivity in desert steppe of Ningxia.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境),2012,26(9):73-76 (in Chinese)
[11] Wu Y-L (吴艳玲),Chen L-B (陈立波),Wei Z-J (卫智军),et al.Spatial heterogeneity of plant species of Stipa breviflora desert steppe under different grazing intensities.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境),2012,26(7):110-115 (in Chinese)
[12] An H (安慧).Effects of grazing disturbance on leaf traits and their interrelationships of plants in desert steppe.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2012,23(11):2991-2996 (in Chinese)
[13] Huang C (黄琛),Zhang Y (张宇),Zhao M-L (赵萌莉),et al.Effects of different grazing intensities on vegetation characteristics of desert steppe.Pratacultural Science (草业科学),2013,30(11):1814-1818 (in Chinese)
[14] Dodds WK,Higgs SA,Margaret J.Spatial heterogeneity and controls of ecosystem metabolism in a Great Plains river network.Hydrobiologia,2018,813:85-102
[15] Hening A,Nguyen DH,Yin G.Stochastic population growth in spatially heterogeneous environments:The density-dependent case.Journal of Mathematical Biology,2018,76:697-754
[16] Leary JO,Eastwood D,Müller C,et al.Emergent pro-perties arising from spatial heterogeneity influence fungal community dynamics.Fungal Ecology,2018,33:32-39
[17] Lyu S-J (吕世杰),Nie Y-Q (聂雨芊),Sang X-Y (桑雪颖),et al.Effect of different grazing systems on spatial heterogeneity of the dominant species Cleistogenes songorica in desert steppe.Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (Natural Science) (内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版),2014,35(6):171-176 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhang F (张峰),Yang Y (杨阳),Qiao J-R (乔荠瑢),et al.Effects of utilization regimes on spatial heterogeneity of the dominant species Cleistogenes squarrosa in Stipa grandis steppe.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2019,38:953-960 (in Chinese)
[19] Yan L (颜亮),Zhou G-S (周广胜),Zhang F (张峰),et al.Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation coverage and its temporal dynamics in desert steppe,Inner Mongolia.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2012,32(13):4017-4024 (in Chinese)
[20] Qi YC,Dong YS,Jin Z,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and respiration in the desertified grasslands of Inner Mongolia,China.Pedosphere,2010,20:655-665
[21] Moran PAP.The interpretation of statistical maps.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,1948,10:243-251
[22] Krige DG.Two-dimensional weighted moving average trend surfaces for ore-evaluation.Journal of the South Africa Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1966,66:3-38
[23] Li Y-H (李永宏).The divergence and convergence of Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and Stipa grandis steppe under the grazing influence in Xilin river valley,Inner Mongolia.Acta Phytoecologica et Geobatanica Sinica (植物生态学与地植物学学报),1988,12(3):27-34 (in Chinese)
[24] Gu C (古琛),Zhao T-Q (赵天启),Wang Y-T (王亚婷),et al.The response of growth and reproduction for Stipa breviflora to different stocking rates.Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报),2017,26(1):36-42 (in Chinese)
[25] Bai Y-F (白永飞),Li D-X (李德新),Xu Z-X (许志信),et al.Growth and reproduction of Stipa krylovii population on a grazing gradient.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),1999,19(4):479-484 (in Chinese)
[26] Hou M-D (侯牡丹),Wang M-J (王明玖),Li Z-Q (李志强),et al.Effect grazing intensity on characteristics of vegetative propagation of three plants in the Stipa breviflora steppe.Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (Natural Science) (内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版),2009,30(1):71-75 (in Chinese)
[27] Zhang J-L (张建丽),Zhang L-H (张丽红),Chen L-P (陈丽萍),et al.Effects of different management regimes on restoration of the degraded Stipa grandis typical steppe community in Xilingol.China Journal of Grassland (中国草地学报),2012,34(6):81-88 (in Chinese)
[28] Ren G-H (任国华),Zhang B-B (张宾宾),Zhang Z-Y (张智袁),et al.Effects of grazing and enclosure on spatial distribution characteristic of Leymus secalinus communities.Shanxi Agricultural University (Natural Science) (山西农业大学学报:自然科学版),2015,35(5):504-508 (in Chinese)
[29] Yin G-M (殷国梅),Lyu S-J (吕世杰),Ding H-J (丁海君),et al.Effects of different stocking rates on spatial heterogeneity of constructive species in Stipa breviflora desert steppe.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2017,25(3):486-491 (in Chinese)
[30] Chen W-J (陈万杰),Xue W-J (薛文杰),Gu C (古琛),et al.Effect of grassland utilization pattern on spatial heterogeneity of Stipa grandis population in a typical steppe.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2016,35(10):2569-2574 (in Chinese)
[31] Liu H-M (刘红梅),Wei Z-J (卫智军),Yang J (杨静),et al.Effect of different grazing systems on spatial heterogeneity of Stipa breviflora desert steppe.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境),2011,25(8):138-143 (in Chinese)
[2] Bai Y-F (白永飞),Xu Z-X (许志信),Li D-X (李德新).On the small scale spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture,carbon and nitrogen in Stipa communities of the Inner Mongolia Plateau.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2002,22(8):1215-1223 (in Chinese)
[3] Titus JH,Nowak RS,Smith SD.Soil resource heterogeneity in the Mojave Desert.Journal of Arid Environments,2002,52:269-292
[4] Levin SA.The problem of pattern and scale in ecology:The Robert H.MacArthur Award lecture.Ecology,1992,73:1943-1967
[5] Zhang X-H (张晓红),Zhang H-R (张会儒),Lu J (卢军),et al.Community structure characteristics and spatial distribution of dominant species of secondary Quercus mongolica forest in Changbai Mountains,China.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2019,30(5):1571-1579 (in Chinese)
[6] Kelly RB,Burke IC.Heterogeneity of soil organic matter following death of individual plants in shortgrass steppe.Ecology,1997,78:1256-1261
[7] Legendre P.Spatial auto correlation:Trouble or new paradigm?Ecology,1993,74:1659-1673
[8] Li D-X (李德新).Dynamics and ecological stability of Stipa breviflora desert steppe.Grassland of China (中国草地),1990(4):1-5 (in Chinese)
[9] Ma Z-H (马治华),Liu G-X (刘桂香),Li J-P (李景平),et al.The evaluation of desert steppe eco-environment quality in Inner Mongolia.Chinese Journal of Grassland (中国草地学报),2007,29(6):17-21 (in Chinese)
[10] Zhang H (张虎),Shi S-L (师尚礼),Wang S-X (王顺霞),et al.Effect of grazing intensities on plant community structure and grassland productivity in desert steppe of Ningxia.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境),2012,26(9):73-76 (in Chinese)
[11] Wu Y-L (吴艳玲),Chen L-B (陈立波),Wei Z-J (卫智军),et al.Spatial heterogeneity of plant species of Stipa breviflora desert steppe under different grazing intensities.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境),2012,26(7):110-115 (in Chinese)
[12] An H (安慧).Effects of grazing disturbance on leaf traits and their interrelationships of plants in desert steppe.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2012,23(11):2991-2996 (in Chinese)
[13] Huang C (黄琛),Zhang Y (张宇),Zhao M-L (赵萌莉),et al.Effects of different grazing intensities on vegetation characteristics of desert steppe.Pratacultural Science (草业科学),2013,30(11):1814-1818 (in Chinese)
[14] Dodds WK,Higgs SA,Margaret J.Spatial heterogeneity and controls of ecosystem metabolism in a Great Plains river network.Hydrobiologia,2018,813:85-102
[15] Hening A,Nguyen DH,Yin G.Stochastic population growth in spatially heterogeneous environments:The density-dependent case.Journal of Mathematical Biology,2018,76:697-754
[16] Leary JO,Eastwood D,Müller C,et al.Emergent pro-perties arising from spatial heterogeneity influence fungal community dynamics.Fungal Ecology,2018,33:32-39
[17] Lyu S-J (吕世杰),Nie Y-Q (聂雨芊),Sang X-Y (桑雪颖),et al.Effect of different grazing systems on spatial heterogeneity of the dominant species Cleistogenes songorica in desert steppe.Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (Natural Science) (内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版),2014,35(6):171-176 (in Chinese)
[18] Zhang F (张峰),Yang Y (杨阳),Qiao J-R (乔荠瑢),et al.Effects of utilization regimes on spatial heterogeneity of the dominant species Cleistogenes squarrosa in Stipa grandis steppe.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2019,38:953-960 (in Chinese)
[19] Yan L (颜亮),Zhou G-S (周广胜),Zhang F (张峰),et al.Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation coverage and its temporal dynamics in desert steppe,Inner Mongolia.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2012,32(13):4017-4024 (in Chinese)
[20] Qi YC,Dong YS,Jin Z,et al.Spatial heterogeneity of soil nutrients and respiration in the desertified grasslands of Inner Mongolia,China.Pedosphere,2010,20:655-665
[21] Moran PAP.The interpretation of statistical maps.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,1948,10:243-251
[22] Krige DG.Two-dimensional weighted moving average trend surfaces for ore-evaluation.Journal of the South Africa Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1966,66:3-38
[23] Li Y-H (李永宏).The divergence and convergence of Aneurolepidium chinense steppe and Stipa grandis steppe under the grazing influence in Xilin river valley,Inner Mongolia.Acta Phytoecologica et Geobatanica Sinica (植物生态学与地植物学学报),1988,12(3):27-34 (in Chinese)
[24] Gu C (古琛),Zhao T-Q (赵天启),Wang Y-T (王亚婷),et al.The response of growth and reproduction for Stipa breviflora to different stocking rates.Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报),2017,26(1):36-42 (in Chinese)
[25] Bai Y-F (白永飞),Li D-X (李德新),Xu Z-X (许志信),et al.Growth and reproduction of Stipa krylovii population on a grazing gradient.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),1999,19(4):479-484 (in Chinese)
[26] Hou M-D (侯牡丹),Wang M-J (王明玖),Li Z-Q (李志强),et al.Effect grazing intensity on characteristics of vegetative propagation of three plants in the Stipa breviflora steppe.Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University (Natural Science) (内蒙古农业大学学报:自然科学版),2009,30(1):71-75 (in Chinese)
[27] Zhang J-L (张建丽),Zhang L-H (张丽红),Chen L-P (陈丽萍),et al.Effects of different management regimes on restoration of the degraded Stipa grandis typical steppe community in Xilingol.China Journal of Grassland (中国草地学报),2012,34(6):81-88 (in Chinese)
[28] Ren G-H (任国华),Zhang B-B (张宾宾),Zhang Z-Y (张智袁),et al.Effects of grazing and enclosure on spatial distribution characteristic of Leymus secalinus communities.Shanxi Agricultural University (Natural Science) (山西农业大学学报:自然科学版),2015,35(5):504-508 (in Chinese)
[29] Yin G-M (殷国梅),Lyu S-J (吕世杰),Ding H-J (丁海君),et al.Effects of different stocking rates on spatial heterogeneity of constructive species in Stipa breviflora desert steppe.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2017,25(3):486-491 (in Chinese)
[30] Chen W-J (陈万杰),Xue W-J (薛文杰),Gu C (古琛),et al.Effect of grassland utilization pattern on spatial heterogeneity of Stipa grandis population in a typical steppe.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2016,35(10):2569-2574 (in Chinese)
[31] Liu H-M (刘红梅),Wei Z-J (卫智军),Yang J (杨静),et al.Effect of different grazing systems on spatial heterogeneity of Stipa breviflora desert steppe.Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment (干旱区资源与环境),2011,25(8):138-143 (in Chinese)
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |