传统社区配套公共服务设施发展趋势、问题及对策——基于居民使用视角的实证研究
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摘要
随着中国社会、经济、科技的发展,许多配套公共服务设施已经无法适应新时期居民的实际使用需求。这一矛盾在传统社区尤为突出。通过对2005年和2018年上海市传统社区配套公共服务设施调查数据的比较分析,可以发现:居民使用需求不断增长,对设施品质的要求也显著提高,并且信息和通讯技术已成为影响设施使用的重要因素。在使用需求推动下,高等级公益设施单体规模快速增长,空间上均衡发展;低等级公益设施调整较大,空间上不平衡发展;高等级商业设施数量增长较快,空间上不断分散;低等级商业设施类型变化较大,空间上开始集聚。在此基础上,分析了居民需求视角下传统社区配套公共服务设施存在的主要问题及对策。
As social, economic, scientific and technological development takes lace in China, many facilities have been unable to meet the needs of residents in the new period. This situation is particularly prominent in traditional communities.Through a comparative analysis of survey data of traditional communities in Shanghai conducted in 2005 and 2018 respectively, we have the following findings: 1)Residents' demand for facilities had been growing both quantitatively and qualitativelyand information and communication technology have become an important factor in the use of facilities; 2) Spurred by demand, high-level social facilities have proliferated rapidly and balanced spatially; 3) Low-level social facilities have been adjusted substantially while their spatial distribution is imbalanced; 4) High-level commercial facilities have increased rapidly in quantity with constant spatial dispersion;5) Low-level commercial facilities have changed greatly in type with increasing levels of spatial concentration. On this basis, the main problems and strategies of public service facility provision in traditional communities are analyzed in the perspective of residents' needs.
As social, economic, scientific and technological development takes lace in China, many facilities have been unable to meet the needs of residents in the new period. This situation is particularly prominent in traditional communities.Through a comparative analysis of survey data of traditional communities in Shanghai conducted in 2005 and 2018 respectively, we have the following findings: 1)Residents' demand for facilities had been growing both quantitatively and qualitativelyand information and communication technology have become an important factor in the use of facilities; 2) Spurred by demand, high-level social facilities have proliferated rapidly and balanced spatially; 3) Low-level social facilities have been adjusted substantially while their spatial distribution is imbalanced; 4) High-level commercial facilities have increased rapidly in quantity with constant spatial dispersion;5) Low-level commercial facilities have changed greatly in type with increasing levels of spatial concentration. On this basis, the main problems and strategies of public service facility provision in traditional communities are analyzed in the perspective of residents' needs.
引文
[1]CHOO S, LEE T, MOKHTARIAN P L. Do transportation and communications tend to be substitutes, complements, or neither? US consumer expenditures perspective, 1984-2002[J].Transportation Research Record, 2008(2010):121-132.
[2]COUCLELIS H. Pizza over the internet:ecommerce, the fragmentation of activity, and the tyranny of the region[J]. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2004,16(1):41-54.
[3]KENYON S. Internet use and time use:the importance of multitasking[J]. Time&Society,2008, 17(2-3):283-318.
[4]LENZ B, NOBIS C. The changing allocation of time activities in space and time by the use of ICT-fragmentation as a new concept and empirical results[J]. Transportation Research Part A,2007, 41(2):190-204.
[5]ZHENG Xiang, GRETZE U. Role of social media in online travel information search[J].Tourism Management, 2010, 31(2):179-188.
[6]柴彦威,申悦,陈梓烽.基于时空间行为的人本导向的智慧城市规划与管理[J].国际城市规划,2014, 29(6):31-37+50.(CHAI Yanwei, SHEN Yue, CHEN Zifeng. Towardesmarter cities:human-oriented urben planning and management based on space-time behavior research[J]. Urban Planning International, 2014,29(6):31-37+50.)
[7]谌丽,张文忠,杨翌朝.北京城市居民服务设施可达性偏好与现实错位田.地理学报,2013, 68(8):1071-1081.(CHEN Li, ZHANG Wcnzhong, YANG Yichao. Residents'incongruence between reality and preference of accessibility to urban facilities in Beijing[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(8):1071-1081.)
[8]何凌华.互联网环境下城市公共空间的重构与设计[J].城市规划,2016, 40(9):97-104.(HE Linghua. Restructuring and design of urban public space under internet environment[J]. City Planning Review, 2016, 40(9):97-104.)
[9]侯成哲,卢银桃,李玮.杭州公共设施调研与分析——基于日常生活服务需求的视角[J].城市规划,2015, 39(S1):52-58.(HOU Chengzhe, LU Yintao, LI Wei. Investigation and analysis on public facilities in Hangzhou:from the perspective of daily life service demand[J].City Planning Review, 2015,39(S1):52-58.)
[10]胡畔,王兴平,张建召.公共服务设施配套问题解读及优化策略探讨——居民需求视角下基于南京市边缘区的个案分析[J].城市规划,2013(10):77-83.(HU Pan, WANG Xingping, ZHANG Jianzhao. Problems of public service facilities and its optimization strategies:a case study on the Nanjing fringe area based on residents'demand[J]. City Planning Review, 2013(10):77-83.)
[11]上海市住房和城乡建设管理委员会,上海市房屋管理局,上海市房地产科学研究院.上海市房地产业发展报告2017[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2018.(Shanghai Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Management Committee, Shanghai Housing Authority, Shanghai Institute of Real Estate Science and Research.Shanghai real estate industry development report2017[R]. Shanghai:Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2018.)
[12]孙德芳,秦萧.沈山.城市公共服务设施配置研究进展与展望[J].现代城市研究,2013,28(3):90-97.(SUN Defang, QIN Xiao, SHEN Shan. Progress and prospects of urban public service facilities allocation in domestic and overseas[J]. Modem Urban Research, 2013, 28(3):90-97.)
[13]唐子来.居住小区服务设施的需求型态:趋势推断和实证检验[J].城市规划,1999(5):31-35+62.(TANG Zilai. The formation demand of the service facilities in real estate the trend forecast and practice test[J]. City Planning Review, 1999(5):31-35+62.)
[14]王颖,杨贵庆.社会转型期的城市社区建设[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.(WANG Ying, YANG Guiqing. Urban community construction in the period of social transformation[M]. Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press, 2009.)
[15]武田艳,何芳.城市社区公共服务设施规划标准设置准则探讨[J].城市规划,2011, 35(9):13-18.(WU Tianyan, HE Fang. On setting planning standards for public facilities in urban residential areas[J]. City Planning Review,2011,35(9):13-18.)
[16]席广亮,甄峰.互联网影响下的空间流动性及规划应对策略[J].规划师,2016,32(4):11-16.(XI Guangliang, ZHEN Feng.Space flow and planning response under internet impact[J].Planners, 2016,32(4):11-16.)
[17]杨国霞,苗天青.城市住区公共设施配套规划的调整思路研究[J].城市规划,2013(10):71-76.(YANG Guoxia, MIAO Tianqing. Research on adjustment of supporting public facilities planningin urban residentialarea[J]. City Planning Review, 2013(10):71-76.)
[18]衣霄翔.消费视角下的居住区商业服务设施配建体系研究——以上海市曲阳新村为例[J].城市规划学刊,2012(3):44-52.(YI Xiaoxiang. A Study on community retail and service facilities based on consumption theories——the case of Shanghai[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2012(3):44-52.)
[19]原珂.中国特大城市社区冲突与治理研究[D].天津:南开大学博士学位论文,2016.(YUAN Ke.Studies on the megacity community conflict and governance in China[D].Tianjin:The Dissertation for Doctor Degree of Nankai University, 2016.)
[20]赵民,林华.居住区公共服务设施配建指标体系研究田.城市规划,2002(12):72-75.(ZHAO Min, LIN Hua. Study on criteria system for public facilities in residential areas[J].City Planning Review, 2002(12):72-75.)
[21]周俭,张恺.优化城市居住小区规划结构的基本框架[J].城市规划汇刊,1999(6):63-65+13-80.(ZHOU Jian, ZHANG Kai. Basic framework of improving the urban residential quarter planning structure[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 1999(6):63-65+13-80.)
(1)根据2004年地形图测量,当年杨浦区单位公房社区用地面积占杨浦区居住用地总面积的72.4%;根据谷歌地球软件测量,2018年杨浦区单位公房社区用地面积占杨浦区居住用地总面积的64.1%。
(2)根据杨浦区人口与计划生育委员会提供的数据统计,2004年杨浦区单位公房社区常住人口占杨浦区总常住人口的46.5%; 2018年杨浦区单位公房社区常住人口占杨浦区总常住人口的35.6%。
(3)调研中设施级别分类依据《上海市城市居住地区和居住区公共服务设施设置标准》(DGJ08-55-2006)和《上海市城市居住地区和居住区公共服务设施设置标准(征求意见稿)》确定。
(4)国家建设主管部门先后颁布《城市居住区规划设计规范》(GB50180-93)、《城市居住区规划设计规范(2002修订版)》(GB50180-93)、《城市居住区规划设计规范(2016年版)》(GB50180-93)、《城市居住区规划设计规范》(GB50180-2018)对居住区配套公共服务设施做出规定。上海市则先后制定《居住区公共建筑定额指标》(1973年)、《居住区(含小区)公共建筑项目和指标》(1989年)、《城市居住区公共服务设施设置规定》(DGJ 08-55-96)、《上海市居住区公共服务设施设置标准》(DGJ08-55-2002)、《上海市城市居住地区和居住区公共服务设施设置标准》(DGJ08-55-2006)、《上海市城市居住地区和居住区公共服务设施设置标准(征求意见稿)》(2018年)指导居住区配套公共服务设施的规划建设。
(5)问卷调查显示,案例社区2005年月收入3000元以下的家庭占78.5%; 2018年月收入5000以上的家庭占71.6%。
(6)杨浦区人口与计划生育委员会提供的数据表明,杨浦区户籍人口平均出生率在1980年至1990年间为14.42‰,而在1995年至2005年间为3.04‰。杨浦区教育局提供的数据表明,2005年调查范围内约有20%的幼儿园,29%的中小学生源不足。
(7)根据社区居委会提供的数据计算,案例社区常住人口中60岁以上老人比例在2005是27%,在2018年是30%。
(8)2006,杨浦区人民政府印发《进一步推进社区建设扩大试点工作的实施意见》,提出探索“步行15分钟即可达到就近医疗机构就诊”的社区卫生服务模式,其后“卫生服务站”开始出现并不断增加。
(9)访谈了解到,案例社区附近共享单车曾经因投放过量影响步行环境。但2018年调查工作正值ofo事件刚刚爆发,案例社区附近共享单车数量迅速由过剩变为稀缺。
[2]COUCLELIS H. Pizza over the internet:ecommerce, the fragmentation of activity, and the tyranny of the region[J]. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2004,16(1):41-54.
[3]KENYON S. Internet use and time use:the importance of multitasking[J]. Time&Society,2008, 17(2-3):283-318.
[4]LENZ B, NOBIS C. The changing allocation of time activities in space and time by the use of ICT-fragmentation as a new concept and empirical results[J]. Transportation Research Part A,2007, 41(2):190-204.
[5]ZHENG Xiang, GRETZE U. Role of social media in online travel information search[J].Tourism Management, 2010, 31(2):179-188.
[6]柴彦威,申悦,陈梓烽.基于时空间行为的人本导向的智慧城市规划与管理[J].国际城市规划,2014, 29(6):31-37+50.(CHAI Yanwei, SHEN Yue, CHEN Zifeng. Towardesmarter cities:human-oriented urben planning and management based on space-time behavior research[J]. Urban Planning International, 2014,29(6):31-37+50.)
[7]谌丽,张文忠,杨翌朝.北京城市居民服务设施可达性偏好与现实错位田.地理学报,2013, 68(8):1071-1081.(CHEN Li, ZHANG Wcnzhong, YANG Yichao. Residents'incongruence between reality and preference of accessibility to urban facilities in Beijing[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(8):1071-1081.)
[8]何凌华.互联网环境下城市公共空间的重构与设计[J].城市规划,2016, 40(9):97-104.(HE Linghua. Restructuring and design of urban public space under internet environment[J]. City Planning Review, 2016, 40(9):97-104.)
[9]侯成哲,卢银桃,李玮.杭州公共设施调研与分析——基于日常生活服务需求的视角[J].城市规划,2015, 39(S1):52-58.(HOU Chengzhe, LU Yintao, LI Wei. Investigation and analysis on public facilities in Hangzhou:from the perspective of daily life service demand[J].City Planning Review, 2015,39(S1):52-58.)
[10]胡畔,王兴平,张建召.公共服务设施配套问题解读及优化策略探讨——居民需求视角下基于南京市边缘区的个案分析[J].城市规划,2013(10):77-83.(HU Pan, WANG Xingping, ZHANG Jianzhao. Problems of public service facilities and its optimization strategies:a case study on the Nanjing fringe area based on residents'demand[J]. City Planning Review, 2013(10):77-83.)
[11]上海市住房和城乡建设管理委员会,上海市房屋管理局,上海市房地产科学研究院.上海市房地产业发展报告2017[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2018.(Shanghai Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Management Committee, Shanghai Housing Authority, Shanghai Institute of Real Estate Science and Research.Shanghai real estate industry development report2017[R]. Shanghai:Shanghai People's Publishing House, 2018.)
[12]孙德芳,秦萧.沈山.城市公共服务设施配置研究进展与展望[J].现代城市研究,2013,28(3):90-97.(SUN Defang, QIN Xiao, SHEN Shan. Progress and prospects of urban public service facilities allocation in domestic and overseas[J]. Modem Urban Research, 2013, 28(3):90-97.)
[13]唐子来.居住小区服务设施的需求型态:趋势推断和实证检验[J].城市规划,1999(5):31-35+62.(TANG Zilai. The formation demand of the service facilities in real estate the trend forecast and practice test[J]. City Planning Review, 1999(5):31-35+62.)
[14]王颖,杨贵庆.社会转型期的城市社区建设[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2009.(WANG Ying, YANG Guiqing. Urban community construction in the period of social transformation[M]. Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press, 2009.)
[15]武田艳,何芳.城市社区公共服务设施规划标准设置准则探讨[J].城市规划,2011, 35(9):13-18.(WU Tianyan, HE Fang. On setting planning standards for public facilities in urban residential areas[J]. City Planning Review,2011,35(9):13-18.)
[16]席广亮,甄峰.互联网影响下的空间流动性及规划应对策略[J].规划师,2016,32(4):11-16.(XI Guangliang, ZHEN Feng.Space flow and planning response under internet impact[J].Planners, 2016,32(4):11-16.)
[17]杨国霞,苗天青.城市住区公共设施配套规划的调整思路研究[J].城市规划,2013(10):71-76.(YANG Guoxia, MIAO Tianqing. Research on adjustment of supporting public facilities planningin urban residentialarea[J]. City Planning Review, 2013(10):71-76.)
[18]衣霄翔.消费视角下的居住区商业服务设施配建体系研究——以上海市曲阳新村为例[J].城市规划学刊,2012(3):44-52.(YI Xiaoxiang. A Study on community retail and service facilities based on consumption theories——the case of Shanghai[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2012(3):44-52.)
[19]原珂.中国特大城市社区冲突与治理研究[D].天津:南开大学博士学位论文,2016.(YUAN Ke.Studies on the megacity community conflict and governance in China[D].Tianjin:The Dissertation for Doctor Degree of Nankai University, 2016.)
[20]赵民,林华.居住区公共服务设施配建指标体系研究田.城市规划,2002(12):72-75.(ZHAO Min, LIN Hua. Study on criteria system for public facilities in residential areas[J].City Planning Review, 2002(12):72-75.)
[21]周俭,张恺.优化城市居住小区规划结构的基本框架[J].城市规划汇刊,1999(6):63-65+13-80.(ZHOU Jian, ZHANG Kai. Basic framework of improving the urban residential quarter planning structure[J]. Urban Planning Forum, 1999(6):63-65+13-80.)
(1)根据2004年地形图测量,当年杨浦区单位公房社区用地面积占杨浦区居住用地总面积的72.4%;根据谷歌地球软件测量,2018年杨浦区单位公房社区用地面积占杨浦区居住用地总面积的64.1%。
(2)根据杨浦区人口与计划生育委员会提供的数据统计,2004年杨浦区单位公房社区常住人口占杨浦区总常住人口的46.5%; 2018年杨浦区单位公房社区常住人口占杨浦区总常住人口的35.6%。
(3)调研中设施级别分类依据《上海市城市居住地区和居住区公共服务设施设置标准》(DGJ08-55-2006)和《上海市城市居住地区和居住区公共服务设施设置标准(征求意见稿)》确定。
(4)国家建设主管部门先后颁布《城市居住区规划设计规范》(GB50180-93)、《城市居住区规划设计规范(2002修订版)》(GB50180-93)、《城市居住区规划设计规范(2016年版)》(GB50180-93)、《城市居住区规划设计规范》(GB50180-2018)对居住区配套公共服务设施做出规定。上海市则先后制定《居住区公共建筑定额指标》(1973年)、《居住区(含小区)公共建筑项目和指标》(1989年)、《城市居住区公共服务设施设置规定》(DGJ 08-55-96)、《上海市居住区公共服务设施设置标准》(DGJ08-55-2002)、《上海市城市居住地区和居住区公共服务设施设置标准》(DGJ08-55-2006)、《上海市城市居住地区和居住区公共服务设施设置标准(征求意见稿)》(2018年)指导居住区配套公共服务设施的规划建设。
(5)问卷调查显示,案例社区2005年月收入3000元以下的家庭占78.5%; 2018年月收入5000以上的家庭占71.6%。
(6)杨浦区人口与计划生育委员会提供的数据表明,杨浦区户籍人口平均出生率在1980年至1990年间为14.42‰,而在1995年至2005年间为3.04‰。杨浦区教育局提供的数据表明,2005年调查范围内约有20%的幼儿园,29%的中小学生源不足。
(7)根据社区居委会提供的数据计算,案例社区常住人口中60岁以上老人比例在2005是27%,在2018年是30%。
(8)2006,杨浦区人民政府印发《进一步推进社区建设扩大试点工作的实施意见》,提出探索“步行15分钟即可达到就近医疗机构就诊”的社区卫生服务模式,其后“卫生服务站”开始出现并不断增加。
(9)访谈了解到,案例社区附近共享单车曾经因投放过量影响步行环境。但2018年调查工作正值ofo事件刚刚爆发,案例社区附近共享单车数量迅速由过剩变为稀缺。
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